فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 72 (بهار 1401)

With the increase of urban constructions and land use change, especially in big cities, the temperature of urban centers has increased compared to the suburbs, which has led to the formation of the phenomenon of heat islands in these areas. In fact, the heat islands of cities are closed isthmus lines that are known as the heat centers of the city, especially in areas built by humans and artificial structures. Since the purpose of climate studies in urban plans is to identify the environmental characteristics affected by the prevailing climatic conditions, so it can be of great help in optimizing the spatial structures. Climatic factors and elements in their quantitative and qualitative changes affect the environmental situation. Although these changes may be gradual and gradual, they can have lasting consequences. Therefore, the study of heat islands due to urban settlements has been considered by most researchers and its consequences for urban planning and global warming over the past decade have been considered with the expansion of urbanization and the occurrence of urban-related phenomena. The study of urban heat islands has begun in most of the most populous regions of the world.

In order to develop the present study, the OK numerical equation has been used. Due to the fact that numerical models can be programmed in the field of climate by certain conditions, so they use micro-climate scales in applications. Therefore, in recent decades, under the developed conditions of cities, numerical models have been widely used, among these models is the Oke numerical model, which compares the results of the observed data according to the numerical algorithm to analyze the formation of urban heat islands with Using a series of mathematical functions and fractions, they finally designed a numerical model to study the heat island in urban and densely populated areas.

First, the average height of buildings in the area was calculated based on Equation (3). Examination of the height of the blocks showed that the highest height is related to the urban block with 24 meters and the lowest height is related to the urban block with 5 meters. Therefore, by examining the height of urban blocks, it was estimated that the number of blocks with an average height of 10 to 12 meters is more, the number of these blocks is 99. Therefore, in areas two and six, most urban blocks have an average height of 12 meters, in other words, each urban block has an average of 4 floors. According to the classification of the average width of passages, out of 227 urban passages in the region, 123 passages have an average of 21 meters. Therefore, the maximum width of the passages in the area is 21 meters. Also, in the northeastern parts of the region (District 6) and the southwest of the region (District 2), the width of the passages has reached 26 meters, which is due to the location of these areas near the highways leading to these areas. In total, in areas two and six, most of the passages have an average width of 21 meters.Then the output of the Oak equation showed that the larger the ratio (H / W), the higher the heat island of the city (Table 1 Appendix). It can also be said that in most areas there was homogeneity between the height and width of the passages. The intensity of the heat island in the areas showed that the range is between 4-7 degrees Celsius, there is not much difference in terms of the intensity of the heat island in the whole region. The reason for this can be considered as proper planning and proper management in the field of how the buildings are located in relation to the width of the passages and observing the principles of urban planning. The results of H / W with UHI showed that if there is heterogeneity between urban blocks, the intensity of UHI will be higher at lower H / W coefficients than at higher H / W coefficients. That is, the greater the heterogeneity between the height and width of the passages, the greater the intensity of the UHI. Also, according to the following diagram, it can be inferred that in the studied areas, the low coefficient of H / W ratio has caused that most of the blocks have a homogeneous distribution and therefore the intensity of the heat island in the study area is not significant.

In this paper, we have tried to investigate the effect of urban geometry on the maximum intensity of the heat island, using GIS tools and the parameters of urban blocks and the width of passages. The OK numerical equation was used to investigate the intensity of the heat island. The results showed that urban geometry (height of urban block and width of passages) as two input parameters (H / W) affect the maximum intensity of the heat island of the city. In the second and sixth districts of Tehran, most of the urban blocks have an average of 4 floors (ie 12 meters). Also, the width of the passages in most areas of the region is considered in proportion to the height of the urban blocks. OKE equation simulation study showed that with increasing H / W ratio, UHImax growth is more significant, this result is somewhat consistent with the study of Gonzalez et al. (2011) and Osaki et al. (2011, 2018). Finally, the intensity of the heat island in areas two and six of Tehran's third district has not been felt, which indicates the proper configuration of the geometry of the buildings using the indicators used in the principles of architecture and urban planning in this area. Therefore, it can be said that this proposed model (OKE) can help to understand urban problems. Therefore, with proper planning and observance of urban planning guidelines by organizations and competent individuals in order to create better conditions, more targeted strategies can be adopted that can prevent the spread of the heat island phenomenon in large cities, including the metropolis of Tehran.

Iran is a historical land with many border tides that was located on the Iranian plateau and its peripheral areas and now has political sovereignty over parts of the Iranian plateau. It cannot be said correctly that Iran is an Eastern or Western country, and perhaps the application of the word "middle" to these regions stems from this point. civilization is formed on the basis of geographical environment In this geographical space, the nation and national identity have been formed. 

the present study is one of the basic researches and in terms of purpose, it is descriptive-analytical and supervises the analysis of the problem. In this research, analysis has been presented using historical data. The type of analysis used in this study is a historical analysis in which the roots of the formation of the political system in Iran in comparison with other countries, especially Europe, have been studied and explained. In terms of resources used, in the present study, documentary and library resources have been used and the method of data collection in this research is library. This research is explained in the form of an article.

Over time, many connections are formed between people who live in a geographical area, which gives them a special political view of being a nation. The domination of man in the place continues to the last borders of a country and is as old as human history Real boundaries represent the ultimate advancement of political, cultural, and social concepts, and any kind of demarcation outside of historical custom will lead to the division of these concepts. In Iran, the country's borders have been established throughout a very long and continuous history, and any tide of these borders has met with the reaction of at least the Iranian elite. This patriotic approach, which was formed in the minds of people like Ferdowsi and Yaqub Laith Saffari, became a form of archaism, rationalism or idealism in the contemporary centuries. It is necessary to mention that in different historical periods, especially in the first centuries of Islam, in fact, everyone in Iran knew where Iran was, and even when Iran was part of the Islamic Caliphate, the people knew such a town and village. Who are Iranians or belong to another country. In the land of Iraq, this division can be seen in different areas. In Madain, for example, an Arab group lived alongside an Iranian group, and this amalgamation led to the defeat of the Levant against Iraq, and the formation of the Abbasid Caliphate from a combination of Iranian and Arab civilizations. This mix has existed in many parts of the world throughout history and has led to many wars and conflicts. A phase of war and violence will begin if territorialism transcends the borders defined by the nation. However, national identity is formed in a geographical context and in an ideal state, this geographical context corresponds to the borders of the country. With the exception of small island states such as Malta, it is very rare for the borders of a country and the geography that national identity has been occupied in a historic effort to coincide.The national identity of individuals in its historical course leads to political self-awareness and the desire to form a specific land. The political system is formed following the territorial aspirations of the masses of people who, in the course of their evolution, form a state and become a nation. Territorialism in the sense is a constructive phenomenon that leads to the formation of civilization. Ancient civilizations were formed following the expansion of territory, and the political systems created following this territorialization created the first political concepts. Political Concepts and the Crisis of Legitimacy of Governments, which are part of their political structure, have led to complex, more efficient political systems in which the role of the people has become more prominent. With the entanglement of the concept of state and nation, national identity took on a political flavor. However, throughout history, territorialism has always been associated with destruction, violence, and war, and wherever a nation has risen up for spatial growth and development, it has ended up with attacks without strong philosophical support and relying on superficial concepts. The outside world is under attack.

The nation-state has been wonderfully established in Iran during its heyday. Unlike the disappearance of ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome in Europe, Iranian civilization and Iranian identity have not been disconnected and have always been current. Another point is the clinging of Iranian identity and geography of Iran, and unlike some civilizations such as Indian and Roman civilization in the great migration from Rome to Byzantium, has always been felt within its borders, albeit restless. An interesting feature of Iranshahri civilization is the lack of a specific center in its vast geography. Iranshahri civilization has been fluid in the geography of Iran for centuries and its geographical centers have been constantly shifted. Unlike Athens, Rome, Paris and London, which have long represented their countries, no city has played such a role even in the first years of the formation of the political system in Iran. The Achaemenid Empire also benefited from several centers. In contrast, the formation of the political system and the creation of the nation-state in Europe has always been an artificial phenomenon that is by no means tied to its geographical space and is more satisfied with ethnicity and language. European nation-building has often been violent and bloody, leading to endless conflicts. Extremist regionalism has risen up against EU regionalism and challenged the values ​​of the Union.

The natural disasters cause shocking results for living organisms and lead to many financial losses and causalities. The natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, storms, and tornadoes often have had devastating effects on human settlements and has caused heavy casualties. Therefore, the resilience has been proposed as an approach to retrofit settlements against natural disasters. The resiliency approach is defined as adaptability and flexibility of local area against changes resulting from accidents to reduce socio-economic and physical-infrastructure vulnerability and improve life quality. Kerman is one the cities in Iran which is threaten frequently by about 14 faults (including Zangiabad fault). Some of them may cause strong earthquakes, even stronger than 7 Richter. The central texture of Kerman, about 483 hectares, is physically worn-out and could be seriously damaged in the event of an earthquake. However, this study aimed to determine the current situation of resiliency dimensions in Kerman’s historical texture and determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and appropriate strategies to improve the resilience of this place against earthquakes.

This was descriptive-analytical applied study. The observation, interview, and questionnaires were used for collecting the data. The population consisted of all residents of historical textures in Kerman (N= 51087, 2015). Using Morgan table, the sample size was determined to be 381. The questionnaires were randomly distributed among residents. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using SPSS software (Own-Sample t-test, Feridman Sample, descriptive statistics). Then, the SWOT matrix was created and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to resiliency of historical texture of Kerman were included. Then, the Delphi broad was formed and they were asked to assign each factor the weights between 0 (least important) and 1 (most important); the snowball technique was used by experts. The experts were asked to introduce other qualified experts from other organizations. At this stage, 20 experts were selected; 5 employees from district municipality who were familiar with historical texture, 10 faculty members in geography and urban planning, urban development, and architecture, and 5 Ph.D. candidate in geography and urban planning and urban development. At next stage, the strategic position of historical texture of Kerman was determined and appropriate strategies were presented. The QSPM was used to prioritize these strategies.

After examining the status quo, it was determined that the status of resiliency dimensions in Kerman's historical texture is not desirable. In social dimension, from 11 items, 7 items had mean score less than obtained numerical value and were considered as weaknesses. In economic dimension, the situation was even worse and it was indicated that in the case of an event which causes economic damage, it will not be possible to return normal situation. Also, due to loss of trust of people and related institutions, the communications are declined and people have less participation in reconstruction and renovation. Also, the residents believe that the relevant institutions have not accepted their responsibility and did not provide services to people during critical times. Also, the physical dimension of historical texture of Kerman faces severe deficiencies, like most central textures of cities in Iran. These weaknesses and inadequacies have increased the vulnerability of this region to earthquakes and some of them such as lack of suitable infrastructures make the crisis management operations to face problems. After identifying the current situation of historical texture in Kerman, the SWOT matrix was created and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were included. After analysis, the sum of score at internal factor matrix was 2.36 and external factor matrix was 2.53. The review or adaptation was determined as strategic position of historical texture in Kerman; these strategies seek to mitigate weaknesses to take advantage of existing opportunities. At final stage, the adaptation strategies were prioritized using QSPM. However, the adaptive strategies for Kerman's historical texture resilience were as follows:-Emphasize on infill development for speeding up the process of historical texture renovation process--Positioning and creating crisis management bases in free spaces to accelerate emergency operations in these areas.Trying to rebuild trust between people and urban management organizations as catalyst to increase participation of people in reconstruction of textures-Running maneuvers and critical situations exercises to prepare residents and institutions and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of crisis management system in historical texture .

The results of this study showed that the historical context of Kerman in terms of social, economic, physical, institutional indicators of resilience is unfavorable. For this reason, the SWOT matrix was formed and its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the historical context in terms of resilience were developed. Then, using the opinion of experts aware of the status of the historical context of Kerman, it was scored. The results showed that the strategic position of the historical context of Kerman is the position of the revision strategies is adaptive. Therefore, after formulating the desired strategies with the resilience of the historical context of Kerman, a quantitative planning matrix (QSPM) was formed and at this stage, the strategies were prioritized using the opinion of experts. The most important strategies in the first place are to pay attention to intermediate development to accelerate the process of tissue modernization and location and to establish crisis management bases in empty tissue spaces to "accelerate" rescue operations during emergencies.

In today's urban planning literature, the neighborhood is considered as a social structure and a cultural phenomenon with a clear border and identity and various factors are crucial and effective in weakening or strengthening it. Today, local communities exercise a positive impact on urban social sustainability on account of their nature. But despite the human focus on defining sustainability, it is Surprising that scant attention has been accorded to the definition of social sustainability in environmental disciplines. However, social sustainability is one of the three pillars and frameworks of sustainable development. One of the foremost categories of social sustainability is the socialization of neighborhoods for all social strata and groups and the occurrence of social interactions in light of social sustainability for them. The need to create social communities and interactions includes building trust, sense of belonging, and participation because the restoration of civil society and the promotion of participation shall not be possible without the restoration of local communities, the protection of the local public sphere, and the provision of local participation. And local communities are considered as one of the main prerequisites for moving towards a sustainable urban future. In other words, these communities are vital elements and one of the strategies for sustainable social development of a neighborhood. In the meantime, the metropolis of Tehran as a political, economic and social center of the country for reasons such as lack of social convergence, lack of social capital and participatory spirit among local residents, lack of sense of spatial belonging and weakness in neighborhood management ties in the field of social sustainability are prone to weaknesses and have not thus benefited from social capitals. And these issues have led to the loss of real formation of local communities among neighborhoods in Tehran and this has led to severe divergence in social interactions and communications. Therefore, this study aims to measure the effectiveness and the role of social interactions in neighborhoods pertaining to region 8 of Tehran in social sustainability. 

The present study has been developed by using a descriptive-analytical method with an applied nature in the form of structural equations. Data were collected by library and field method (by questionnaire). The statistical population of the experts group consists of geography and urban planning, urban planning and sociology, which is used to determine the sample size using SAMPLE POWER software and using structural equations method in the data analysis section, as well as in order to generalize and rate the scales and consider the confidence interval of 0.95 and the coefficient of influence of 0.19 and considering the number of hidden and obvious variables. One hundred people were estimated to be selected by simple random probable method. According to theoretical literature and background and studies, research variables including social sustainability as exogenous variable and local communities which can be measured by three social, economic and cultural variables were identified as endogenous variables and a total of 20 indicators. For a proper validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of professors and elites have been used so that the indicators explaining the indicators were sent to 25 people in the form of questionnaires and they were asked to measure the initial validity between the indicators of the questionnaire. Finally, the data collected in SPSS software and taking descriptive statistics and subsequent analysis in structural equations (SEM) were implemented. Data analysis was performed by Amos software.

In studying the paths and coefficients obtained in the research assumptions in the first stage, three economic, social and cultural conditions have a significant effect on local communities and local communities on social sustainability. Based on the amount of path coefficient (beta), the intensity of the effect and the direction of these studied pathways have also been evaluated positively. Beta value in the path of economic situation affects local communities with coefficient of 0.155, social status on local communities with coefficient of 0.570 and cultural status on local communities with coefficient of 0.403 and finally local communities affect social stability with coefficient of 0.632. Among the variables affecting local communities, social status had the greatest effect and then cultural status and finally economic status. Finally, local communities have an effect of 0.632 on social sustainability in region 8 of Tehran. In other words, if the exogenous variable (independent) of local communities changes one unit, social sustainability will change by 0.632 units in the same positive direction. Therefore, it can be said that the research hypothesis, which is the role of local communities on sustainable social development, will be confirmed. 

According to the conceptual model of the research, it was found that economic factors and social factors and cultural factors affect local communities, but the impact factor of each of these factors on local communities is different. The results which confirm the positive and significant role of local communities on social sustainability, with the results of Sajjadi and Vahedi Yeganeh (2017), who considered the role of local communities' participation in social sustainability significant and also, with the results of The Research of Dadashpour et al. (2012), which investigated and explained the position of trust in local communities and considered it significant; also, with the results of the research, Dadashpour et al. (2012), who investigated and explained the position of trust in local communities and considered it significant. The results achieved by Pourahmad et al explained that the role of neighborhood management in social sustainability is aligned.

With the increasing population of urbanization, the new socioeconomic, physical, and environmental challenges of cities have complicated their management. In other words, the increasing of expansion, and complexity of problems in cities as well as becoming aware of the incompetent conventional system and top down decisions-making have led to a trend toward systems, in which all of decisions are made through cooperation between urban beneficiaries. Due to the many changes in cities, management was not feasible in the traditional way and insisting on continuing the process of traditional management did not cover the interests of all stakeholders and not creating spatial justice. Therefore, todays a procedure which is considered to be the most effective, the least expensive and the most constant is "Good Urban Governance". It can be defined as a procedure of managing municipal activities with cooperation and engagement of three sectors; public, private and civilized society in order to create a sound city with high level of living capabilities and constant development. A prominent feature of democratic governments is good governance which cannot be realized without democracy. Good governance results in a growing trust between citizens and governments, and ultimately public satisfaction. Among the new components that have influenced or changed the structure of today's cities, is the development of information and communication technologies, which is discussed with different titles such as electronic cities, digital cities and virtual cities. Now, a new concept that has been proposed in recent years with the focus on the use of information and communication technology for the quality development of urban life and its sustainability is the theory of creating smart cities. Therefore, moving towards creating smart cities is inevitable and necessary. What plays a constructive role in the development of infrastructure and the creation of such a city is good urban governance. The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting urban good governance in the creation of smart cities. 

The present inquiry is a descriptive-analytical study with an applied purpose. The data and information of this research were collected in two ways, library and survey, that in the survey method, the questionnaire tool was used that validity and reliability were confirmed by experts in this field. Collected information were classified and analyzed using SPSS software and using t-test, decision models such as VIKOR. Therefore, according to the purpose of examining the feasibility of indicators of good urban governance in urban areas of Tehran and the relationship between good urban governance indicators and intelligence, the indicators of good urban governance have been studied and evaluated by the residents of the 2nd and 10th districts of Tehran and smartening by the experts and officials of Tehran Municipality. The statistical Society of this research is the residents of District 2 (as a privileged area) and District 10 (as a less privileged area) in Tehran that by Using Cochran's sampling, the sample size of 384 (262 people from District 2 and 122 people from District 10) was calculated. In addition, using the snowball sampling to investigate the relationship between the indicators of smart city and good urban governance, 60 (40 officials and 20 experts), officials and experts have been selected.

The results indicated that in region 10 of Tehran, good urban governance indexes are not in desirable condition. The average desirability of good urban governance indicators in district 10 of Tehran is less than average, therefore, this region has an unfavorable and unfavorable situation of governance. The results of the analysis of the VIKOR model for ranking the regions showed that region 2 is in a better position compared to region 10. Therefore, region 10 (as a less privileged region) should be the first priority to improve the conditions for the implementation of good urban governance. According to the results, the average of all indicators in region two (except the lawfulness index) is higher than the theoretical average (number 3), so that this region has the highest value in the equity index (with an average of 3.48). Regarding region ten, it should be noted that only in the transparency index, they received a higher average than the theoretical average, and these averages were general and were obtained without taking into account the weight of the index. Since these indicators are not of equal importance, it is necessary to determine the importance or relative weight of each of them for a more accurate evaluation. In the present study, hierarchical analysis (AHP) has been used to determine the weight of the indicators. The weight obtained from the indices showed that the response index (with an index weight of 0.182) and the transparency index (with an index weight of 0.177) have the highest weight, respectively. 

During the last several decades, various approaches have been proposed in the field of urban management that good urban governance is one of the most prominent of them. Now, this model is the best way out of the impasse of poverty and underdevelopment of cities. However, urban management in developing countries, including Iran, faces major constraints and challenges. On the one hand, these restrictions are associated with the growth of urban population and the rise of urbanization, and on the other hand, it faces the traditional structure of local institutions that are still not prepared for structural change. Considering the increasing amount of complexity of urban management problems in Iran, is increasing day by day, the application of the principles of good urban governance is an undeniable necessity. Despite the extensive political, economic, social and technological changes in the country and, consequently, increasing the level of public awareness and knowledge, a new concept in recent years with the focus on the use of information and communication technology for the quality development of urban life and its sustainability Is the theory of creating smart cities. But it should be noted that the necessary precondition for creating an intelligent society is a change in the body of urban management, in other words, moving towards good urban governance. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the indicators of good urban governance and the relationship between intelligence and indicators of good urban governance in the city of Tehran. For this purpose, two districts 2 and 10 of Tehran were selected. The findings showed that Region 2 is in a better position and Region 10 (as a less privileged region) is the first priority to improve the conditions for good urban governance.

The rapid changes of the second half of the twentieth century and the inefficiency of conventional planning methods led to the emergence and expansion of futurism, which in turn was used in the approach and methods used to identify and solve the problem. Regional foresight operates in a sub-national geographical area to make certain decisions to achieve the desired future, focusing on a specific territorial area. Accordingly, implementing this approach in the framework of the concept of regional development can significantly help update the country's development literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting regional development in Ghaen.

The present research is based on an exploratory-applied research method. The research process is such that the present research has collected the required data and information libraries in two ways. Articles, theses, dissertations, books, plans, and reports related to the topic have been collected and studied to review and identify the basics, concepts, and variables related to the topic. Also, using MICMAC method, key factors and drivers affecting the promotion of Ghaen city in regional development have been analyzed.

Based on the Delphi method, 37 variables were identified as factors affecting the regional development of Ghaen city and then analyzed using the interaction or structural effects analysis method by MICMAC software to extract the main factors affecting the future state of the environment. Based on the number of variables, the dimensions of the matrix are 37 x 37. By placing these factors in a matrix, the effect of each of these factors on each other was determined by weighting the factors (from zero to 3). All the factors involved in regional development are considered a system with intertwined elements and as a structure, and the relationships of these factors are measured to extract the most influential factors. The number of repetitions of the interaction of variables is considered twice, and the degree of matrix filling is 97.15% and shows the dispersion of variables affecting the future of Ghaen city. Out of 1330 relations that can be evaluated in this matrix, 39 were zero, 502 were number one, 744 were number two, and 84 were number three. Also, the matrix based on statistical indicators with two times of data rotation has 97% usefulness and optimization, indicating the questionnaire's high validity and answers. In the following, for a general analysis of the system environment and finally identifying the key effective factors. After identifying the variables, the first step is to form a matrix of pairwise comparisons extracted from Delphi meetings of managers (30 people in total) in which the impact of each variable on other variables is measured. Because the method of distribution and distribution of variables affecting the regional development of Ghaen city in the dispersion plane indicates the system's instability, three categories of variables (two-dimensional variables, regulatory variables, and independent variables) can be identified. Bidirectional variables: Bidirectional variables have a high impact and high affectivity, and any action on these variables will cause a reaction and change on other variables. The location of these variables in the impact plan is in the northeast. Bidirectional variables have a very high capacity to become key variables of the system. The following variables are known as two-dimensional variables according to their position in the impact-impact plan: employment structure, production technology, investment security, social participation, method and capacity of agricultural production, skilled manpower, the concentration of activities, Social development relations of the region, production of science, development of universities, GDP, relative economic growth, the pattern of interaction and cooperation with Afghanistan, the geopolitical position of the province, improvement of information technology infrastructure, coordination of organizations, ‌ production, and industrial prosperity, international Yazdan Bazaar, increasing investment in the province and the government's macro policies. Regulatory variables: Regulatory variables are located around the center of gravity of the chart or plan of influence - influence. These variables can be upgraded to effective variables or two-way variables. The following variables are known according to their location in the impact plan - the effectiveness of regulatory variables: improving the health network, social injustice in the distribution of municipal services, polluting industries, water resources, the transnational role of the province, improving the main road network, reducing ownership Government, the extent of devolution to the provincial and local levels, energy resources, the development of social networks, the construction of the provincial rail network and drought and natural hazards. Independent variables: Independent variables are located in the southwestern part of the impact-effectiveness plan. The following variables are called independent variables according to their location in the impact-impact plan: ethnicity, biodiversity, urban green space, entry and exit points of the city, hoarding, and stock exchange.

The results showed that the factors affecting regional development include relative growth, GDP, prosperity, investment, and policies, respectively, and indicate the influence of Ghaen regional development that has directly and indirectly affected. Therefore, by considering these key factors, regional development can be achieved in the city of Ghaen.

Globalization is a historical process that has been provided due to the progress and revolution in communication and information technology, and communication and information systems such as telephone, satellite, Internet, etc., pave the way for its realization as a process. It turns. In such a sense, globalization is the product of the compression of time and space, the separation of the common social living space from the place, the proximity and complexity of man, which is reflected in the emergence of a common culture. It will also lead to integration in the economic, political, security and military fields, and to shrink the world on the one hand, and to increase public awareness and communication on the other. The developments resulting from the information revolution have led to the entry of new actors, changes in structures and changes in the equations of power, and as a result, more complex relations in the form of systemic networks, and ultimately led to a combined war. Information geopolitics, to study the role of knowledge, information, technology and art in different dimensions of production, collection, focus and dissemination on power generation and the impact on actors' relationships and their conflicts to develop their sphere of influence on geographical and human spaces at different scales Pays. 

Globalization is a historical process that has been provided due to the progress and revolution in communication and information technology, and communication and information systems such as telephone, satellite, Internet, etc., pave the way for its realization as a process. It turns. In such a sense, globalization is the product of the compression of time and space, the separation of the common social living space from the place, the proximity and complexity of man, which is reflected in the emergence of a common culture. It will also lead to integration in the economic, political, security and military fields, and to shrink the world on the one hand, and to increase public awareness and communication on the other. The developments resulting from the information revolution have led to the entry of new actors, changes in structures and changes in the equations of power, and as a result, more complex relations in the form of systemic networks, and ultimately led to a combined war. Information geopolitics, to study the role of knowledge, information, technology and art in different dimensions of production, collection, focus and dissemination on power generation and the impact on actors' relationships and their conflicts to develop their sphere of influence on geographical and human spaces at different scales Pays.

The purpose of wars has always been to influence the enemy's information systems. The desired result would be for the enemy to receive messages persuading him to stop the war. The scope of influence of the information and communication element covers a wide range from soft warfare and psychological warfare to information and cyber warfare, from social networks and websites that have many security implications and consequences in the eyes of public opinion and Governments and intelligence services allow cyber sabotage of nuclear programs and hackers to break into code and infiltrate the computers of key organizations and target systems. New malware steals confidential, top-secret, and classified information; Countering them requires the use of intelligent power in cyberspace, which provides a more complex understanding of power in world politics in the information age. The model of the enemy's approach in the era of the conquest of intelligent power is convergent, an integrated model as follows: 1- Concentration of psychological and political pressure on the political and defense management of the country. 2- Psychological operations on people. 3- Economic pressure. 4- Military operations on selective and complementary targets. 5. Focus on destroying vital civilian and defense infrastructure. 6- Creating super-critical points in major populations. 7- Leading the people's dissatisfaction to the field of protest, turmoil and finally conflict with the government. 8- Transfer of military auxiliary pressure to the remaining resistances. 9- Establishing coordination between the potential of popular conflict and the military offensive system against the government. 

The present study shows that, in complex and anarchic systems, strategic stability is the basis for maintaining balance and systemic stability and thus war control in which the distribution of vulnerabilities, sensitivities and capabilities, in a way Is that the units in the international system are not able to wage a large-scale war against each other and, at the systemic level, prevent fluctuations from turning into war. In the system of complexity, in addition to the clustering of order, the evolution of the pattern of war and conflict is in the form of combined wars with a proxy, coalition and information-oriented approach with a network feature. Therefore, their control and management are also analyzed based on network logic. In the new geopolitical situation, physical collisions have reached a minimum, and in today's world, what is important is to understand cyber and infosphere space in the geopolitical realms. The fifth period is geopolitical and geopolitical environments over time have gone beyond the pure domination of land and borders and have found a practical meaning in the dimensions of sea and air, the main factor of which is the power of information. As a result, the use of intelligence power changes both the model of wars and struggles and the style of acting, and on the other hand, it turns out that the determining power is transferred to the air and the electromagnetic systems located in the air bases. The great world powers have taken control of their peripheral space and the potential of their intelligence force has changed the balance of power, and today human beings are witnessing the most prominent methods of intelligence power and military skills.

Urban facilities, some of which include vital and sensitive infrastructures of the country and national capital, and the other include production, distribution and provision of municipal services such as city water source and reservoir, city electricity facilities, telecommunication center, gas facilities, emergency, fire station, etc. are among the public spaces of the area and city which are built and operated at a high cost and are directly related to other functions of the city, so that any disturbance in them paralyzes other urban functions. As a definition, the passive defense is a set of measures that do not require the use of weapons, equipment and weapons, and by implementing it, it is possible to prevent financial damage to vital, sensitive and important military and civilian equipment and facilities, and human casualties, or decrease the amount of damage and casualties caused by air strikes and missile bombardments to a minimum. Shirvan, as the second big city of North Khorasan province and because of the localization of management centers, vital and important facilities in it is of great importance. In addition, the city of Shirvan could face political and military threats due to its proximity to Turkmenistan. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the vulnerability and endangerment of urban facilities and equipment of Shirvan from the point of view of passive defense, which according to the issues raised, the most important question of the present study is: Which category of urban elements in Shirvan are the most important elements vulnerable to human hazards? Therefore, considering the role and position of Shirvan city and also based on the general policies of the Iran system regarding passive defense of the country, acted by the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran, planning and formulating strategies to improve its security is of high importance. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the level of vulnerability of the (vital, sensitive and important) elements of Shirvan city against the military threats with passive defense approach. 

Due to the nature of the data, the present study uses a mixed research method. Also, this research from the perspective of purpose is an applied research and in terms of research method was a mixed method of descriptive, analytical and field research method. After identification the location of vital, sensitive and important centers in this city, Analytical Hierarchy process (ANP) and GIS software were used in order to evaluate these centers. Considering that the statistical population of the present study included managers and experts specializing in passive defense and urban planning, and based on information obtained from departments and organizations related to the research topic, namely, municipality, governorate, road and urban planning office, Red Crescent department and military organs, which were about 80 persons. Then, 50% of the statistical population ie 40 experts and thinkers in the field and related to the research topic who were working in the city of Shirvan were selected a statistical sample and a specialized questionnaire that completed by these individuals was analyzed using the ANP model. In the present study, three main criteria (vital centers, sensitive centers and important centers) along with sub-criteria with the opinion of relevant experts were extracted and listed as important elements and areas of Shirvan city.

Due to the strategic position of Shirvan city and having a common land border with Turkmenistan, the study of its vulnerability is of particular importance and the importance of planning in times of crisis is felt in the research area. Based on the results, the number of 13 sub-criteria in 3 criteria of vital, sensitive and important centers were combined with each other in ArcGIS software and based on the importance coefficients obtained by experts and elites in Super Decisions software. The following figure shows the vulnerability of Shirvan city in the face of natural and human hazards using ANP Analytic Network Process, and based on passive defense approach. The results showed that the study conducted by Anvari et al (2020) in Zahedan (Souteastern Iran) is consistent with the present study, because in Zahedan, the largest area of the city showed less vulnerability. Also, the results of Aftab et al. (2018) in Urmia (Northwestern Iran) was consistent with the results of the present study because in Urmia the vulnerability of urban elements was low. on the other hand it was not consistent with the results of research conducted by Khodadad et al. (2019) in Bandar Torkman (Northern Iran), because in their research 75% of the Bandar Torkman has been exposed to high vulnerabilities. 

Vulnerability rate in 11.6% of Shirvan city is very low, 41.3% has low vulnerability rate, 25.9% moderate vulnerability rate, 17.2% high vulnerability rate and 3.9% is with very high percentage of vulnerability. In fact, it can be said that the vulnerability of Shirvan is low in 52.9% of the city and high in 21.1% of the city. In the central neighborhoods of the city, due to high age, population density, dilapidation, low quality of buildings, etc., the level of vulnerability is high. Therefore, with the obtained results, it can be said that the vulnerability of land uses in Shirvan is low.

Take a cross-sectional Most contemporary social scientists subconsciously approach to the social world. But when social events and processes are separated from their temporal context, their meaning is distorted. Putting politics in the context of time - making moving images instead of cross-sectional images - can improve our understanding of complex social dynamics and the theories and methods we use to explain them. Politics in the context of time opens a new window to the temporal dimensions of the world of social sciences and humanities. The purpose of this article is to determine and explain the position of chronopolitical components and to identify a range of time processes that are common in political life. 

Given the theoretical nature of this study, it employs a qualitative-descriptive-analytic approach. In the stage of collecting data and information, methods such as documentary methods, libraries have been used. To study related sources and references, relevant rules and regulations, existing maps, statistics, books and sites related to the subject of historical approach. It has been studied in domestic and foreign policy studies.

The present study focuses on social mechanisms that have a powerful temporal dimension. This research revolves around three main topics:1) path dependence,2) timing and sequencing,3) issues related to institutional origins and institutional change. 

This paper indicates how certain views toward time and toward the nature of change lead to a form of “chronopolitics,” a term descriptive of the relation of time-perspectives to political decision-making. The present as a “time of transition” can be seen as a time during which epoch-making decisions which will lead a society to one of several alternate futures can be

Over the past few decades, nature and the environment have been degraded by population growth and high consumption and over-exploitation of the world's resources. This environmental catastrophe threatens the peace, health and security of human life. The anthropological causes of environmental problems such as climate change are widely known. Therefore, if people are more pro-environmental, environmental problems can be reduced. To preserve the environment, appropriate educational approaches are needed to move towards the growing knowledge, behavior and attitude of the environment; In a way that, along with the development of the required knowledge and skills, leads to a secure future. Meanwhile, the city of Sirjan is no exception to this rule and due to the existence of Gol Gohar Mining Company is facing environmental issues and problems. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the environmental behaviors with social responsibility of the citizens of Sirjan and in this regard, to answer the following question: What is the relationship between environmental behaviors and social responsibility? 

In terms of nature, this research is an applied research and in terms of data analysis method, it is a descriptive-correlational and causal-relationship that has been evaluated using a field method and a questionnaire. The study was conducted on the city of Sirjan and the statistical population of the citizens of Sirjan and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 383 people. A simple random sampling method was used. The research tool of the questionnaire and its validity has been formally conducted by a group of experts who have studied in this field so far and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha test and coefficient of 0.890 indicates the acceptability of the reliability of the questionnaire for research. In this study, the independent variable is social responsibility and the dependent variable is environmental behavior. Pls software was used to analyze the data. 

In this research, the main indicators of the research, namely waste management and recycling, environmental protection, cooperation and participation and efforts to increase environmental knowledge and social responsibility were selected as hidden indicators of the research and hidden indicators have been identified for each of these dimensions. Based on Het's findings, all the obtained coefficients have the mentioned conditions and according to the four reliability tests, the model has reliability. Among the obtained coefficients, the effect of environmental protection on environmental behavior with a score of 0.773 and participation and cooperation with a coefficient of 0.502 has the highest score. After that, the effect of waste management with a coefficient of 0.288 is in the third place. Finally, environmental knowledge with a score of 0.243 is in the last rank in terms of influencing environmental behavior. 

The results of this study show that environmental behaviors are among the most important factors affecting the quality of the environment and the effectiveness of environmental activities. Social responsibility and consequently the environment of citizens as sociological and psychological phenomena not only have a positive effect on improving the quality of the environment but also create a healthy and positive life for people in society.These indicators are suitable predictors of environmental behavior of citizens in the city of Sirjan. Due to environmental issues and problems, especially in the city of Sirjan due to Gol Gohar mine and the resulting pollution, a change in the environmental behavior of citizens is necessary. The effect of this is to increase the knowledge and environmental awareness of citizens to change their attitudes and behavior towards the environment and to prevent the indiscriminate destruction of natural resources and the environment and stir up more problems and issues of environmental problems.