فصلنامه راهبرد اقتصادی
پیاپی 39 (زمستان 1400)

In the current monetary system, money is a type of debt that is created by the central bank and banks in the context of balance sheet operations. Creating money in a partial reserve banking system creates or exacerbates various problems, including bankruptcy and bankrun. One way to solve such problems is to change the system of money governance to a situation where the possibility of creating bank money is eliminated (100% reserve system). Analysis of CBDC balance sheets based on the balance sheets of economic agents shows that increasing the CBDC in the people's portfolio in the economy and replacing it with bank deposits reduces the money-creating power of banks. If the CBDC completely replaces bank deposits, the money-creating power of banks will be reduced to zero. In fact, the CBDC enables the creation of a full reserve-based monetary system that eliminates the problems of bank money creation, including the high probability of cash bankruptcy (due to unequal risk on both sides of the bank balance sheet) and balance sheet bankruptcy (due to banks' ability to defer non-current facilities).

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of banking stability on banking system efficiency in Iran's economy by using the Markov switching econometric model during 1984 - 2019. Results indicated a decline in foreign exchange earnings resulting from negative oil shocks to Iran's economy, which led to lower banking system efficiency of the Iranian economy due to exchange rate volatility and higher credit risk. Finally, some issues have led to the revenue instability of Iranian banks. The issues are as follows: high risk of banking activity (credit risk) and its impact on other financial and monetary sectors, high cost and complexity of the lending process, high cost of loans and low funding sources, bad debts, and failure to achieve goals of facilities, disrupted monetary and banking systems, low banking system efficiency, lack of optimal allocation of financial sources to essential sectors, violation of depositors' rights, mistrust of economic agents in monetary and banking system, no trust in future, violation of banks' rights by influential persons, and prevention of financial resources entering to production sector of the economy. Instability problems will be solved if the issues mentioned above are solved.

One of the most important issues in the study and analysis of the economic structure of societies is the situation of the labor force, to the extent that in terms of policy-making and analysis of the performance of economic policies and programs, this issue has found a very special place. Most media outlets and policymakers rely solely on the unemployment rate to analyze the state of the labor market, while the unemployment rate is only one aspect of the labor market and its mere emphasis on it ignores other signs of the labor market. In addition to the unemployment rate, the level of literacy, income, wages and compensation costs of services and wages, the degree of being formal or contractual, income distribution and several other variables are also important in determining the status of the workforce.This article, for the first time, uses a fuzzy logic approach to determine the combined index of labor force status and unemployment in Iran. For this purpose, 8 basic variables of labor market in the period 1384  to 1398 have been used. The results of the combined labor force status index to fuzzy logic show that from 1984  to 1998, the labor force situation in Iran has been fluctuating a lot. Unemployment has been declining from 1986 to 1990. On the other hand, from 1990 to 1992, the trend of the combined unemployment index will be upward. Also, from 1993 to 1996, the trend of the composite index decreased and rose again.

Inflation is one of the most important economic problems that imposes a lot of costs on society by disrupting macroeconomic indicators, which are reflected in the reduction of economic growth rate, rising unemployment rate and unequal distribution of income. In addition, high inflation and instability of inflation damage the credibility of macroeconomic policymakers, especially the central bank, and its continuation can lead to acute cases of political instability in countries. At the same time, uncertainties due to high inflation rates increase inflation expectations. Accordingly, solutions to control inflation have been proposed. One of these proposals was the independence of the central bank, which has gained many supporters since the 1980s. With regard to this issue, in this study, the effect of central bank independence and policy targeting on inflation control in the economies of 22 Asian countries was examined using the panel data approach during the period 2019-2010. The results of the study indicate that among the variables studied in the previous period inflation, trade freedom and monetary base have a positive and significant effect on current period inflation. In contrast, central bank independence, initial equilibrium, financial development, and exchange rate regimes have a significant negative impact on the dependent variable, inflation in the current economies of 22 Asian countries.

Trade diplomacy brings Iran into a new space that must cross geographical borders and establish a stronger economy than in the past. In fact, the lack of active economic diplomacy and the negative trade balance have, in practice, led to the import and smuggling of foreign goods into the country. Therefore, trade diplomacy should provide a platform for the export of high quality domestic goods in the consumer markets of other countries, especially neighboring countries. Turkey, as one of Iran's neighbors, is a good opportunity to export domestically produced goods. Because cultural, social and religious affinities; The similarity in the demand for goods and services and the reduction of transportation costs, which makes Iranian goods competitive, is the advantage of trade with Turkey. Iranian traders and traders should take advantage of this opportunity and increase the influence of Iranian goods in the Turkish market. To strengthen these relations, strategies such as: forming export consortia, reforming trade methods and holding specialized exhibitions of Iranian goods to increase exports to Turkey, which to achieve this, requires the efforts of trade officials and dynamic economic diplomacy, especially in the face of sanctions.Iranian traders and traders should take advantage of this opportunity and increase the influence of Iranian goods in the Turkish market. To strengthen these relations, strategies such as: forming export consortia, reforming trade methods and holding specialized exhibitions of Iranian goods to increase exports to Turkey, which requires the efforts of trade officials and dynamic economic diplomacy, especially in the face of sanctions.

By reviewing the literature and examining the obstacles and harms faced by women entrepreneurship in this field, it becomes clear that the definitions provided by this concept do not give any distinct identity to women entrepreneurship and practically this ontological shortcoming is the basis for The main harms and obstacles have caused the entry and growth of women in this field. The main question is whether by redefining the concept of entrepreneurship and replacing it with the concept of value creation, the shortcomings in this field can be reduced? In order to examine the necessary capacities to create a new personality in the field of women entrepreneurship, a qualitative study and purposeful and semi-structured interviews of a sample of 19 people from the statistical community of  researchers, managers and active policymakers in this field  and Successful women entrepreneurs. The presented answers were analyzed by thematic analysis method. Complementarity of family and social roles, role-playing appropriate to the spirits of women, the need to provide a native model, are some of the 32 main axes identified in this study. This means that the intersection of transgender traits of entrepreneurship with gender roles of women in the objective and practical field, gives a new ontological nature and identity to the category of women's interpersonalism, and therefore the concept of value creation of women as a new nature in their interpersonalism and a new equivalent in language. Persian is introduced to express this kind of effective women's activism and has certain political indications