فصلنامه رشد فناوری
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1388)

In past two decades, Technology Roadmapping (TRM) became a popular technique at firm, industry and national level in developed countries. TRMs can take various forms, but generally comprise time-based multilayer charts linking technology developments to drivers and market trends. This article attempts to categorize different TRMs by presenting diversity of their applications, deploying levels, graphical formats, nature of technologies and different roadmapping approaches. Technology roadmapping is a flexible approach that can be used for various purposes. Although TRM has different shapes, but basic principles are the same. Thus process of developing a TRM is of special importance that present article attempts to explain different aspects of this process.

Research results without commercialization could not be sources of public welfare and national wealth. Undoubtedly, commercialization and transferring research findings to the industry and market area is one of the complicated stages of innovation process. One of the ways to overcome this challenge is benefiting from existing industries or plants which has required equipments for industrialization of technology and also has free capacity. In this paper, at first the benefits of utilizing existing industries for commercialization some of new technologies are described. Then a scientific methodology introduced to explain and implement the ability to launch of new technologies into existing plant in Research institute for Petroleum Industry (RIPI). This methodology benefits from principles of modular design and robust design. After introducing the methodology, a case study is presented which has been carried out by this methodology to launch a new technology in one of the existing plants.

In todays world of economy, many of organizations are looking for elements of creating competetive advantages. The process of developing new products for different kinds of product/service organizations, is considered as competetive advantage. Development of New products will help organizations to keep their competetive and monopolistic positions in competetive market. In this paper we try to introduce development of new product, directions, patterns and its process, and also consider the goals and reasons of the imporance of development of new products. So, we will consider the role of innovation, R&D, technology and management in new product development process. We would also investigate the important factors which are seems to be important in fail and success of the new product development.

Networks of collaborative relationships among firms are an important form of organization with innovative activities. Especially in innovative and technology intensive industries, firms increasingly realize that, in order to tap into new technologies and know- how, internal development needs to be complemented with strategic collaborations. Strategic networks potentially:- Provide firms with (a) access to information, resources, markets, and technologies, and (b) advantages from learning, scale, and scope economies; - Allow firms to achieve strategic objectives such as sharing risks and outsourcing value-chain stages and organizational functions.On the other hand, innovation which is the corner stone for any company to be sustainable is often identified as a key to inter-companies competitiveness and is promoted through various policy initiatives in many countries. Today, innovation is no longer carried out within individual companies, but often crosses borders in the form of innovation networks. But according to Damanpour, current developed theories which have been studied and suggested during three last decades, dont sufficiently clear and explain the innovative processes and suitable and required conditions for them to become successful. The changed operation settings in companies require a rethinking of appropriate approaches, that is the scope of this paper. In spite of great efforts of companies in managing innovation and connecting and communicating with supplier, partners and research institutions to do this management more properly, information and statistic data show that suitable and coherent approaches have not yet been established. Hence this paper addresses the existing perspectives for managing innovations in networks and their value for practitioners.

Use of E-businesses is considered as a necessity for getting Competitive Advantage. Selecting and Implementing E-business Models needs different inter-organization and intra-organization Backgrounds. One of the most important Backgrounds is integration in internal and external processes in a company.In this article at first, different processes in Enterprise Resource Planning system is identified. Then, Importance of Integration for selecting and Implementing E-business in Automobile Industry is surveyed. At last, as a case study, the Integration in Internal and External Processes in Iran Khodro Company is measured.

The Role of Knowledge to Achieve Development always is Dominant. Nowadays existing Knowledge in organization is viewed as one of the most important capitals that can help to achieve success and competitive advantage in contemporary competitive situations. Many of organizations have realized to success and even survival need to something more than short time acquiring to knowledge and there is no choice except applying appropriate system of knowledge management. In this article, at the beginning, definitions of knowledge, Knowledge Management and its origin will be expressed. Then, the essentials of Knowledge Management and role of technology will be analyzed. Finally some important factors in success and defeat of Knowledge Management programs will be represented.

Research and development have come to a global shape with developing information technology and communicating networks. Also advancing the science and especially engineering is going to be practical that leads cooperation among industries, researchers, and organizations. Since accessing to the new technology and economics development in developing countries leads to large investments and development in the area of research, so these countries must try to obtain major technologies using foreign investments and then try to develop them using their own innovation. Therefore, globalization of research and development by ultra-national organization and decentralization of research and development units will result in the economic development.It seems that globalization can be a solution to the most of the economic problems. Nowadays, global economy is organized based on the information process management and networks, so that a new version of international economy in different theories can be imagined. Economy is a scientific network organized by information control paradigm and assessed by different variables. This method provides effective management mechanisms for the formation of a new version of different economies. In this way, the economic processes will be modified and a new version of economic relations would emerge. Meanwhile using information technology will lead to business development, facilitating economic relationships and providing the possibility of different activities for the organization. There is also a meaningful a correlation between the highly developed countries and the countries with large investments in research and development. So the importance of developing research and development is highlighted for the developing countries.This article will discuss the consequences of globalization of research and development on the economic development of countries, as well as the obstacles and opportunities resulted from that; like better production, job opportunities and higher income in developing countries. It also reviews the important factors which can lead to the development of economic network.

Nowadays, knowledge introduced as a valuable and strategic resource and also is an asset and is the most important variable for growing organizations and enterprises in this era. Knowledge management introduced as an important action for organizations move into international competition and face with new business challenges. Therefore, aiming usage of knowledge as a strategic and competitive advantage, and so organizing knowledge management development steps in organizations requires specification of effective factors on organizations decisions in usage and optimizing knowledge management. Thus studying effective factors on knowledge management success is necessary. Identifying these factors can help organizations to requirements assessment, designing, programming, executing and implementing knowledge management projects and evaluating organization maturity level in knowledge management.This paper reviews and identifies factors and variables that affect on knowledge management successfulness in organizations, and at last identify and represent key factors and variables that affect on success of knowledge management projects. This factors that categorized with an attention to literature, showing essential and important scopes that require for successful implementation of knowledge management. Organizations can access to a stable competitive and successful advantage with specifying and emphasizing this factors and right using from their knowledge resources.