نشریه مطالعات زن و خانواده
سال دهم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

Definite celibacy refers to a situation in which girls fail to marry until 45 years old and are prevented from starting a family. This phenomenon has many social and individual consequences, including; Reduction in the number of births, reduction in population growth rate, lack of generational replacement, loneliness, etc., which need serious consideration and attention. Therefore, the present study uses qualitative content analysis to investigate the consequences of definite celibacy based on the lived experience of these girls. Participants were 23 definite single girls who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA2020 software. In order to validate the data, review of studies and techniques of obtaining parallel information and trinity, data analysis was presented and to obtain reliability, Kappa agreement coefficient was used, which was confirmed with a reliability value of 0.78. The research results showed; Definite abstraction leads to unintended consequences that cause many problems for the society as a whole and for the individuals of the target society in particular. The main themes of definite celibacy consequences were abandonment of the thought of marriage, vulnerability to loneliness, eloquence of past regrets, the stigma of celibacy and social helplessness. Each of these consequences can be considered as a social harm; Therefore, the need for appropriate social policy to reduce definite celibacy is felt more than ever.

The family, as a valuable institution, has been considered in all cultures for its very important functions. Therefore, it is necessary to properly recognize everything that damages the structure of the family and take action to correct it.The phenomenon of extramarital affairs, as one of the harms of the family, in recent decades has had adverse consequences for the individual, family and society. Depression, loss of spouse trust, emotional divorce, and separation are some of the consequences.This study aims to explain the mental patterns of family counselors in relation to the emergence of the issue of extramarital affairs of couples in Tehran by using the Q method. Since this method is one of the practical methods in discovering mental patterns, this method has been used. In this study, 15 family counselors participated, and finally, 5 mental models (environmentalists, familyists, believers, communists and psychologists) were discovered and explained as a mental model in the emergence of these relationships. To describe these 5 mindsets, 34 factors extracted from scientific research have been used.

Istibra' means the innocence of the womb and its purity. In Islam, istabra' has been legislated for the purity of the womb from pregnancy, which is a non-pregnant istabra' by seeing menstruation. Since adultery is one of the issues that has always been common, especially in today's societies, it is necessary to discuss the Istibra' of the adulteress. Now, the question arises as to whether an unmarried and non-pregnant adulteress needs to be innocence if she intends to marry. The purpose of this study is to criticize and analyze the view of most jurists about the ruling of Istibra' for an unmarried and non-pregnant adulteress. Our main question is how to criticize and examine the view of most jurists for non-obligation of istibra' of the adulteress? Imamiyah jurists differ on the obligation or non-obligation of istibra' of non-pregnant adulteress. Most jurists agree on the non-obligation of istibra'. Of course, some jurists have agreed on istibra' as being Mustahab and others have been cautious in this matter. This descriptive-analytical study shows that the most jurists' arguments are incomplete; because the jurists refer to the general and absolute arguments that imply the obligation of istibra' and most of jurists' disagreement on this issue do not weaken the narrations and the obligation of istibra'. Because, firstly, the jurists' opposing arguments are not very clear from the past, and secondly, these arguments are not because they had a reason that has not handed down to us, but their opposing arguments are based on ijtihad. The findings suggest that in spite of the narrations of the obligation of istibra', the rule of "la Yajouz Ijtima' al-Ma'ayn fi Rahem Wahid (putting two persons' semen in one womb is not permissible)" and the keeping the semen and generations pure from mixing is preferable to the view of the obligation of istibra'.

In today's society, the phenomenon of "female-headed households" is increasing for a variety of reasons. This group of women is one of the marginalized groups in society that face many social, cultural and economic hardships. In this research, we tried to narrate the perceptions, feelings, pains, sufferings and finally the story of their lives by providing the possibility of recording the life experiences of these women. The most important question of this research was what concepts can be narrated in the experience of these women? And how do they understand, interpret, and narrate these experiences? This research was conducted in the form of qualitative methodology with the help of narrative analysis. For this purpose, we conducted in-depth and in-depth interviews with fifteen women heads of households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Mashhad. The experiences of these women include the following major narratives: childbearing, early motherhood, low level of economic and social capital, low level of cultural capital, temporary and insecure work, unsuccessful marriage and separation. It can be narrated from the spouse, insecurities and social pressures, burnout, loneliness, and endless worry and anxiety.

Jurists' opinions and the Iran official laws indicate the Legislate rights to employment and financial independence for women. However, married women's experiences show the barriers and problems that make it challenging to have these two rights. This study seeks to identify the strategies adopted by women to deal with these barriers, using the jurisprudential-legal approach and the cognitive dissonance theory Festinger while introducing the obstacles to women's right to employment and financial independence. In this study, we used a qualitative method using Wolcott's thematic analysis. Participants include employed women resident in Tehran province that were married at the time of research or have had marital experience.  The sample was recruited through purposeful sampling. Then, theoretical sampling was done based on the developing concepts with maximum variety and density of categories' dimensions. Finally, interviews (n=22) ended based on criteria of theoretical-conceptual saturation.Women's Barriers and strategies in the face of violation of rights to employment and financial independence were extracted in five central themes, ''structural barriers'', ''cultural barriers'', ''role expansion '', ''role management'', and ''role escapism''.women facing these situations are forced to adopt strategies that, in addition to family relationships, also affect the social and economic system of the country.

The purpose of this study is to provide the training needed to develop woman empowerment. The method of the present study is a qualitative case study. Potential participants in this study included experts and faculty in various fields of education (sociology), sociology, law and psychology, as well as sample women in Fars province (sample managers and mothers), using purposive sampling method. The theoretical saturation criterion was selected from 15 specialists and 10 sample mothers and 5 sample women who had managerial tenure. The method of data collection was in-depth interview and study of documents related to the research subject. The content analysis method was used to provide the training needed to realize the development of women's empowerment and identify the challenges in this area. As a result of the necessary trainings for empowering mothers, 5 themes were organized: art education, skill training, spiritual and religious education, psycho-cognitive education, socio-economic education, and the challenges ahead in implementing such an important one. Exploring various issues such as women's resistance, male resistance, local community resistance, economic and political problems, and finally solutions to make the empowerment components of mother’s work. Accreditation and reliability techniques were used to validate the qualitative results.