فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 120 (تابستان 1401)

From the first stages of human life to the present, housing has always been one of the basic human needs. The provision of good housing requires the adoption of appropriate policies and codified plans. In Iran, the general policies of the system in the housing sector, which was announced by the leadership in 1389, was introduced as a guide and direction for the development of the housing sector. One of these policies is to observe cultural values and maintain family reverence in housing construction. This general policy of the system is directed toward a natural manifestation of the principles and values derived from Islamic teachings and with its comprehensive model and needs based on the philosophical and theoretical vision of the one and the comprehensive pattern of the levels and capabilities of the environment and how it is perceived by man and Its relationship with human needs, on the other hand, can reinforce design theories and improve the quality of urban spaces. The above general policy serves as a guide for executive, regulatory, and regulatory bodies. The purpose of this research is to assess the extent to which the general policy of observing cultural values in the construction of housing in the dimensions (drafting laws and regulations, implementing laws and regulations, and monitoring the implementation of laws and regulations).

The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and the required information is provided by documentary and through library information (books, dissertations and internal and external papers) as well as the official information and statistics of the municipality, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, and the Supreme Council for Urban Planning and Architecture And in the second part, in order to support the documentary analysis, 30 experts from urban planning experts were asked to use a questionnaire tool. To test the normal distribution of data Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilco methods, and to test the hypothesis, one sample T test was used. Accordingly, the research hypothesis "The extent of realization of the general policy of cultural values in the area of drafting laws and regulations, and the implementation of high laws and regulations and in the monitoring of the implementation of laws and regulations is low" by means of documentary and field studies and the above methods were tested.

The results of the studies carried out in the field of post-election evaluation, the formulation of laws and regulations on the general policy of cultural values of urban housing, indicate that this is after a relatively favorable situation.There has been little research in relation to the subsequent assessment of the implementation of laws and regulations, but the main reason for the lack of effective systems seems to be the continued monitoring of these policies from the outset, the lack of control and monitoring systems, feedback, damage detection, reviews And compilation and publication of periodic reports.In order to support the hypothesis and test it, the opinions of experts and scientific elites in this field were used. The research hypothesis was tested by using the T-test of a single sample in three dimensions (drafting rules, implementing and monitoring the implementation of laws and regulations).In the interpretation of the results of the hypothesis test, the legislative policy of cultural values of urban housing, considering that the average of expert opinions is 0.58 is higher than test value (3) and the significance level of the test (p_value) is 0.00, it can be stated that the result of the test implies The rejection of the 0H hypothesis and the assertion of the hypothesis of 1H research was that the regulatory bodies had taken into account the general cultural values of urban housing.In interpreting the results of the test, the hypothesis of the field of implementation of the policy of cultural values of housing, considering that the average of experts 'and experts' opinions is equal to test value (3) and the significance level of the test (p_value) is 0.975, thus, since the observed significance level is greater than Alpha 0.05 can not reject the null hypothesis in favor of the opposite assumption. Therefore, it can be stated that the hypothesis of 0H is based on the undesirable condition and underestimation of executive agencies in the field of cultural values of urban housing policy.In the field of regulatory follow-up, the policy of cultural values of housing, considering that the average of experts and experts' opinions is 2.114 and 0.88 is lower than the average (test value = 3), it can be stated that there is a significant difference between the average expert opinions and the average score (test value = 3), and since the p_value level is smaller than alpha 0.05, the result of the test is the rejection of the 0H hypothesis and the assertion of the hypothesis 1H of the research that the level of realization of the general policy of cultural values of urban housing is low.Therefore, it can be concluded that the regulatory dimension of the general policy of cultural value of housing has not been taken seriously.

Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the development of the rules and regulations of the cultural values of housing is of a desirable condition, as the hypothesis test also shows the same result, meaning a significant difference between this dimension and the average; but the executive position of the general policy of cultural values of urban housing undesirable evaluation It turned out In the context of monitoring the implementation of the rules and regulations of cultural values policy, the results of the research indicate that this dimension is not favorable and has not been seriously considered by observers.

The structure and spatial organization of cities are constantly evolving under the influence of political, economic, and social issues. In other words, the role of power and economy in the spatial transformation of cities is undeniable; globalization as a specific reading of the political economy of the space is based on the marketing policy of neoliberalism and the domination of a large part of the world by removing border and state restrictions. In addition to these political-economic changes, urban spaces also change, so that what remains of neoliberalism in the urban space is the existence of unequal relations and the division of the city into the two poles of the poor and the rich. which is even more acute in the urban spaces of the southern countries (as raw material suppliers). Now, given the fact that Iran based on the oil economy has been closely linked to the global capitalist system, the aim of this study is to investigate the spatial separation rate in Tehran metropolis. This issue has been addressed through the distribution of occupational groups in the Tehran metropolis.In rentier government, due to the huge revenues generated by purely rent-seeking activities and without productivity, efficiency and economic dynamics decreases. Therefore, as a source of economic and political power, the government, by utilizing its legislative power, restricts the functioning of market and provides rent-seeking opportunities to his supporters and it influences the fate of the social classes, which ultimately leads to the formation of a social class of oil. Therefore, abuse of oil revenues leads to an unequal growth in the purchasing power of urban society and fundamental changes in the economy. Thus, in an oil-based economy, wealth is concentrated among the groups that are in contact with the state and corruption is high.Therefore, given the characteristics of the raw material supplying countries in general and the oil producing countries (government and rent economy) and Iran in particular, there are certain economic and political conditions that lead to the socio-economic gap so the question is how did the distribution of socio-occupational groups occur during the neoliberal restructuring of space at the Tehran metropolitan? It is assumed that the distribution of upper and lower occupational-social classes at the Tehran metropolis has been polarized.In this regard, it is necessary to understand the concept of space and the process of the impact of power and rentier state on spatial organization. Since the main concern in this research is the structure of economic relations, the process of capital accumulation in the form of fixed capital and the spatial consequence of these relations at the Tehran metropolis, the political economy of space will be the research lens of this study.The political economy of space focuses on the emergence of settlements and tries to engage with the root of the problem. In the perspective of the political economy of space, the idea is that the perspective of the space is closely related to the mode of production and the social relations. In this theory, the historical development of the urban form is due to the need to create the necessary conditions for the production and reproduction of the capitalist system. The conditions required for these needs place urban policies in the interests of the capitalist class. The tendencies of political economy of space are divided into four categories: constructivism theory, praxis theory, dependency theory, world system theory and urbanization. The emphasis of this research will be the world system approach.In the process of globalization, some countries produce according to their conditions, and some countries are consumers or it can be said that some countries export raw materials and some produce. Since the selected space for globalization in cities is limited and its promotion is limited to a small corpus, Therefore, class divisions are intensifying in the southern economy, and poverty and unemployment grow with high-paying jobs. Finally, these factors lead to the formation of conflict and class divisions, which can be described as a space gap with the urban alphabet.

For this purpose, a quantitative methodology and descriptive-explanatory analysis have been used. Socio-spatial separation factors have been used to study the concept of spatial segregation; Thus, the distribution of occupational groups has been used to investigate the segregation at the in Tehran metropolis. Spatial analysis of job clusters formed at Tehran metropolis will lead to a judgment on the spatial gap of Tehran metropolis.

Calculation of different segregation factors for Tehran metropolis showed that the separation of various social groups in this metropolis cannot be ignored. While the south of Tehran metropolis is more in disposal of low-class, high-class employees are highly inclined to reside in the north of the city. Although middle and lower class employees are also located in northern Tehran but in contrast, the proportion of occupancy of high-class employees in the southern regions is significantly low.Another point is the lower number of middle social group jobs compared to the upper and lower groups. This means that most employees of Tehran metropolis belong to the upper or lower social group. The continuation of these conditions reflects an increase in the class gap in Tehran metropolis.

Due to speculative tendencies in the production of urban spaces and on the other hand, due to the concentration of capital provided to particular groups and capitalists, a large part of the rents generated by urban activities are absorbed by the capitalist classes and because of high profits in more valuable areas of the city, these groups tend to invest more in these areas and the concentration of wealth and capital in the domination of the rich capitalists of the society leads to a social and class divide. Space reflects this gap as a mirror of social relations and the social gap emerges as a spatial segregation.

Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are undoubtedly two important and determining countries in the Middle East and Persian Gulf region, which typically have vicissitudinous relations. Over time, geopolitical relations of countries have been constantly evolving through several factors such as wars, changes in the regional and the global system, revolutions, and changes in power balances. Over the past four decades (after the Islamic revolution), Iran-Saudi Arabia geopolitical relations have been changed due to a wide range of geopolitical factors which can be found in a variety of internal-external geopolitical factors. This descriptive-analytical paper aims to study the pattern of geopolitical relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Islamic Revolution in Iran, September 11 attacks, Islamic-awakening, the peaceful end of Iran–Iraq War, energy geopolitics, Shia Crescent, Iran's access to nuclear energy, Regional and international developments such as the coming of Mohamed bin Salman in Saudi Arabia and Donald Tramp in the United States and the key role of transnational powers have been the most factors affecting this geopolitical relations.

One of the most controversial issues in the development of the natural-heritage-intensive sites is the challenge of conservation and development; on the one hand, development should boost the local economy, on the other hand, it should take care of nature and the environment. One of the most important solutions proposed to preserve human geography and convince local people to continue living in their homeland, is tourism industry. This issue makes the need to build new places and infrastructure more serious. Biophilic architecture and urban planning have been considered as an intelligent response to the impact of the development projects in the context.The purpose of this study is to explain the impacts of the biophilic architecture in the prosperity of tourism and the economic, social and environmental development consequently. The concept is going to be discussed in the framework of the high-performance architecture theory in the historical village of Abyaneh as the case study. In the present study, the ecotourism potentials and capabilities of Abyaneh village have been studied scientifically, along with environmental issues and biocompatible principles, and finally, solutions to move towards sustainable regional development have been presented.

In the research, the survey method is descriptive-analytical, using field studies, and based on the SWOT analytical model and network analysis process (ANP). The statistical population in this study consists of three main groups including local citizens, tourists and authorities. The Cochran's method has been used to determine the population and sample size, which has been selected 130 for people, 100 for tourists and 25 for officials. The results of constructing the SWOT matrix show the accepted strategy and model for reviewing scores and prioritizing them. The set of points and criteria that were considered for the development of tourism in the region has been designed in the form of a questionnaire. This questionnaire was distributed among ordinary people, tourists, as well as officials and managers of organizations responsible for the tourism sector for weighting and prioritizing importance. In the SWOT model, the numerical weighting method is used to achieve the final results. In the mentioned method, the study area is divided into similar sections according to the area and in each section; items such as strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities and their related factors are identified. By weighting each of these factors, the relative position of each part is clarified. Then, according to the obtained scores, each factor is classified and finally, the sum of their means and weights is placed as an indicator for ranking. The weight scores of all external components are summarized in a column, and then according to they have reviewed the overall score of that system.

The present study is at four levels that include factors and sub-factors, goals and alternatives. In fact, the goal of the problem is to achieve the most appropriate strategy and criteria for the problem of matrix factors, which include strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats, are included in the subset of matrix factors. After analyzing the results of calculations related to each of the existing strategies, it was found that investing and planning tourism in historical and cultural sites and paying special attention to the specific customs of the region, paying attention to better access to the region and identifying unique attractions.The tourist in terms of the type of buildings, architecture and texture of the region to increase tourism in the region as the first strategy with a value of 0.34 and respectively planning, design, development and equipping the natural potential of the region to create artificial attractions and Man-made in line with the natural attractions of the environment as well as increasing the use of specialized, experienced and trained forces in the ecotourism sector along with tourist areas with a second rank and a value of 0.26 and educating residents on how to deal with tourists, increase facilities, facilities and Accommodation and welfare equipment and efforts to resolve the cultural conflict between tourists and indigenous people with a third rank and a value of 0.20 and protect the environment and prevent undesirable use of natural and historical attractions and their destruction, protect the destruction of vegetation in the region And reducing water and soil pollution in the tourism and total area These specialized and experienced manpower in the staff and increase efficiency in tourism planning management with the fourth rank and a value equal to 0.17 in terms of weight importance and in order to decide the implementation of the mentioned strategies are in the next ranks.

One of the most controversial issues in villages with valuable heritage, in the natural context, is the challenge of conservation and development; On the one hand, development should boost the local economy, on the other hand, it should take care of nature and the environment. One of the most important solutions proposed to preserve human geography and convince local people to continue living is the prosperity of the tourism industry; this issue makes the need to build new places and infrastructure more serious. Biocompatible architecture and urban planning have been considered as an intelligent response to the impact of the implementation of development projects in the context of human and natural geography. The purpose of this study is to explain the impact of the trend towards biocompatible architecture in the prosperity of natural tourism and thus the development of economic, social and environmental indicators; the concept that excels in the framework of architectural theory is discussed in the example of the historical village of Abyaneh.The achievements of the research show that the emphasis on the natural potentials and ecotourism capabilities of Abyaneh village in a scientific way, along with the observance of environmental issues and the principles of sustainable development; might be called as the best option to outline the development projects in this area. In other words, to promote the tourism industry, the biophilic development can be recommended that focuses on sustainability, the environment, energy efficiency, water preservation and hidden energy; while increasing the number of tourists.

With the development of soft technologies with their value-oriented nature in the context of culture, in the form of creative industries in line with the tourism industry can be a specific goal for development strategies in the context of regional economic planning. The degree of tourism potential in creating development in a region largely depends on the alignment of tacit culture and objective culture of tourism stakeholders in the region, especially decision-makers at different levels of local government. Qazvin is one of the historical and cultural cities of Iran that has the largest number of registered antiquities. Due to the loss of the opportunity of Qazvin tourism pilot by the United Nations Human Settlement Program in 2005, in which tourism was introduced as an important factor of public welfare and income for all segments of the population, and according to statistics It is stated that the increasing and decreasing trend of credits allocated to the tourism sector, the current situation and the impact of tourism on the regional development of Qazvin and its future forecast from the perspective of tourism stakeholders in the region. The main purpose of this study is to identify and study the impact of tourism industry on regional development of Qazvin province (case study of Qazvin city). - What is the sociological analysis of the effects of tourism indicators related to the regional development of Qazvin province (case study of Qazvin city) from the perspective of tourists and stakeholders in the region? And predicting the future of the tourism industry according to the current situation from experts and officials How is it with tourism in the region?

Descriptive-analytical in three stages, using the SWOT technique to develop a strategy from two groups of tourists to 140 people and stakeholders (tourism-related jobs) 120 people and using the Delphi method in three rounds, officials and experts up to 41 people to advance Forecast of the future of tourism in Qazvin Data collection has been done. According to the Likert scale and gaining a maximum of 5 points in each case with 41 participants, the maximum score of each agent could be 143.5 points and gaining 70% of this point.

The SWOT results of tourists:the top strengths of the region:diversity of historical and natural landscapes of tourism, sense of security and confidence of tourists during the trip, clean climate of the region and its opportunities, ability and potential of the region for tourism development. Recommend to friends, good travel experience due to reasonable costs, weaknesses:poor quality and high cost of accommodation centers, traffic on communication routes within the historical context, lack of proper access to information centers and Tourism guidance as well as threats:Lack of proper use of natural and historical resources in the region in the form of sustainable development, incoherence in tourism management, lack of proper investment in the tourism sector. Stakeholder SWOT results the strengths of the region: people agree to the expansion of tourism, life satisfaction in the region according to the business environment and increase the personal income of residents related to tourism, knowledge and interest of people in reviving history And Opportunity:The Ability and Potential Necessary for the Development of Tourism in the Region, The Originality and Specialness of the Works and Places of the Region and the Presence of Women in the Footsteps of Men in Tourism Jobs Quality in the facilities needed by tourists and is faced with serious threats:lack of systematic planning and planning of tourism, lack of appropriate investments in tourism, inappropriate change of use, including the traditional garden of Qazvin. In the third stage of the analysis using the Delphi technique process in three rounds, the consensus of Delphi panel members, officials and experts related to tourism in the province, predict the future of tourism .In the economic dimension: Reconstruction of tourist places in order to create a hotel and visit historical centers, direct supply and prosperity in the production of handicrafts, impact on increasing newly established urban spaces and impact on the growth of value added in the tourism sector. In the cultural dimension: impact In the prosperity of Saad al-Saltanah and the reconstruction of such historical collections, the impact on the preservation of archeological and historical monuments, the effects of original architecture and historical memory.In the social dimension: the impact on facilitating communication services, the impact on Public transport services. In the environmental dimension: an effect on the attractiveness of the environment of historical places and attractions, the impact on the development of ecotourism, tourism advocates and conservation of the natural environment. In providing and training skilled and experienced manpower at management levels, his work The purpose of the tourism sector is to comply with international tourism laws and international relations between governments in order to improve the standards of the region.

The difference between tacit culture and objective culture derived from the goals and values of all stakeholders, including people and managers, has created a conflict of interest. It is closely related to the future of Qazvin tourism industry. decision-makers in terms of the ability to set a goal and achieve it in policy fail and work with very little power. Economic development of tourism depends on coordinating these conflicting interests.Development requires change, and change always happens in the context. In order to make improvements, one must pay attention to the context and create accessories that are both functional and in line with the goals. Principles of Qazvin tourism policy can be used with a recurring problem-based adaptation approach to empower local government and community-based tourism from the component Regional development opportunities are possible. especially in the city and region with a rich historical and cultural background of Qazvin.

Different Islamic movements are active in the political geography of the Islamic world. Despite the differences in their approach to political and social issues, the ultimate goal of all of them is to establish an Islamic government. One of these Islamic movements is the Hizb al-Tahrir, developed in 1952 by Sheikh Taghi al-Din al-Nabhani, a Palestinian scholar. The movement seeking to establish an Islamic state based on the teachings of its founder was quickly disseminated in the Islamic world. From the very beginning of its activity, this Islamic movement has stated its ultimate goal to establish an Islamic state, revive the caliphate, restore Islamic life, and invite the world to Islam. Al-Tahrir states in his draft constitution that the main component of the government is the "caliph" and that he will be elected by a public department (Majles al-Ummeh) and its members will be elected by the people. Since its establishment, al-Tahrir has always sought to influence and dominate the political geography of the Islamic world. One of the places of interest is Central Asia including the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Writing since the early 1990s, he was active in Central Asia and aimed to establish an Islamic state (caliphate). In this study, as a descriptive-analytical research, the data have been gathered from literature and the Internet. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors affecting the intents of the party for territory in the region. In response, it can be attributed to the party's ideology for establishing an Islamic state in Central Asia.

The main method of empirical sciences, including geography, is the deductive method. The deductive method or deductive reasoning reveals the scientific principles through the process of reasoning, and thus it is a logical method. In fact, logical reasoning supports and reinforces empirical ideas and impressions and synthesizes them by forming a thesis and antithesis. In this method, the methods of creating a rule that is the basis of its validity are examined.

Central Asia is made up of three parts: West Turkestan, Transoxiana, and much of eastern Iran, strategically located between Europe, China, Russia, and Iran. The region covers the political territory of the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. From the third century, the region became one of the main centers of Islamic culture and civilization. In the mid-nineteenth century, the Russians conquered Central Asia and established the government of Turkestan. During this period, Muslims in the region were able to protect their Islamic rites and continue Islamic believes. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Muslims in the region were looking for an opportunity to improve their position. The war between Russia and Japan took place in 1907 and was the opportunity that Muslims were looking for. As the Russia was defeated by Japan, the Muslims were able to use Russia's internal weakness to improve their position. With the beginning of Soviet rule, the struggle against Islam entered a new phase. But the Muslims' interest in Islamism in the region has made the government's efforts to destroy Islam fruitless. Gorbachev declared religious freedom to reduce the challenges of the Soviet Union, and it was at this time that many current Islamist movements, such as the Hizb al-Tahrir in Central Asia, initiated to form in the early 1990s. They also officially announced their existence. Al-Tahrir, led by Yusuf Sheikh Abdul Qadim Zulum, developed its activities in Central Asia. The movement in Central Asia initially attracted its followers in Uzbekistan, but then Muslims of other states of the region also joined to the movement in the late 1990s. The target community in Central Asia is women, prisoners, students and intellectuals. Feelings of emptiness and lack of clear vision for the future in the eyes of the people of this region especially the youth, their poor economic conditions, the establishment of charities and the support of the poor by the station, existence of Marxist thoughts, weakness of the prevailing government to meet the public requirements and good organization of this movement in the region made it appealing for most people of the region. The Al-Tahrir pursues a different strategy in each state of the Central Asia in accordance with the specific social and political conditions of that country. Al-Tahrir in Uzbekistan seeks to spread its message to the people. In Tajikistan, he is competing with both government forces and other Islamic groups. In Kyrgyzstan, as a country's of relatively free space, it attempts to strengthen its ties with the people. In Kazakhstan, it is organizing forces and refusing to fight the government. Therefore, it can be said that the presence of this party in the region is the struggle for the Islamic awakening, the implementation of the rules and regulations of Islam and the establishment of the Islamic government (caliphate).

Central Asia in modern times includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. In the third century, this region used to be one of the main centers of Islamic culture and civilization. The Russians dominated the region and created Turkestan county there in the mid-nineteenth century. In seeking for an opportunity to develop their territory, the leaders of al-Tahrir made attempts to promote their position when the Russia defeated by Japan in 1907. The results have indicated that many Islamism movements, including al-Tahrir, in the region were initiated with the religious freedom thoughts by Gorbachev. It can be concluded that the most important factors in influence and dominance of the al-Tahrir Party in Central Asia are including collapse of Soviet Union, a favorable space with people interested in Islamic believes, and other political, social, and economic conditions. Key Word: Hizb ut-Tahrir, Islamic Movement,Al Nabhani, Central Asia, Islamic Government

One of the vital and valuable capacities of the country is "common resources". By definition, with public use of common resources, the amount is reduced and limited. One of these resources is pastures. In our country, an area of about 52% of the country's area, which is more than 80 million hectares, includes pastures. This valuable capacity is the basis of various businesses including livestock, medicinal plants, fish farming and tourism. Socially, the livelihood of about 916,000 rural and nomadic families depends on the use of pastures. In other words, rangelands are the basis for the formation of businesses and activities of indigenous communities.What plays a role in the prosperity of sustainable exploitation of pastures on the one hand and its protection and restoration is the type of rules of governance and exploitation. Therefore, the question arises as to how, on the one hand, while using these pastures economically and productively, there can be no monopoly, greed and injustice in their use, and while observing inter generational justice, these resources in the form of Stable to continue.Pastures have traditionally been managed by indigenous and local communities in the country. In this way, with the formation of socio-ecologic systems, the natives of each region used their own mechanisms to exploit and revive resources. Apart from the shortcomings and deficiencies observed in these traditional institutions and sub-systems that have been formed over the years, they have also brought benefits to the country. Among other things, they decentralized and non governmental their prosperity, security and regulation. But with social and legal change, there was a shift towards institutional arrangements and rangeland governance. The passage of the Law on the Nationalization of Forests and Rangeland in the 1940s was a turning point that affected the rules of exploitation and left its mark. In this article, by comparing the rules in the rangeland governance system, the cause of the consequences is investigated.

In this research, for data analysis, an institutional analysis framework based on the IAD conceptual model is used, which describes the rules that are affected by physical and social conditions at three levels. In this model, rules are classified into three levels: "constitutional rules", "collective choice rules" and "operational rules ".The approach used in this research is of a qualitative type that is used to deeply describe life experiences and understand and interpret their meaning. For this purpose, the semi-structured interview technique with different stakeholders in this section has been used. In a semi-structured interview, the interview questions are pre-defined and all respondents are asked the same questions. But they are free to respond in any way. Library and legal documents have also been used throughout the text to verify the findings. All in all in this assay as an interdisciplinary field we faced with limitations including limited space to express the method, results and details.

The method used in the analysis is "thematic analysis" of data collected as a result of interviews and study of anthropological documents and sources. After encoding the data using Maxqda software, 472 open source codes were categorized into 157 basic themes. What shapes the "rules in action" in the rangeland governance system are the physical and social conditions. These two components form the " constitutional rules", "collective selection rules" and "operational rules" at three levels. Relying on themes, a description of the rules of governance and rangeland management in the traditional system and the existing rangeland management system has been provided.One of the most constitutional rules in the exploitation of pastures is the "property right". This right determines what relationship the farmer has with the pasture and how much of the right to exploit, manage and even transfer and sell. Prior to the nationalization of rangelands, the rules of exploitation were such that in addition to the right to access and use the rangelands, the users had the right to transfer their own private rangeland to another; In this system of ownership, the exploiters had a kind of belonging to the natural field and while sustainable exploitation endogenously protected and revived the rangeland.

As a result of this article, it was found that the role of local users, especially nomads, has been vital in the traditional rangeland system. The nationalization of rangelands has changed the rules in the rangeland management system and has left undesirable consequences that have resulted from the deprivation of property rights and management of users. Undoubtedly, the need for these changes in the country's rangeland management system and strengthening the internal motivation of farmers to protect, rehabilitate and sustainable use of rangelands, repeal the "Law on Nationalization of Forests and Rangelands" and amend the law on natural resources. What should be the focus of this law is the transfer of the right of choice and management to the beneficiaries, namely the nomadic and rural community, to reduce as much as possible the government's tenure and decision-making, especially at the operational level. To achieve this, it is necessary to consider and apply the popular approach at different levels of rules. This approach has been considered in the macro policies of the country. For example, in the "General Policies of Natural Resources", which specifically addresses the issue of governance and effective use of natural resources with the participation of the people and the strengthening of education in this sector. With the entry of the public sector in the form of cooperative, private and other non-governmental mechanisms of the NGO, which is commensurate with the social and ecologic institution of the country, the total financial and human costs of government to protect and rehabilitate rangelands will be reduced. Designing such a mechanism or institution requires research, refinement, and application of religious, civilizational, and universal teachings.

Road traffic accidents are considered as one of the most important causes of human death in all over the world and in our country Iran. The increase of daily travels and traffic volume are the key factors of high number of traffic accidens in Iran. In a road transportation system, human behaviour, road and vehicle are the main contributing factors in traffic accidents. While human errors relating to driver performance are the cause of almost 50 to 95% of crashes, road and environmnal factors in different locations and times of driving may also affect driver performance and increase the risk of a crash. Identification of road hotspots is a geographical decision. GIS offer both spatial and temporal dimensions required for data preparation, spatial analysis, decision making and management of road crashes. The main objective of this research is the spatial analysis of casualty crashes and prioritization the available risk factors that contribute in crash incidence. The stady ares, is a part of Karaj-Chalous road, a main mountainous road connecting Karaj to North of Iran. In doing so, in a GIS contex, a decision tree method is used for crash analysis. The decision tree is a hierarchical knowledge structure that represents a sequence of decision rules. The purpose of the method is to determine which attribute or criterion of attributes provides the best distribution of the actual data set regardless of the value of the given attribute. According to the objective of the research, this research method was conducted in several stages. Firstly, available sources and previouse similar studies were reviewd, and the accident data points were collected. Secondly, the points were corrected based on the collected data source and judtified and implemented in kilometers. Thirdly, information about the slope and climate of the area, the intersections and used points around the study area were collected and the required layers were prepared and standardised. Next, prepared and standardized layers were processed and drawn by the decision tree model and weighted decision tree model. Then the prepared layers were combined and the resulting output probability map of the accidents along the study area was prepared. The results of studies showed that, according to the analysis, the most important effective factor in the occurrence of accidents is: curvature with a coefficient of 0.51. After that, the intersection layer with the coefficient of 0.21, and climate with the coefficient of 0.144 are the second and third factors respectively. Other variables such as density and slope are the next available probabibility factors of crash incidence in the study area. Based on the coefficients, a zoning map of the probability of accidents was prepared. The prepared map shows the high intensity of the probability of a crash in selected points. According to the obtained map, the highest risk area is at the entrance to the road and at points of intersection where the curvature of the road increases. The results of this research and prioritization of the crash risk factors in decreasing the costs of road safety improvement.

Development, which is in various dimensions, including economic, social or cultural, can affect the structures of society and vice versa, social structures. This influence and effectiveness is the reason why planners pay attention to it and its dimensions. Study. One of the manifestations of development is the improvement of employment and the issue of unemployment. Home-based businesses have been very effective in reducing unemployment due to their unique benefits, and the countries that have used them to strengthen these jobs have achieved remarkable positive results. Starting a business with the least initial capital, the possibility of working part-time, the existence of short-term training courses, no need for significant space, etc. are undeniable capabilities that home and family businesses have and require attention Jedi reveals this opportunity Social structure refers to structural features that make it possible to distinguish and distinguish similar actions in different temporal and spatial domains and give them a systematic form. The structure consists of rules and resources that play a role in the reproduction of social systems, ie rules that are formulated in social interaction and determine for social actors how to act socially and achieve goals . Many problems of Isfahan province in the employment sector on the one hand and also considering the unemployment rate of 5.5 percent in rural areas of Isfahan province between 1397 and 1398 on the other hand has caused to get out of this situation to look at home jobs in particular. Be. As a result, it is obvious that any kind of activities related to home-based activities cause economic, social, and cultural changes in rural areas. The creation of this type of business is one of the contemplative consequences of the desired developments. . Due to the importance of the subject, the present study aims to investigate and evaluate the effects of this type of domestic work on the social structure of rural areas of Isfahan province. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and causal research in nature. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers working in home-based businesses in Isfahan province, which according to the Statistics Center of Iran in November 2016 was 296581 people. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the statistical sample size, based on which the sample size is equal to 384 households were estimated. Then, using probabilistic random sampling method, the questionnaires were distributed among 95 villages of Isfahan province that were randomly selected in 1398. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part was related to the personal characteristics of the respondents including gender, age, level of education, occupation, number of households and income. The second part related to the effects of home-based jobs on the social structure of the respondents was used in the form of a five-level Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5). (Hafeznia, 1389: 74) Formal and content validity of the questionnaire And the experts of the University of Isfahan and after making the necessary corrections were approved in several stages. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha method has been used to assess the validity of the measurement tool. Results Findings showed that the statistical population in terms of gender was 16.4% female and 83.6% male. In terms of education, 46.7% of the respondents had literacy, 48.3% had a cycle degree, 4.2% had a diploma and 0.8% had a bachelor's degree. The mean age of the respondents was 47.7 (standard deviation: 9.55) years, the youngest of whom was 20 years old and the oldest of whom was 74 years old. Most of the villagers surveyed in this study are married with a frequency of 91.6% and single at 8.4%. The results of the research show that 32.5% of the respondents stated that they are insured and 67.5% are uninsured. The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load. The factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, a weak relationship is considered and ignored. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if greater than 0.6 it is highly desirable. It can be seen that all the observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table no significant level is reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the five observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as reference variables for social harms, health system, participation and social communication, demographic structure and migration, respectively, so that these variables are hidden without scale and In other words, they should be eliminated without roots and their unit of measurement (Ghasemi, 2010). That is why the initial path diagrams are considered on the arrows related to the paths between these observed variables with the hidden variable corresponding to the values of 1, the AVE criterion represents the average variance shared between each structure with its own indicators. Simply put, AVE (average variance extracted) is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of indices of other structures. The value of this coefficient is from zero to one variable that values higher than 0.5 are accepted (Fornell et al., 1981: 50-39). Convergent validity or extracted mean variance (AVE) for social harm index / 766. The health system index was 0.711, the participation and social relations index was 0.799, the population structure index was 0.526 and the migration reduction index was 0.626. Also, the value of structural reliability coefficient or combined reliability (CR) was from zero to Is a variable that values above 0.7 are accepted, which for the social harm index is / 755. The health system index was 0.737, the participation and communication index was 0.802, the population structure index was 0.514 and the migration reduction index was 0.526, which indicates the appropriateness of these subscales

The rapid growth of population in the world, especially in developing countries, has led to many problems. Issues that, more than anything else, have led to the physical expansion of cities, the decline in the quality of the urban environment, and instability.in 2012, UN-Habitat a new approach to urban development. A holistic and integrated approach to promote welfare and play a public role. This new approach helps cities better manage the city's future in the economic, political, social and environmental spheres. This approach, called urban prosperity,A prosperous city is one that provides productivity, infrastructure, quality of life, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.On the other hand, in many cities, the degree of social stability of citizens and urban areas depends on the indicators of urban prosperity prevailing in those areas.A sustainable city achieves a dynamic balance between economic, environmental and socio-cultural components.Accordingly, in this study, urban prosperity and social sustainability as well as the effect of urban prosperity on social sustainability in Khorramabad are investigated.

The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. Research data were collected in two ways: documentary and field.The statistical population of the study is the residents of Khorramabad, which was selected as a sample size using Cochran's formula of 364 people by simple random method.Questionnaires were designed according to the number of population among the residents of 24 districts of Khorramabad.Multivariate t-test was used to measure the variables of urban prosperity and social sustainability and multivariate regression test was used to evaluate the effect of urban prosperity indicators on social sustainability in Khorramabad.

The results showed that the indicators of prosperity in the city of Khorramabad are moderate. The value of the test in the research variables is 3 and the average of the infrastructure and environmental sustainability index variable according to Table 3 is more than 3. In this regard, the average index of productivity, quality of life and social inclusion is less than 3. Therefore, according to the significance level, which is less than 0.05, it can be said that the situation of urban prosperity in terms of infrastructure and environmental sustainability indicators is moderately to high. In terms of productivity, inclusion and social inclusion, the status of urban prosperity is evaluated downwards and the mean of the quality of life index variable is less than 3 because the lower limit is negative and the upper limit is positive, so the average value obtained by the test is (3). And there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, it can be said that the situation of quality of life index in Khorramabad is evaluated as moderate.On the other hand, the results of measuring urban sustainability indicators were also evaluated at an average level. Given that the value of the test in the research variables is 3 and the average of the social stability index variable is dependence coefficient, social interaction, social capital status, honesty in social behaviors and participation in local activities according to Table 4, so It can be said that the social stability of these indicators in the city of Khorramabad is assessed as above average. In this regard, the average of the variables of responsibility and civil or institutional trust according to the table is less than 3 because the lower limit is negative and the upper limit is positive, so the average value obtained by the test is equal to (3) and there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, these variables are evaluated as average. Also, the variables of satisfaction with the level of access to services, sense of belonging, interpersonal trust, hours of volunteering, transparency, insurance, social justice and education and research according to the table are less than 3 because the lower and upper limits are both negative. And the significance level is less than 0.05, so the mean obtained is less than the value of test (3) and there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, the status of social stability of these variables in the city of Khorramabad has a low status.On the other hand, the spatial distribution of urban prosperity scores and social stability at the district level indicates the correlation (r = 0.873) between these two concepts. In other words, the areas that had a higher or lower than average score in terms of prosperity, mainly in the field of social sustainability, had the same procedure. Also, based on the results of linear regression, productivity indices with 0.383, quality of life with 0.352, infrastructure 0.297, environmental sustainability 0.204, and social inclusion with 0.186, respectively, have had the greatest effect on social sustainability.

The results of the tests show that the concept of urban prosperity, which has been mentioned by the international community, has a challenge in the city of Khorramabad. This challenge arises from at least two cases;1. Low level of score of some indicators from the middle level such as productivity and inclusion and social inclusion;2. Imbalance and harmony between the dimensions (wheel blades) of prosperity. The results showed that the indicators of prosperity in the city of Khorramabad are moderate. On the other hand, the results of measuring urban sustainability indicators were also evaluated at an average level. However, changes in the indicators measured at the area level are tangible. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of urban prosperity scores and social stability at the district level indicates the correlation (r = 0.873) between these two concepts. As in the case of areas with higher or lower than average scores in terms of prosperity, mainly in the field of social sustainability have had the same procedure. Also, based on the results of linear regression, productivity indices with 0.383, quality of life with 0.352, infrastructure 0.297, environmental sustainability 0.204, and social inclusion with 0.186 had the most effect on social sustainability, respectively.

In the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi method and the SWOT technique.In the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi methodIn the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi method and the SWOT technique.In the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi method .

Urban spaces are one of the most obvious areas of manifestation of identity, culture and civilization of urban society. Due to its prominent role in the economic, physical, social and political structure of the city, the central context of cities has always been in the focus of attention of experts. Following the physical expansion of cities and the prominent role of the car factor, urban communities have gradually witnessed the decline of environmental and spatial qualities in terms of social solidarity and cohesion. In the meantime, the implementation of sidewalks following the strengthening of social life, indigenous identity and human-centered urban realization has always become an effective policy and strategy at the level of urban communities. In this regard, the main purpose of the present study is a comparative study of the feasibility of creating sidewalks in the central part of the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh with the aim of strengthening identity, cohesion and social solidarity in the city and seeks to answer the following questions. Is: What is the level of correlation between the components of road construction and identity strengthening and social cohesion and solidarity? And the central context of which of the monocultural cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh can be implemented with the aim of strengthening social cohesion and identity?

In the present study, with a practical purpose, a descriptive-analytical method and using document selection and library methods, the main concepts such as pedestrianism, identity and social cohesion are explained and the main components for specialized evaluation. The research has been extracted. the statistical population and sample size of the present study includes experts, thinkers and specialists in the field of urban sciences and all indigenous citizens of each of the study cities. The sample for the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh is equal to 383 cases. Also, 30 samples as a targeted sample size from the statistical community of urban experts and experts have been used to prioritize research indicators and sub-indicators. Then, using a questionnaire and observation and interview methods with experts and people, the degree of correlation between the main components of the research and the level of desirability and compatibility of selected indicators and sub-indicators of the research and determining the superior option has been determined. In addition, to ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the views of the statistical community were used and the Cronbach's alpha test was calculated to be 0.982. Quantitative data analysis method is derived from Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation and Shannon and Cocoso entropy techniques. The top and final option is selected. In the last stage, in order to facilitate the implementation of the road in the superior option and to achieve favorable conditions in terms of social identity, solidarity and social cohesion among different segments of the people, effective and purposeful suggestions have been presented.

The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov quantitative methods and Pearson correlation show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of implementation and strengthening of identity and social cohesion. Also, a correlation coefficient of 0.965 between the two components of road construction and strengthening urban cohesion and identity indicates a positive and strong correlation. According to the results of Shannon entropy method, sub-indices of improvement of collective spaces and topographic conditions have the highest and lowest level of importance and priority among other sub-indices in the implementation of road construction, respectively. The results of Cocoso method indicate that the central texture of Naqadeh city has more favorable conditions in terms of social and economic indicators and has an unfavorable situation in the characteristic feature of appearance and urban landscape. Meanwhile, in the central part of Qorveh city, the situation of social indicators and the characteristics of urban appearance and landscape are at an inappropriate level. It has also been in a good position compared to others in terms of natural characteristics, use and performance. According to the results and in general terms, the central texture of Naqadeh city with a final coefficient of 4.252 has more favorable conditions than the central texture of Qorveh city with a weight of 1.83 in terms of road construction feasibility.

According to the results of quantitative methods (based on statistical tests) and analysis of research findings, in order to achieve a suitable situation in the city of Naqadeh, purposeful and efficient suggestions have been presented. Utilization of indigenous elements (elements, fountains, ...) in order to strengthen the social and cultural identity of the cit  Creating suitable health spaces according to its ability  Supporting the presence of traditional retailers (vendors) and allocating spaces for their establishment Appropriate role modeling of officials, managers and urban professionals from the valuable experiences of successful communities  Special attention and emphasis on the allocation of appropriate urban furniture Reconstruction and renovation of some commercial functions in the area for the construction of commercial complexes Special attention and emphasis on the urban beautification approach  Efforts to increase the level of mixing of uses Utilization of stable and compatible environmental conditions  Emphasis on increasing sustainable social interactions between people and related organs and organizations to achieve the desired situatio  Utilizing more stable modes of transportation in the study area (such as bicycles) and designing a special route for it  Assigning a separate route for the traffic of special affairs vehicles  Organizing and developing the use of green space and recreation-leisure Creating and developing arrangements in order to revitalize the study environment around the clock (24-hour city) Considering the principles of effective planning and design for the disabled and the elderl - And organizing the existing urban infrastructure while paying attention to future developments

Cognation and discovering the Logic of Settlement Syntax in the Iran It is effective in creating and developing population centers. However, the discovery of spatial relations and the logic that dominates it can be used in the preparation of the document of the fundamental spatial planning of the land of Iran and the landscapes of Iran. This research is based on the theory of space syntax and aims to Land cognation and discovering the rules of spatial syntax of settlements and with a quantitative-analytical and modeling method, using Python programming and geographic information system (GIS), it has analyzed the pattern of space syntax of urban settlements and space configuration. Space syntax of urban settlements in Iran, using environmental parameters such as; elevation, slope, convex and concave surfaces, land surface temperature (LST),precipitation, relative humidity and urban demographic space have been considered and by combining these parameters, the raster data model and new concepts have been invented and explained. After thresholding and coding the raster data model, the spatial relationships between them are processed and Compound Geomorphic Systems for Iran have been extracted. and then the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed in each of the geomorphic systems and subsystems. The results show that the patterns, context and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran have interacted with geomorphic systems and the analysis of spatial syntax can express the macro-strategies of the residential system in Iran based on the foundations of fundamental spatial planning.
The method of space syntax is the basis for understanding the configuration and analysis of environmental structures. In this research, what is considered as a question; The Logic of Settlement Syntax in Iran.

In this research, the approach of space syntax has been proposed and using quantitative-analytical method, based on environmental parameters, the space syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed; Therefore, in order to achieve the research goals, the following process has been designed:Step one: Determining and recognizing the land of Iran and understanding the subject of research.Step 2: Study the documentary sources.Step 3: Prepare the database.Step 4: Raster Analysis, Modeling the earth and Environmental classification and threshold. In this step, the optimized Natural Breaks (Jenks) algorithm provided by Jenks is used for environmental threshold This method is one of the 7 methods of classifying tolls in the geographic information system (GIS). The natural breaks method is one solution to the failure of maximum breaks to consider natural groupings of data. In natural breaks, graphs are examined visually to determine logical breaks (or, alternatively, clusters) in the data. Stated another way, the purpose of natural breaks is to minimize differences between data values in the same class and to maximize differences between classes. Later we will see that this is also the objective of the optimal method, but with the optimal method, the classification is done using a numerical measure of classification error, whereas with natural breaks, the classification is subjective.Step 5: Estimation of the number and total urban population in the class - codes and presentation of new models and graphic Patterns in the field of space analysis and analysis of the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements in Iran.

In this research, for the recognition and paraphrase of space, geomorphic and climatic elements; Altitude, slope, land curvature, temperature, precipitation and relative humidity have been analyzed as environmental components, selected and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran.Iran is part of a highland called the Iranian Plateau. Mountainous heights and landscapes and the height differences of this area are the most prominent features of the land, the extent of which is impressive not only in terms of nature but also in terms of residential space and it has caused a lot of environmental diversity and environmental differences.therefore; Due to altitude diversity; Which is the main factor in the emergence and development of large- Scale Geomorphic systems of different geomorphological formations and landscapes in the land of Iran, in this study, altitude is considered as an independent variable and other parameters as dependent variables.Generally, the classifications are based on the factors of elevation-slope, elevation-curvature, elevation-temperature, elevation-precipitation and elevation-relative humidity and Iran, based on each of these environmental characteristics, is divided into 4 main systems and a combination of 16 subsystems. Each of these subsystems has certain differences in terms of geomorphic structure and each has an area of Iranian territory.The final result of this spatial analysis; Procurement of formation systems and subsystems with specific geomorphic characteristics in the territory of Iran and preparation of graphic maps and models Curveo-Hypsographic, Gradio-Hypsographic, Thermo-Hypsographic, Meteoro-Hypsographic and Humio-Hypsographic.After preparing a map of the formation systems, steps have been taken to analyze the level of civilization in each of the subsystems, to find out which subsystems in each environmental system have the most urban civilization, Or the power of urbanization of each subsystem. This analysis is based on location, number of urban settlements and the total urban population in each subsystem.

The classification system presented in this study, which is done by combining the altitude parameter with 5 other environmental parameters, has presented different Compound Geomorphic Systems. This classification can be applied in various fields of geomorphology and even other natural geography trends. Each of the five proposed systems, which includes 16 other subsystems, will be used in pure geomorphology. To identify, differentiate, and identify Landforms, depending on the type of dominant Geomorphic Systems in each environment, the results can be used in the hierarchical organization of geomorphological research work. Also, for climatic classifications with a geomorphological perspective that climatologists pay less attention to, the results of such research can be useful. The results of this study are widely used in the classification of Compound Geomorphic Systems in various fields of geomorphology and climatology and fields related to human geography and population geography, and in growth and development. The theoretical and practical fields of these sciences will be effective.

The thermal island phenomenon is the excess heat on the surface of the earth and the atmosphere of urban areas compared to its suburbs. Thermal island by changing the pattern of local winds, enhancing the growth of clouds and fog, increasing lightning and affecting rainfall, lowers the urban air and causes discomfort and discomfort to city dwellers and by affecting human health, the possibility of asthma and various diseases Increases other respiration. Therefore, this research has been done with the nature of developmental-applied and descriptive-analytical and the purpose of simulation and calculation of the maximum intensity of urban heat islands (UHImax) according to urban geometry conditions in Valiasr and Shanb Ghazan alleys of Tabriz. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and has a developmental-applied nature. In this study, the required data were obtained through library, documentary and field studies. In this research, Landsat satellite imagery of 8 OLI and TIRS sensors in 163 and row 34 for the years 13/01/2019 and 12/08/2019 has been used. The method of this research is based on Oke numerical-theoretical equation. To do this, first the geometry of the desired areas according to a radius of 20 meters in Valiasr alley and 15 meters in the Ghazan slope from the axis of the passages to separate blocks and then the ratio of width of the passages and height of the building (H / W) in GIS software Finally, based on Oke equation, UHImax was calculated and simulated. In this study, in order to calculate the height-width ratio (H / W), first using ARCGIS10.5 software, the central axis of the passages was determined and then to determine the average height of buildings effective in thermal island changes, a radius of 20 meters left and right of the passages for Valiasr alley and a radius of 15 meters was considered for Shanb Ghazan area (the choice of radii depended on the width of the passages). After selecting the appropriate radius for both areas, the blocks were extracted and separated. According to the number of building floors (1 to 5) for Shanb Ghazan area and (1 to 11) for Valiasr alley and the average height of each block, the amount of homogeneity or heterogeneity of each block was determined. According to the passages, the blocks of the studied areas were divided into 10 different blocks from A to J. After selecting the appropriate radius of the building block in each axis, the height of the buildings was classified into three categories: low, medium and high. Then, using the H / W ratio, the intensity of the thermal island in each block was calculated. Also, in order to estimate the effect of the width of the passages and the height of the building on the changes in the intensity of the thermal island of Tabriz, a multiple regression model was used. Finally, after calculating the intensity of the thermal island in Valiasr and Shanb Ghazan alleys, the intensity of the thermal islands in both regions were compared and compared with the Earth surface temperature (LST) map obtained from the Landsat 8 satellite TIRS sensor. The results showed that the increase in population and construction in Tabriz metropolis has caused an increase in temperature. The results obtained from both areas showed that the physical and geometric conditions of Tabriz have a great impact on increasing the thermal island of the city, so that the taller the buildings and the smaller the width of the passages, the intensity of the thermal island The more and vice versa, the lower the intensity of the thermal island. As the width of the passages decreases, the pattern of local winds changes and they can rarely circulate freely in the passages, directing the heat out of the environment and adjusting the temperature there. Narrow passages absorb heat during the day and keep it in the urban environment for hours after sunset. These narrow passages, like deep and narrow valleys, reduce the long wavelength of radiation from the narrow width of the street and keep the heat at the surface of the passages, which increases the intensity of the thermal island. As the results showed, in Valiasr alley, among 10 blocks, block D with 1.9 degrees and block H with 8.2 degrees Celsius has the lowest and highest values of thermal island intensity. In Shanb Ghazan region, among the blocks, block G with 0.8 degrees has the lowest and block B with 6.8 degrees has the highest heat island intensity. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that according to the width of the passages and the height of the buildings in Valiasr alley and Shanb Ghazan area, blocks D and G have the most standard configuration and blocks H and B have the most standard configuration in these areas. The final results showed that although the height of the building has a significant role in increasing the intensity of the thermal island, but based on the estimation of the multivariate regression model, the effect of the width of the passages in Valiasr alley with 0.91 is much greater than the height of the building with 0.6 and Shanb Ghazan area with 0.92 much more than the height of the building with 0.5 is involved in changes in the intensity of the thermal island. Also, the comparison of the variables of width of passages and height of buildings in the studied areas showed that the width of passages in Valiasr alley had the least effect compared to Shanb Ghazan area and the height of buildings was the opposite. The results of surface temperature in the study areas also showed that Valiasr alley has the highest and lowest temperatures in winter and summer, respectively, while the surface temperature in both winter and summer in Shanb Ghazan region did not differ much. And the surface temperature in this area is low.

Natural attractions, including gardens, have great potential for attracting tourists. The connection and proximity of these attractions with historical attractions, which are mainly inside the gardens, doubles their importance. Kerman province, which is one of the provinces located in the arid regions of Iran, has many gardens. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of gardens in Kerman County to attract tourists using Pralong model and the tourism grade of each garden is obtained from the average of four indicators: "Physical beauty", "Scientific", "Historical-cultural" and "Socio-economic" which are scored in five different levels. Library, documentary and survey methods have been used in data collection. In order to accurately evaluate and score during the research process while surveying the region, tourism activists in the province as well as professors of the Tourism Planning and Management Department were used and four gardens of Shazdeh Mahan, Beyromabad, Harandy Garden Museum and Fathabad were selected for this research. The results show that in terms of tourism standard, Shazdeh Garden has a first rank with a score of 0.7. According to the statistics of the "Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism" and the Pralong model, in attracting tourists, Shazdeh Garden is in the first place and Fathabad Garden, Harandy Garden Museum and Beyromabad Garden are in the next ranks. In terms of beauty, Shazdeh Garden has gained the most points due to the presence of old trees, water flow and beautiful building. In terms of scientific value, Harandy Garden Museum has gained the first rank in the ranking with a score of 0.69, one of the reasons for which is the existence of an archaeological museum (valuable works are kept in it). In general, based on the research model in the four studied gardens, the score of historical-cultural value (0.75) and aesthetic value (0.74) is much higher than the score of socio-economic values (0.52) and scientific (0.55) which shows the beauty of the studied gardens and also their historical value.

The present study has been carried out with the aim of application-development and based on field evaluations and also the study of historical documents and by applying one of the common models in the evaluation of geotourism potentials of the regions (Pralong method). The reason for choosing the Pralong model in the forthcoming paper among other similar methods is that this model has a marvelous performance in attracting tourists due to considering different aspects and capabilities of tourism sites. Accordingly, first, through library studies, by reviewing the sources and documents related to the subject and area under study, the required information and data have been collected. Then, by examining topographic maps and field visits, the gardens and the location of the studied geomorphosites were identified and displayed by ArcGIS 10.8 software. It is worth mentioning that the tourism grade of each garden has been obtained from the average of four indicators: "Physical beauty", "Scientific", "Historical-cultural" and "Socio-economic" which are scored in five different levels.

Identifying the studied areas is the first step that has been considered in this section and after that, based on the opinions of tourism activists in Kerman province and also professors of tourism planning and management, valuation has been done using the relevant model. To determine the tourism value of Kerman province, the average of four criteria of physical beauty, scientific, cultural-historical and socio-economic has been used. Each of the values scored according to its own criteria in five different levels and finally the grade of that value obtained from the average score of the criteria of that value. According to the result, Beyromabad Garden has the lowest score, the main reason is that the garden is not open to the public and the highest score is given to Shazdeh Garden, which shows its beauty and importance at the international level. And its inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage has added to its importance. According to the experts, the ranking of gardens in Kerman province is as follows:1) Shazdeh Mahan Garden; 2) Fathabad Garden; 3) Harandy Garden Museum; 4) Beyromabad Garden.

According to experts and Pralong model, in general, Shazdeh Garden is in the first place and Fathabad Garden, Harandy Garden Museum and Beyromabad Garden are in the next ranks of tourism destinations. In terms of beauty, Shazdeh Garden has gained the most points due to the presence of old trees, water flow and superb buildings. In terms of the scientific value of the garden, Harandy Garden Museum with a score of 0.69 has gained the first rank in prioritization, which is due to the existence of the archaeological museum, which has many valuable historical monuments. The results of this research show that Shazdeh Garden has a higher score than the other three gardens, which has a high value in terms of "tourism" as well as "utilization". Beyromabad Garden also has the lowest score, because it is not possible for tourists to visit this garden at the moment. Conforming to the four studied gardens, the score of historical-cultural value (0.75) and the value of physical beauty (0.74) is much higher than the score of socio-economic (0.52) and scientific values (0.55) which shows the beauty of the studied gardens and also their historical value. Examining the researches that have been done on this subject before, we find that in the past, the purpose of building Persian gardens was to produce happiness and joy, and the use of most of these gardens has been recreational. So far, researchers have made interesting comparative comparisons of gardens and described the role of gardens in Persian culture, but none of them specifically address the gardens of the arid areas and the four gardens mentioned in this paper, located in Kerman province.

With the growth of industries and economies after the Industrial Revolution, many new problems such as traffic, crowded public spaces and intense daily activities emerged in metropolises. As a result, a tendency to live nighttime lives formed among major groups of citizens with the aim of getting away from daytime work restrictions, expanding leisure time, improving urban nightscapes, developing night economies and providing nighttime social and recreational activities (Kavousi, 2015; Ayatollah, 2015). Considering the modern structure of life and the new models of time spending, many urban planners and sociologists now believe that people are looking for an artificial “day” during the night so that they can get access to and perform relaxing activities (Karim et al., 2013). In fact, the concept of night city seeks to provide economic and social solutions for proper use of resources and opportunities and improving quality of life (Roberts and Eldridge , 2012). Therefore, urban spaces must have the necessary capabilities and potentials to be used by citizens at all hours of the day (Moayedi, 2013).

The methodology of the research is quantitative. The required data were collected via field study, library research and distribution of questionnaires at 10 different sites in Hamadan City. A total number of 384 questionnaires were distributed at the selected sites based on the number obtained by Cochran’s formula and the population of Hamedan which stands at 554,406. These sites were identified and selected based on remote sensing data collected by the Strava satellite. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was used to ensure the adequacy of the sample size. A KMO value higher than 0.7 means factor analysis can be performed with confidence. Then the skewness test was used to check the normality of the obtained data. Since the basis of factor analysis is the correlation between the test questions, the Bartlett test of sphericity was used to evaluate the correlation between the variables. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is one of the most widely used methods in many scientific fields including urban planning for refining or producing the latent dimensions of data. Varimax rotation in EFA was used for data analysis.

Many studies carried around the globe about nightlife have focused on certain aspects such as presence of various social groups such as artists, students and tourists in urban spaces. Because of Iran’s sociocultural characteristics and norms, however, nightlife in Iranian cities mostly revolves around the presence of families in urban spaces, especially near religious and historical sites. In fact, most nighttime celebrations and events in Iran take place at religious and historical sites (0.730). As such, nightlife in Iran is defined based on the presence of family members, relatives, children, women and elderly citizens alongside one another. Therefore, paying due attention to the appearance and landscape of authentic religious buildings has an important role in promoting nightlife. As can be seen in Table 5, this component has the factor loading of 0.728. This shows that social and environmental security plays an importance role in the presence of Iranian families in urban spaces (0.713). The results showed that security is one of the main factors deemed important by the middle-aged and senior groups. The results also showed that factors such as environmental quality, favorable climate (0.716), access (0.857) as well as spatial and functional diversity (0.752) play an important role in the realization of 24-hour urban spaces. The role of economic stimuli in nightlife is highly important as well.

Certain characteristics such as the possibility of holding ceremonies in urban spaces, commercial facilities, low-cost land uses, favorable climatic conditions, environmental favorability ,suitable distance from houses, availability of parking lots, general supervision, responsive and permanently-available management, beautiful environments and landscapes, uniform cultural quality and finally the inclusiveness of urban space are the most important factors for creation of a lively nightlife and formation of economic and recreational activities from the viewpoint of the users of urban public spaces. Based on the results of this research, recreational and economic activities play an important role in the realization of a lively nightlife as urban citizens demand fulfillment of these needs in line with their welfare, security and comfort. This finding conforms to that of a study by Roberts (2004), who suggests that promotion and proper management of nighttime activities, prosperity of night economies and provision of social security are among the most important components of nightlife. Alexander(2008) mentions four requirements for promotion of nightlife and its integrated management: proper distribution of active nighttime spaces all over the city, allocation of appropriate activities to nighttime spaces, equipping nighttime spaces with suitable services and provision of security in nighttime spaces. In their study about the role of security in the vitality of nightlife, Alimoradi et al. (2016) propose that increasing sense of security requires increasing the combination of compatible land uses, providing suitable furniture, improving visual and physical permeability, using proper lighting and cheerful colors as well as implementing designs suitable for nighttime activities. It is possible to achieve these qualities in a defined framework by making a series of plans in the spatial-functional structure of public spaces, setting a series of regulations and using different forces in these spaces. These qualities allow cities to not only provide their residents with a dynamic and active daily life but to offer high-quality nightlife to urban citizens. Pakzad et al. (2012) have emphasizes the role of nightlife in improving the performance of urban spaces. This study showed that lighting can improve the appearance and landscape of urban spaces and thus increase the presence of citizens in these spaces. This finding conforms to the results of a study carried out by Samani et al. (2012) who suggest that urban lighting significantly contributes to the liveliness and security of urban spaces. Golkar (2006) believes that the mental image of an urban space during nighttime can become stronger and more vivid than its image during daytime with the help of lighting and thus create a more coherent mentality of the city for citizens.

Achieving sustainable development is not possible without the active participation of women in all areas. Therefore, women in general and rural women in particular must be empowered in various fields, including economic and social, in order to be able to better play their role in society. To this end, empowerment must go beyond the mental framework and become a supportive environment based on a sense of responsibility, so that rural women have the opportunity to cooperate and participate in a desirable way.The realization of these things will not be possible except through groups, organizations and empowerment programs. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to study and analyze the role of these organizations in empowering rural women in the study area. Preliminary exploratory studies have shown that rural women in the region have a lot of potential economic and social potential, especially in starting a business, but they face many problems and obstacles that have prevented the realization of these capabilities.The Bashgah keshavarzan Javan is a formal non-governmental organization active in the study area. This institution has been formed by using various educational, cultural, artistic,. functions in the field of entrepreneurship and development of the agricultural sector with specific goals. The goals of this organization are to provide opportunities for youth participation as farmers of tomorrow, to achieve the goals of agricultural and rural development, to lay the groundwork for the flourishing and dynamism of mental capacity, personality, knowledge and skills of rural youth to improve better lives in It is a village. Therefore, the main question of the research is what is the relationship between the activities of NGO "BkJ" and the empowerment of rural women members in the villages of Roshtkhar County?

The studied geographical area is the villages of Roshtkhar County of Khorasan Razavi province, which is located in the south of Torbat-e Heydarieh county. Its center is the city of Rashtkhar and is located 165 km south of Mashhad. The research method of this research is causal-comparative and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study includes rural women in working ages (15-64) and a member of the NGO (BKJ) , living in 10 villages of Rashtkhar city. The total number of female members is 800. With the Cochran's formula and an error of 0.06%, the sample size of 200 people was obtained, the number of which was determined in proportion in the studied villages. In order to have the effect of this NGO in empowering female members, 200 non-female women have been considered as a control group.Using the researcher-made questionnaire and designing open and closed questions appropriate to the type of question, the required field information was collected. 25 indicators were used to measure the effects of NGO on women's social empowerment and 15 indicators were used for economic empowerment. Cronbach's alpha test tool was used to validate the questionnaires and ensure reliability.

The statistical population of the study is women members of NGO (BKJ) in 10 villages of this city. , has been studied. The results showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between age and empowerment of women in both groups and with increasing age, their empowerment decreases. between the level of education of members and their social and economic empowerment, a significant positive relationship was obtained with correlation coefficient (0.123) and (0.161), respectively. And because female members have a higher level of education, they have more social and economic empowerment.he result of the role of of NGO BKJ on increasing the economic empowerment of members, T-test of two independent groups showed that out of 15 economic indicators, 9 indicators are significant and women members of NGO have higher economic empowerment But about the other 6 indicators, which include "increase in control and planning of their income and family", "access to credit, loans and facilities", "access to production resources", "increase market awareness", "increase access to "Multiple markets" and "Increasing employment in agricultural activities with earnings", no significant difference was found between the two groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that NGO BKJ has not been able to achieve full success in the field of economic empowerment of women and this process is still ongoing and they need facilities and financial support, market awareness and increased production skills.To assess the role of the NGO BKJ on increasing the social empowerment of female members, 25 indicators were considered. Although the significance level of t-test in 9 indicators, there was no significant difference between the opinions of the two groups, but in 16 indicators, there is a significant relationship and positive effect. NGO proves the social empowerment of women. Regarding the indicators of "participation rate in the working group", "participation rate in rural elections" and "increasing communication with other families", between the two groups, the average to high average and the difference between the means is a sign of no significant relationship. here is no significant difference between "Awareness of social and legal rights", "Awareness of laws and regulations" and "Awareness of the benefits of participation in society" and both groups of rural women have low awareness and therefore NGO has not been able to social empowerment in The above indicators are successful. Therefore, full empowerment is done through a process in which the NGO BKJ is still halfway through.

Comparing the two groups of female members and non-members of NGO with t-test and significance level, a significant difference between the opinions of the two groups was proved; The average empowerment indicators of women members of NGOs are higher than non-members, which is the result of the educational activities and skills enhancement of NGOs. Despite the positive effects of NGO, but some problems such as lack of understanding and definition of this NGOs among villagers and rural women, people's lack of trust and view of the exterior of this NGOs and the failure of some NGOs, is a warning sign to diminish them.

Tourism is one of the sectors that has grown dramatically in the global economic arena in recent years, so that tourism in many countries is considered as the main source of economic recovery and economic growth. Economists believe that tourism is one of the most promising industries that the Third World can use its capabilities to replace other industries and development. One of the new study basins in tourism studies is based on the recognition of geomorphous cultures. Geotourism is one of the pillars of tourism that emphasizes the prospects, forms and processes that create them. In fact, geotourism, a tourism that preserves and improves the geographic identity of a site, which includes not only the environment, but also the cultural heritage and aesthetics of the place, and most importantly the welfare of the local population. Despite the importance of geotourism and its great impact on the socio-economic development of the regions, but the necessary progress has not been made in this area and in many regions, including the central regions of the country, there are no comprehensive plans for the development of this industry. Each region has different talents and attractions according to its geographical environment. One of the areas that has high potential for the development of the geotourism industry is the new city of Ivanki in the west of Semnan province. Due to its geographical location and connection, the new city of Ivanki can have important functions to create sustainable employment and urban development in the future, including the tourist function. Ivanki new city from the south to important geosites including Dasht-e Kavir, from the west and east to the geosites of mines and Salt Mountain. It also leads to the geosites of mountainous areas from the north, including valleys, gorges, waterfalls and springs, but no action has been taken to develop the region's geotourism industry. Due to the importance of the issue, in this research, the potential of geotourism development around the new city of Ivanki will be assessed.

This research is based on descriptive-analytical methods. Research data are based on library studies and interviews. Research tools include ARCGIS (for mapping) and SPSS (for calculating the value of geosites). In this research, first, using library studies and interviews, geosites of the region have been identified and then they have been evaluated using Comanescu, Kubalikova and indigenous methods. The Comanescu method uses the criteria of management and use, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and economic. The Kubalikova method emphasizes scientific and intrinsic values, educational, economic, conservation and other values. In this study, in addition to the Comanescu and Kubalikova models, the geosites of the area have been evaluated using an integrated model and intervening in the environmental conditions of the study area. In fact, in order to comprehensively study the geosites of the region, according to the status of the studied geosites and also modeling different models, a native model has been prepared to evaluate the geosites and using it, the studied geosites have been evaluated. . In this model, the desired values are divided into two categories of intrinsic values and complementary values. Due to the fact that the scoring method is different in the three methods used and each method has more emphasis on specific criteria, the results obtained from the three methods are not the same. Therefore, in this study, in order to determine the final value of geosites, the final score of each geosite in each method has been obtained as a percentage of the total, and finally, by obtaining the average percentage of all three methods, the final value of each geosite has been calculated.

The location of the new city of Ivanki has made this area prone to the development of the geotourism industry. In this study, in order to potentially assess the geotourism status of the region, 40 potential geosites of the region were identified and then evaluated using the methods of Comanescu, Kubalikova and local methods. The results obtained through the Comanescu method indicate that among the geosites of the region, the geography of the Vashi Strait has the highest score with a total of 89 points and after that, the geosites of salt mines and Kavir National Park have the highest points with 83 and 76 points, respectively. According to the results obtained from the Kubalikova method, the geography of the Vashi Strait has the highest score with a total of 10.25 points, followed by the geosites of the salt mines and Kavir National Park with 9.75 and 9 points, respectively. Based on the results obtained from the native method, the salt mines geosite has the highest score with a total of 42 points, followed by the salt tunnel and Vashi Strait geosites with 41 and 39 points, respectively.

In this research, 3 methods have been used to evaluate geosites. Given that there are differences between the results obtained, Therefore, in order to determine the final value of geosites, the final score of each geosite in each method is obtained as a percentage of the total, and finally, by obtaining the average percentage of all three methods, the final value of each geosite is calculated. According to the results, among the geosites of the region, the geography of Vashi Strait with an average of 79.6 points, has the highest score, and after this geosite, the tunnels of salt tunnels and salt mines with 78.1 and 72.6 points, respectively. , Have the highest average score. The sum of the obtained results indicates that the study area has the necessary conditions for the development of the geotourism industry. In fact, the location of the new city of Ivanki at the distance of geosites in mountainous and desert areas has caused this city to have the necessary potential as one of the tourist centers.

Based on the literature analysis and the subject's background, two approaches of "technology-oriented rationalism and communication" have always been proposed in developing and transforming planning in countries' management systems. Of course, in the management system of developing countries [such as Iran], the rationalist approach has always prevailed (Healy, 1997). In other words, the "communication approach" that has been in the world management literature since the late twentieth century to pay attention to community-based approaches, as well as improving the dimensions of social capital such as social awareness, social organization, social cohesion, social trust, and social participation. It is taken into consideration; And therefore, in leading countries, it has had positive effects on the process of the spatial evolution of their settlements (Hewings et al., 2018 .(However, with a centralized and "government-oriented" political system in developing countries, little attention has been paid to the approach. No connection. On this basis, a system of thought and approach based on rationalism, which was based more on the growth-oriented view of the economy; And has paid little attention to the social aspects of development and transformation such as social capital in the managerial attitude(Passarella et al., 2018). Numerous challenges have arisen in the spatial evolution of rural settlements in such countries )Joshi, Halseth, & Kanerva, 2016.(Following such a challenge in the process of improving the social capital of villagers and the spatial evolution of rural settlements in developing countries and Iran, therefore, the improvement of social capital characteristics is affected by the role of local management and in line with the improvement of spatial developments in rural settlements is a question that can be answered within the regions and regions of each country. Accordingly, with an in-depth approach, this study tries to address the challenges of improving the social capital of villagers influenced by the local government's approach to spatial developments in rural settlements in the study area.

The present study investigates the effects of local management's approach on improving social capital in Esfahan's spatial changes. Therefore, in terms of the research method's primary purpose and attitude, it is quantitative research in the category of survey research and the nature of the data. The study's statistical population included 42 villages inhabited by the Esfahandeh ward (Jiroft census, 2016). This study determined the random sample size for completing the questionnaire at the village level randomly selected 30 villages in two groups. Then, random sample households were selected within the chosen villages based on the rural household size (P.P.S) method. In this regard, calculated the sample size calculated for the villagers based on the "Cochran" formula (Sarai, 1393), with a 95% confidence level and an estimated variance of 0.25 (0.5 * 0.5) and a possible probability of 5%, The number of 344 households. Since the number of sample questionnaires in several villages did not meet the quorum required to complete the questionnaire due to the rural household size ratio (P.P.S) method, the number of household questionnaires increased to 370 households.The analysis of demographic characteristics and aggregation of questions to enter the model and the analysis of structures and relationships expressed in the theoretical framework was performed using graphic software.Finally, for the present study, Cronbach's alpha value was 0.926. Therefore, the alpha value obtained in this study is reliable because it is close to 1.

The goodness-of-fit index for structural equations all indicates an unfavorable fit. Thus, based on the view of the villagers and its reflection in the path analysis model, the current approach of local management to improve the dimensions of social capital and as a result of spatial changes has paid little attention and this issue has led to improving the dimensions of spatial changes in rural settlements. Do not take; Therefore, the change of local management approach to community-based approach and strengthening the dimensions of social capital with the aim of people's participation in implementing spatial transformation programs is felt.In this regard, the effects of local management's approach on improving the villagers' social capital have caused the changes in the environmental-ecological, social, economic, physical-infrastructural dimensions of the residential space in the study area to below. On this basis, the results obtained are inconsistent with the findings of Shafiei Sabet & Mirvahidi, 2018. That he has reached this conclusion in his research in Rey and Pakdasht region; the improvement of the empowerment dimension largely influences rural development through the planning approach. In a way that with a community-based approach in programs and programs, the participation of villagers in the process of spatial transformation is improved.

Local management planning has not been possible with the existing approach; Villagers as one of the factors and pillars of power among other areas interfering in the process of local management planning in rural settlements and in the process of decision-making, decision-making, implementation, monitoring and control of transformation plans and projects. According to the results obtained in this study, change and reform the approach to the process of rural management system in Iran and the study area by selecting appropriate social and economic policies of the government and using appropriate methods to improve the social capital of villagers in the process of rural local planning and management is emphasized.An approach in which the previous view with expertise from top to bottom replaces local initiatives and by delegating authority and responsibility to local management, local potentials and capacity of villagers and recognizing villagers alongside all actors and stakeholders involved in the management process By improving the dimensions of social capital of the villagers productively and effectively, it provided the ground for positive spatial changes in rural settlements.

The industrialization of Europe and the increase of industrial and economic power of Western European countries caused these countries to move to explore and conquer other geographical spaces to supply raw materials for their products, extract resources and raw materials and obtain cheap labor. . This process, known as "imperialism," spread to all parts of the world within half a century of its emergence. In fact, the countries with the gifts of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe considered other geographical spaces as sources and reservoirs of production and wealth, and took advantage of the various realms in the world. This practice has initially aimed at promoting Christianity and helping the industrialization of other countries and later referred to as imperialism by Marxist left-wing theorist.Today, imperialism is emerging as a theory in various fields of the social sciences. However, the historical course of imperialism linked to geographical and political realities and actions. Among the issues raised in the field of geopolitics is the role of geography in facilitating and promoting this process. According to some theorists, geography initially, with the scientific and instrumental assistance of the political forces of Western Europe, began to identify lands that were rich in resources and strategically of communicative or military value. The connection of imperialism with geographical discoveries and the domination of Western countries over other countries under the name of colonialism, led some geographers, and especially geographers influenced by theories of the critical school, to introduce the science of geography as a colonial and imperialist knowledge. Given the importance of the theory and process of imperialism in geographical issues in general, political, and geopolitical geography in particular, the present study has tried to explain the geopolitical consequences of imperialism.

The present research is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The data required for the research have been collected through library sources and documents and have studied in the form of historical processes of imperialism and geopolitical developments.

The first great game was the beginning of political imperialism, in which Western European countries sought the resources of other countries. In the meantime, it has claimed that the goal of these colonizers was to bring the interests of Western civilization - especially Christianity - to the "backward" peoples. In fact, the main goal of the colonizers was to find out which one could seize the most territory or colony. The first big game in the nineteenth century pitted Britain against seven major rivals (Christopher, 2015: 455):• Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands became the first rivals to withdraw from the competition.France, which had lost most of its colonies due to the revolution and defeat in the Napoleonic Wars.Russia that expanded its borders in Asia and known as the "land power of Eurasia."• Germany, which was on the path of development, joined other parts of it in the nineteenth century and became a single economic power.• The United States, which recently liberated as a colony, is mining the wealth of the peripheral countries.Between 1870 and 1900, there was fierce competition for the colonies. Britain, meanwhile, had the largest colony (30 countries, including 4.8 million square miles with a population of 88 million). Britain had amassed enormous wealth by exploiting the mines and resources of South Africa. The model of British imperial territory laid down accordingly:• Financially, the British government must play a guarantor role for monetary and financial flows and take control of the pulse of all trading systems and monetary transactions.• From a military point of view, the government should build the necessary organizational infrastructure (railways, ports, local offices such as courts, schools, health facilities) and provide military forces to protect them all. Brought.London treasuries and banks reaped many benefits from this imperialist model, and the British model recognized as a model for international trade. With this process, Britain began the project of absolute domination of the world. The aim of this plan was to make Britain the only hegemonic power in the world, to establish a world financial and economic order based on British ideas, and to have a direct military presence in all strategic regions of the world. Britain, as the undisputed power in the Rimland, controlled the oceans and thus had the ability to limit its rivals, Russia and Germany, in the Heartland. Britain's rivalry with Russia, known as the "First Great Game," led to many attempts by the country to dominate Afghanistan in the nineteenth century.

Imperialism is a geographical phenomenon linked to the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the expansion of capitalist space. The efforts of Western European powers to expand their territory and obtain the basic resources needed for economics and industry, as well as to restrict rivals, have brought imperialism to various stages, each with its own territorial and geopolitical patterns. Has. Accordingly, the present study has used descriptive-analytical method to explain the patterns of territorial expansion in imperialism. The results show that imperialism, from a spatial perspective, has gone through three stages that referred to as the big games. In the first stage, the two geopolitical poles of Britain and Russia recognized as the main powers and the battlefield is in the territory of Eurasia and South Asia. In the second stage, multilateral convergence formed against Germany and then Western European multilateralism against the Soviet Union, and the Middle East and Eurasia remain an important arena for geopolitical rivalries. In the third stage, which began after the collapse of the Soviet Union and continues to this day, the unilateralism of the United States of America is its main and obvious feature. At this stage, the Middle East, Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific region have considered as important areas of the territoriality.Keywords: Imperialism, territoriality, Geopolitics, Competition, Big Games.