نشریه گیاه پزشکی کاربردی
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، دی 1393)

The Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Camaldulensis) extract contains eucalyptol as active ingredient and has disinfectant and antifungal properties. Its fast degradation and very less toxicity for mammals has caused attention toward its use as a safe pesticide. Its efficacy in controlling the mycelial growth and spore germination of Alternaria alternata the causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot of potato under laboratory condition has been approved. During 2011, the efficacy of 5, 10 and 15% of its EC formulation in controlling Alternaria leaf spot disease of potato was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications under green house condition. Fungicide mancozeb 0.2% was used for better comparison. Results indicated that all three eucalyptus concentrations with 24.80, 16.28 and 9.29% disease incidence respectively showed significant differences at 1% level of probability in controlling the disease compared to control. Eucalyptus formulation (15%) and mancozeb were kept in same statistical group. By increasing the percentage of eucalyptus formulation its phytptoxicity was increased. Percentage of phytotoxicity in 5, 10 and 15% of eucalyptus formulations were 4.02, 10.65 and 21.34% respectively. Further studies are needed for omitting its phytotoxicity, so that it might be used as a safe bio-fungicide in controlling Alternaria leaf spot of potato.

Predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii is used in augmentation biological control programs in more than 50 countries and is a suitable predator for control pest populations. With regard to the role of this predatory mite, the researches more for increase of oviposition has particular importance. Thus, in this research, five kinds of methods of rearing were considered at laboratory conditions (25±2 ̊C, 70±5% RH and 16L: 8D) and with 4 replicates. After 12 h,wehave investigated and compared the number of laid eggs of each method. These methods of rearing consisted: 1) Rearing of predator mite on 10 strings of cotton 2) Rearing of predator on 10 strings of cotton and 2 piece of foursquare cucumber leaf 3) Rearing on 10 strings of cotton and 2 piece of wriggled cucumber leaf 4) Rearing of predator on 10 strings of cotton and 2 piece of wriggled bean leaf 5) Rearing on 10 strings of cotton and 4 piece of wriggled cucumber leaf. Results showed the average number of laid eggs in methods first, second and fourth were not significantly different. But method third was a significant difference with methods first, second and fourth. Also there was a significant difference among method five and other methods. According to the result method five as a suitable method for rearing of this predator is presented.

One of the most important viral diseases causing damage on tobacco is Potato Virus Y (PVY) which reduses the quality and quantity of tobacco products. The best way to control the disease is use of resistant cultivars. Molecular markers are used to label resistance genes in breeding programs. To determine the microsatellite markers linked to PVY resistance genes in tobacco, this research was conducted in Tirtash Tobacco Research Center, Behshahr, Iran. In the first year, VAM (a resistant cultivar) was crossed with K326 (a susceptible cultivar). F1 seeds were plants and F2 seeds were obtained. F2 plants were transplanted in farm and inoculated with a pure isolate of PVY strain O. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated as phenotypic evaluation. To confirm resistance and susceptibility of the used cultivars’ ten plants of each cultivar were tested by ELISA and resistant and susceptible plants were selected. Using 100 SSR pair primers and BSA method, microsatellite markers linked to PVY resistance genes were determined in resistant and susceptible bulks and in F2 populations. Three primer compounds PT30002, PT20165 and PT20357 produced polymorphism on DNA of resistant and susceptible bulks. These primers were also on single plants of two bulks and F2 populations and the data were analyzed. Markers distance from resistance genes was determined by Mapmaker ver.3.0 software. Based on the results, PT3 marker was located on 17.5 CM and PT1 and PT2 on 18.1 and 37.4 CM distance from resistance gene.

Potato golden cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) is one of the most important diseases which causes massive damages in potato and without the management will destroy 100% of crop. In the present study, the effect of two new nematicides Nemakick and Marigold for controlling potato cyst nematode was tested. The experiment was conducted in factorial based of completely randomized design in greenhouse. Two potato cultivars Marfona (Susceptible) and Bamba (Moderately resistant) were planted and two different infection levels of 5 and 20 juvenile and egg per gram of soil and two different doses of Marigold, 150 and 300 Kgha-1 and two different doses of Nemakick, 100 and 200 Kgha-1 were applied just before planting tubers. Pots were incubated in a common greenhouse and 100 days after planting the potatoes were pulled out and population of cysts and juvenile and egg per gram of soil was counted. Potato yield factors were Also measured and the results were analyzed by SAS statistical software. The results indicated that there was a significant effect for nematode populations and potato yield parameters. Bamba showed better results compared to Marfona with respect to number of cysts, juvenile and egg per gram of soil. In Marfona nematicides scaused 35% reduction in juvenile and egg number compared to the control. Appling Marigold with 150 and 300 Kgha-1 had the maximum effect on controlling the nematode. Nemakick treatments with 100 and 200 Kgha-1.were aiso effective and acted closely to Marygold treatments.

The family of Sesiidae includes about 1400 species in 150 genera. The larvae of these insects feed on the cambium of the tree and dry the tree. Using pheromone trap is one of the suitable methods for monitoring the pest in orchards. Therefore, in this study, the presence and distribution of clearwing moth were examined in the province, in 7 locations with an average distance of 20 km from each other in the city of Sanandaj using 6 pheromone traps in each region. Also in order to study the activity of the adult insects of different species of the mentioned insects in every 3 garden areas 6 traps (pheromone capsule containing two species Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lep.: Sesiidae) and Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lep.: Sesiidae)) were deployed that they were continuously (every 3 days) visited. The results showed that Synanthedon tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lep.: Sesiidae) species is present in all regions of trapping and the highest density of this pest is related to Qeshlagh dam garden (43 moths per  trap) (p< 0.05) and the S. tipuliformis species was observed in none of the trapping areas; also species of S. myopaeformis was observed in 3 regions at low concentrations. Studying the emergence period of S. tabaniformis adult insects showed that the first moths were trapped in the region of Qeshlagh dam garden in 2014/6/6, in the region of Salawat Abad in 2014/6/10, and in the region of Grize in 2014/6/13. The peak of the flight was observed in the two regions of Qeshlagh dam garden and Grize in 2014/6/23 and in the region of Salawat Abad in 2014/6/20. Finally, the last moths were trapped in the region of Grize in 2014/7/25, in the region of Salawat Abad in 2014/7/18 and in the region of Qeshlagh dam garden in 2014/7/21.

The use of antifungal compounds such as essential oils for the preservation of natural fruits during the storage period has dramatically been rising. In this study, the individual essential oils of Majorom (Origamum marjorana), wild mint (Mentha longifolia) and Summer savory (Satureja khuzistanica) were employed for the control of corruption of tubers during the storage period. In this study, the antifungal activity of essential oils was investigated on growth a specie of plant pathogenic fungus (Fusarium solani)on PDA medium and tuber tissues.  Antifungal activity on PDA medium were measured by disk diffusion and volatile essential oil methods. To evaluate the effects of the essential oils on fungal growth in tuber tissue, the potato were inoculated with 30 µl of spore suspension (106 spore/ml), and then tubers were sprayed with 4 and 20 µl/ml of the essential oils. Seven days after inoculation, tubers were evaluated in terms of pollution. To calculate the percentage of infected tuber was divided into eight parts and the number of infected tuber fungus pathogen contamination in 12.5% multiplication and percentages were calculated. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oils has showed Significant inhibitory effect on fungus growth. The results showed that most inhibition of growth in a paper disk method was in order for fungus F. solani related to the essential oil of summer savory 59.41 percent, respectively and volatile essential oil methods was related to the essential oil of Summer savory was 41.12 percent respectively. The results inoculated of the tuber tissue with a spore suspension F. solani showed that respectively treatment (20µl/ml) of Majorom (with 27.08% of disease) had the most inhibitory against pathogen