نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 37 (بهار 1401)

One of the reasons for the historical importance of the Qur'an is the gradual revelation of verses and its connection with various historical events, which was later called the reason for revelation of verses. For this reason, Muslim historiography initially had many links with Qur'anic verses. In this way that historian tried to use Quranic verses in reporting events. Tabari is one of the historians who has used many verses of the Quran in writing history; As it can be said, Quranic documentations are one of the prominent features of Tabari History. This descriptive-analytical study first examines the amount of Quranic documentations from Bi’tha to the year 40 AH in the History of Tabari and then answers the question: what is the use of Quranic documentations in this book? Studies show that Tabari has cited 250 verses from different Surah of the Qur'an in historical events from the Bi’tha to the year 40 AH without mentioning the name and number of the surah and verse. The most use of Quranic documentations in the History of Tabari has been done with the aim of confirming and strengthening the correct Khabar(narrative), explaining, rebuttal or correcting the Khabar, honoring or disparagement people, warning and referring to moral points.

The Ottoman Empire in the 10th century AH / 16 AD. Using various administrative-financial divisions, became one of the largest and most stable Islamic governments. Various studies have been done on the administrative-financial structure of the Ottoman Empire; However, no research has been done to deal with the administrative-financial structure of the empire relying on the legislatures. Therefore, present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources, especially the "Soleiman Qanuni" Code, which well shows the administrative-financial divisions of the Ottoman Empire in the tenth century, expresses this structure. Findings show that devising restricted countries into administrative units such as the state, Sanjak, Kaza and dormitory (from the early 10th century AH), has led to decentralization and more regular administration of Sanjaks and through the devising Sanjaks into "Salianli" (lands with annual tax) and "Saliansiz" (lands with special taxes), tax collection has been done logically and with regard to climate differences. Also, in order to manage the lands and provide the required military force at the lowest cost, Sanjaks and lands were divided by contract and Timar method. In addition, with the registration of property, population, and the issuance of new laws for each Sanjak and section, relations between landowners and villeins came under the supervision of the Supreme government. Later, in the late tenth century, with the expansion of divisions such as Arpaliq, Ashkinji, and Mafruz al-Qalam (a special type of land with special laws), were given much authority to the owners of these sections, reducing the power of central government in the states.

Injuids was one of the local and passing dynasties in eighth century A.H. The backgrounds and factors behind collapse of this literary and artistic government in battle with Muzaffarids as well as study of their conflicts, motivations and the acts of the perpetrators are all considerable issues which are ignored mostly. This research with its descriptive-analytic methods tends to answer to these questions: what are the backgrounds and factors behind defeat and collapse of the Injuids in battle with Muzaffarids? The findings show that the development of the demands of both Injuids and Muzaffarids governments, the courageous and daring character of Amir Mubarzaldin Mozaffari and his decisive decision to conquer Shiraz. the covenant and deceptions of Shah Abu Ishaq, the death of Ghavam al-Din Hassan, the efficient and far-sighted minister of Shah Abu Ishaq during the siege of Shiraz, the resistance of the people of Shiraz became fragile and vulnerable following the prolongation of the siege. The divergence of the Shiraz Kelvians, as well as his lack of a coherent war strategy and his recklessness during the siege of Shiraz, in the fall and collapse of the dynasty. Al-Inju has had a great impact in the war against the Muzaffarids.

Tarikh Al-Ya’qubi, written by Ahmad ibn Abi Ya’qub (d. 284 AH), is one of the general histories that has been compiled in a combined method; that is it presents a whole coherent account of a historical event by removing the chain of narrators as well as integrating several records of a same event.There are some factors in Tarikh Al-Ya’qubi that make it necessary to retrieve its resources as well as evaluate the authenticity of its narrations: the removal of the chain of narrators, the inconsistency of some reports with the accounts of other well-known contemporary resources (Al-Maghazi, Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyyah, Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra, etc.) and specifically including unheard and Shii-like narrations.The main questions of this research include: What are the resources of Tarikh Al-Ya’qubi? Are these resources sufficiently credible? And finally, what was Al-Ya’qubi’s criterion in authenticating the narrations?According to the research findings, although Al-Ya’qubi’s accounts on the role of Imam Ali (as) in the Prophet-led battles of Uhud, Khandaq, Bani Qurayzah, Bani Jazima, Hunayn and the Conquest of Mecca are valid and in line with other resources, his history - influenced by his Shiite attitudes - sometimes includes different and rare accounts, the resource of which is not known.

Due to its importance and position, the war of Ahzab has been considered in some verses of Surah Al-Ahzab. In addition to the presence of different types of forces opposed to Islam in this war, there were also different types on the Islamic Front. The semantic analysis of the verses related to this war in Surah Al-Ahzab and its comparative typological study indicate the presence of three effective currents of hypocrites, and who in their hearts is a sickness and the true believers. This study showed that the flow of hypocrisy accompanied by who in their hearts is a sickness by denying the divine promises and the words of the Messenger of God (PBUH), casting doubt, creating fear and excuses seeks to create anxiety in the community of believers and disturb their peace and ultimately defeat them. However, the believers played a great role in the success of the Islam army by acknowledging the divine promises and confirming the words of the Messenger of God (pbuh), adhering to the covenant, steadfastness and practical action against the enemy.

The poems contemporary with appearance of Islam (in Ignorance period), is one of the sources of knowing the society of that time. As one of the most famous poets of that period, Khansa has paid attention to some features of that society in her poems. This study seeks to express the social and religious characteristics of contemporary Arabs with the appearance of Islam in Khansa poems. For this, they are used the old sources and new researches and descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this study show that Khansa in her poems have expressed some important social characteristics such as: courage and warfare, flag-bearing, revenge, looting, chivalry, generosity, hospitality, oratory and chastity. Belief in issues such as the existence of God, determinism and the existence of jinn as the beliefs of the Arabs contemporary with the rise of Islam, has also been considered in Khansa poems.