نشریه زبان فارسی و گویش های ایرانی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 12، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Some Iranian languages spoken in the shares of the Caspian Sea or their origin was the region, also in Balochi and Bashgardi spoken in southeastern Iran, there is a specific construction for progressive aspect not seen in other Iranian languages. This paper deals with the morphological and syntactic features of the progressive form, the constituents, and their functions; and shows how this construction relates with the most common source of progressive aspect. The results show that the progressive form derives from a locative expression comprised of three basic elements: the main verb in the form of the infinitive, verbal noun, present participle, or imperfect; a copula usually used as enclitic and attached to the other constituents; and a locative adposition express the locative meaning, omitted in some varieties. A fourth element may be seen in some varieties meaning ‘in the act of, busy’ that originally is a noun form of a postural verb used to denote postural notion in the construction. The meaning of the locative construction which gives rise to the progressive is ‘be at doing something’

In Ghayeni Persian, for nouns ending in vowels /ou/, /ɑ/ and /a/, the plural marker is represented as [au], and in words with vowels /i/, /u/, and /e/, it is pronounced as [u]. These pronunciations confirm that the underlying structure in Ghayeni is /-ɑn/. To explain this, the authors examined the data within Stratal Optimality Theory (SOT) at three levels: stem, word and, post-lexical. The results showed that the phonological processes of pre-nasal raising and hiatus resolution occur at stem level and vowel change and final /n/ deletion take place at word level. Derivations indicated a kind of opacity (bleeding interaction) between pre-nasal raising and the final /n/ deletion. Post-lexical level includes two cases: adding third person singular pronoun /in/ "his/her" and fist person plural pronoun /mɑ/ "we" to the output of the word surface. In this level, the phonological processes as final /n/ deletion and monophthongization are involved. Here another kind of opacity (feeding interaction) between the processes of ezafe vowel deletion and the final /n/ deletion is seen. Therefore, in present study, the opaque interactions in derivations of plural nouns with a final vowel in Ghayeni is analyzed based on SOT. SOT is more efficient than Parallel Optimality Theory (POT) in explaining opaque phonetic changes at morpheme boundaries

Language is one of the means of communication of people in society. Linguistic communication, as one of the most important roles of language, shows the relationships between people. The concept of politeness as a socio-cognitive factor, indicates the social distance between individuals. This concept is manifested by different tools in communication between people. One of these tools is honorifics. People in the society use forms of honorifics to specify situations and social standings of participants and speakers. Shibatani (2006) places honorifics in Japanese in four classes; “referent honorifics”, “addressee honorifics”, “avoidance languages” ​​and “beautification”. In most languages, referent honorifics are used more often than other types of honorifics, and among the types of referent honorifics, subject honorifics are used more than humbling honorifics and non-subject honorifics. In this study, four classes of honorifics in Middle Persian have been examined according to this framework. According to studies, in Middle Persian, as well as in Japanese, referent honorifics are the most widely used. In addition to the Shibatani classes, metaphors and similes, the adjective honorifics of the speaker and the benedictory honorifics can also be added to the group of Middle Persian honors

The present paper is an attempt to study the semantic side of modal verbs in Siahkali variety of Gilaki. This research has been conducted via descriptive-analytical method in Palmer (1997) and Nauze (2008) frameworks. Based upon this research, the modal verb “va” features all three epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modes in terms of semantics while “vast” and “vasti” and the present tense of modal verb “tonəstan” are used to express deontic and dynamic modes. The modal verb “šay” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic aspect while “šast”, the past tense “tonəstan” and both the present and past forms of the verb “xastən” and “rəse:n” are used to express the dynamic aspect in Gilaki. The modal verb “bo:n” expresses the epistemic and deontic modality while “bəbu” indicates the deontic modality. “va” and its past tenses show the degree of necessity and other modal verbs infer the degree of possibility. The semantic mapping of modal verbs is shown on the conceptual context of modality. So, the same universal saying that the modality elements are different only on one of the axes is also true in Gilaki.

Political cartoons are powerful and effective tools that serve to express the political concepts and views. They use cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor, metonymy and blending abundantly. For the past eight years, ‘JCPOA’ has been the most important issue in Iran's foreign policy, which has also been widely reflected in domestic political cartoons. One of the issues that became a dispute between the United States and other countries member of “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA), in 2020 is the “Trigger Mechanism”. In the present research, two political cartoons on the subject of trigger mechanism from Tasnim News Agency have been extracted and investigated within the framework of three theories of Conceptual Metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1993), Multimodal Metaphor (Forceville, 1996, 2006, 2009) and Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002). The results of the study show that one of the cartoons is formed around the conceptual blending of two mental spaces of “beggary” and “activation of the trigger mechanism”, while the other is based on metaphor “THE TRIGGER MECHANISM IS A GUN”. In addition to conceptual metaphor and blending, two basic conceptual metonymies are also found in cartoons: One is “PERSON FOR COUNTRY/ GOVERNMENT” and the other is “PLACE FOR INSTITUTION/ ORGANIZATION”. Using these cognitive mechanisms, the cartoonist portrays Trump and his government’s attempt to activate the trigger mechanism as a desperate effort that is doomed to failure.

The purpose of this study is to investigate Persian pro.making topicalization of possession construction and complementary object and how pronominal clitics appear according to "Functional Discourse Grammar". Thus, in this study the method of mapping Persian pro.making topicalized elements was explained based on this grammar. The results of the study and analysis of a number of selected sentences from speech and written texts of Persian language indicate that in this construction, considering communicative intention of the speaker, various elements such as possessor in possession constructions and complementary object can be topicalized, so the dynamic method of determining the word order of this approach is suitable to explain it. On the other hand, due to the fact that the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level, based on the principles of this grammar, is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, the pro.making topicalization process is not the result of movement, but is produced in base-generated procedures. The most important result of this study is to determine the cause of the appearance of pronominal clitics in Persian pro.making topicalization process and to determine whether it is obligatory or non- obligatory, which is done for the first time by applying the mechanisms of this approach.

The present study represents the concept of future in the writings of foreign Persian learners based on three stages (pragmatics, lexical and morphological) concept-oriented approach. The corpus of this research is 50 texts written by Persian foreign students from China, Russia, Iraq, Uzbekistan and Syria, in elementary, intermediate and advanced language levels. The purpose of this study is to answer the question whether the application of the concept of future in Persian's writings based on the stages of the concept-oriented approach is represented or not. The study and analysis of Persian students’ writings showed that the concept of future is represented according to the three stages of the concept-oriented approach in Persian writing for students of elementary to advanced levels. The results showed that Persian learners in the first stage (pragmatics) are familiar with the concept of future and use their knowledge of the first language to understand and understand this concept. At higher language levels, with more learning of Persian, in addition to having a lexical stage, they also reach a morphological stage and use various forms to express the concept of the future.

Sanāʾī is one of the epoch maker and eloquent poets in history of Persian literature. Among survived works by him one can name the short mathnavī Taḥrīmat al-qalam. This mathnavī has been edited by Mujtabā Mīnuvī (1957-8), Riżā Māyil Hiravī (1967) and Muḥammad-Taqī Mudarris Rażavī (1969). The last effort, i.e. the edition by the late Mudarris Rażavī, has been the target of researchers' attention and reference during the last half century. But in this edition one can still see a variety of omissions and slips which is mostly emerged through partial deficiency of editor's sources as well as methodological mistakes. In this research, after searching for and acquiring all of the known manuscripts up to now, we have dealt with their examination and genealogy, in addition to the history of the text. Then we have edited and reformed a remarkable number of couplets in Mudarris Rażavī's edition, with regard to manuscripts of the text, the text's evidence, analogous concepts and structures in other literary and mystical texts, old and new lexicons, in addition to the contemporary researches.

A work of art is a different way of looking, and this artistic attitude is manifested in linguistic functions. The use of linguistic elements also reflects the artistic attitude of the artist; In the sense that the author makes his work eloquent, eloquent fluent and effective by using artistic language. In the present descriptive-analytical research, we have tried to read the new elements of the book "Sharh-i-Se Nathr-i-Zuhuri ", which represents the critique of the emerging linguistics of the nineteenth century in the subcontinent. New elements such as the difference of words based on the difference of vowel and consonant , substitution of the substitute, the agreement of the people in the subject of vocabulary. The main purpose of this research is to discover and introduce these new linguistic elements that have been discussed in the field of linguistics of the Sahbai period. The achievements show that the commentator was able to maintain the connection between the three basic elements of the author, the text and the audience in the description of the work and to observe the scientific standards of linguistics that were still developing. He was also well able to follow the linguistic issues of his period, according to the scientific principles and standards of his time in his works Scientific re-reading of the linguistic views of Sahbai and his contemporaries can be effective for the audience in understanding the literary works of this period, poetry, prose research and, as a result, enriching the capacities of linguistic criticism.

The current article studies the temporal Frames of Reference in Persian. What is most manifest in this field is the theoretical dissention. This article has reviewed the main approaches and frameworks in the field. The relationship between space and time domains is attested, yet despite many examples of mapping time in terms of space being found, it does not mean that the relationship between these two domains is unidirectional, since instances of describing space in terms of time can also be found. For related theoretical concepts such as Moving Ego & Moving Time models, A & B-Series and Deictic, Sequential & Extrinsic FoRs, examples were mentioned from Persian language. A poll was conducted which led to the conclusion that for Persian speakers the dominant temporal usage of “Jelo-tar” is in the meaning of “sooner”. Some points were mentioned regarding the use of spatial FoRs in the temporal domain and a critical approach to the study of temporal metaphors was also presented.

Proverbs are fixed sentential expressions that express the well-known truth, social norms or moral concerns of a specific culture. Therefore, they have a linguistic-cultural aspect and are transmitted through generations and applied to various states of affairs in the world. Since most proverbial expressions are metaphorical in nature which rooted in bodily experiments, the present paper offers an image-schematic view to Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts. It takes up the twin task of distinguishing the image schemas in Guilaki proverbs and of defining their domain of semantic usages. The proverbs of this qualitative research have been collected in a library research method and analyzed based on Johnson’s (1987) opinions. The findings of the research reveal that the path, control and spatial schemas are used in Guilaki proverbs. They also showed that the desirable cultural concepts like kindness, hospitality and faithfulness are simultaneously applied alongside undesirable ones such as corruption, betray and ungratefulness.

Using names of "Alan"/ "Aas”, that are a phonetic form of "Arya", about the Ossetes, indicates that they are speakers of "Iron dialect". The Ossetic language belongs to the Iranian group of Indo-European languages. The current written form of the Ossetic language with the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to 1844, and was founded by A.M. Shegren, and later V.F. Miller, completed it. The basis of entering the field of linguistic research about Ossetic is being familiar with this language and learning the correct way to read it. Therefore, in this study, we intend to make familiar Iranian readers and linguists with the vowels and consonants and phonetic system of the Ossetic. In this direction, issues such as voicelessness, metathesis, place of stress etc. have also been considered by the authors. The purpose of this study is to provide a platform for further research in the Ossetic language as a branch of Iranian languages. In the present work, Russian has become a tool for Iranian linguists to know about the linguistic research done about Ossetic language. The results showed that the alphabetic system and phonetic signs of the Ossetic can be very different compared to the phonetic system of other languages.