فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و بودجه
پیاپی 155 (زمستان 1400)

This paper investigates the effect of air pollution on real-estate price in Tehran for the period (2013-14) and (2018-19). By combining microdata of real-estate transactions for more than 50,000 units that are traded multiple times during the period of study, the pollution index is constructed for each house by using the air pollution index from various stations in Tehran. Using this dataset, the effect of different pollutants on house prices is estimated. The findings show that particulate matter (PM2.5 index) decreases house prices in Tehran, such that one standard deviation increase in the PM2.5 index reduces house price by 3.1 percent. Moreover, there is no significant effect of NO2 and CO pollutants, which can be due to their unobservability in air, their trivial instant effect on health, and the insignificance of these pollutants in determining the final index.

Despite the low participation rate of women in the labor market, the unemployment rate of women has increased significantly and has exceeded the unemployment rate of men in the last three decades. This paper focuses on the factors which affect labor demand considering gender using the data for the period 1986-2017. Based on the Multiple-Equation Generalized Method of Moments estimator, the results demonstrate that non-oil GDP has a positive and significant, and relative wages, capital-labor ratio, and labor costs–capital costs ratio have a negative and significant impact on labor demand by gender. The results of model estimation show that the speed of labor adjustment toward the desired level for female labor is slower compared to male labor. Furthermore, it is denoted that non-oil GDP affects labor demand positively with more impact on the female labor force. Other findings indicate that in the Iran’s labor market, male and female labors are substitutes hence, policies like wage subsidies for employing female labor force can stimulate female labor demand in a positive and significant way. On the other hand, as it is found that labor and capital are substitutes, policies that make labor more costly than capital may result in employment reduction. Finally, the technological progress that arises from increases in capital per capita has a negative and significant effect on both the female and male labor force.

How should the government budget be allocated to public education, higher education, health, transportation, IT, energy, or indirect public services including expenses on laws and regulations, business governance, and tax reforms. We examine data between 1989 and 2019 of public spending and their outcomes for each affair and title. The results show that despite that number of students declined over time, the spending on public education has been raised. The structural model is estimated by generalized method of moments, and the estimates show that households put significant weights on education and health, as well as energy. However, even with considerable weights on these public goods, due to inefficient production of public services, the counterfactuals illustrate that more spending on tax reform, business environment, and governance relative to actual budget is optimal.

The insurance industry is considered as one of the indicators of development, and as a major economic institution that supports the activities of other institutions. Therefore, the structure, operation, and efficiency of the country's insurance market play a significant role in the growth and development of the industry as well as the growth and development of the economy. Considering the importance and impact of market structure on the performance of the insurance industry, this study examines the degree of concentration in the Iranian and selected countries’ insurance market, and its impact on insurance penetration rate for the period 2011-2018. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index is used to measure the concentration and determine the structure of the insurance market. Then, the indicators of economic freedom, per capita income, and financial development are used as mediating variables. The relationships between variables are examined by the method of analysis of integrated patterns and using a combination of cross-sectional data and time series. The results show that the market concentration index has a negative and significant relationship with the insurance penetration rate in the selected countries. In addition, the positive and significant impact of per capita income and financial development on insurance penetration is confirmed. However, the results do not show a significant relationship between the index of economic freedom and insurance penetration in the selected countries.

Wagner's law indicates a positive long-run equilibrium relationship between per capita income growth and the relative size of the public sector. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to verify Wagner's theory and the law on operational budgeting reforms on public spending and educational, health, and military priorities. To meet these ends, the data of 13 Asian selected countries during 2000-2018 periods and the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) technique were used. The results show that by increase in GDP per capita, the trend and structure of public expenditures, educational and health priorities will be increasing and significant; But in the military program, this effect is negative and significant. This validates the Wagner's law in public spending, and educational and health priorities. In addition, the impact of performance-based budget Reform has led to changes in the budget structure and trend of public spending, but in the educational, health, and military priorities, the pertaining significance is not confirmed. In other words, due to the lack of change in the structure, trend of expenditures and the pattern of budget allocation, the effect of the implementation of this law was temporary and not permanent.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the theoretical integration or eclecticism of New Institutional Economics (NIE) on the basis of the four-stage Tillings model. The first step demonstrates that the new institutionalists, as to confront the hegemonic scientific mainstream, stated that their goal was to moderate neoclassical assumptions, but in fact, their main goal was to expand and strengthen institutional thinking in the neoclassical context. The second step indicates that NIE, in terms of assumptions such as methodological individualism and limited rationality, considers the institutional framework as an interactive rule that individuals implement to reduce the Transaction Cost (TC). TC is the connecting point that brings institutions into neoclassical economic performance; so it can be concluded that the NIE has been successful in establishing a metalanguage. The third step maintains that the composition is synthetic and vertical. An in-depth study of the issue in the last step illustrates that the most important challenge of the NIE is the occurrence of infinite regression due to conditional optimization of the institutional framework. The occurrence of such conflicts does not imply an unintentional theoretical eclecticism, but rather the use of neoclassical theory as a means of influencing institutional thinking among economists. All of these results indicate the proper integration of NIE as a research program.