نشریه گیاه پزشکی کاربردی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، خرداد 1394)

Eggplant Solanumm elongena L. of fruit vegetables is grown in warm and tropical regions. This plant has mostly been attacked by different pathogen particularly the causal agent of Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae). This is one of the most important diseases that damaged eggplant and reduced yield and fruit quality up to 50%. There has been little successful in control by the use of fungicides, therefore, the resistance of eggplant varieties studied in this research. For this purpose, first the fungal isolates from different areas under eggplant culture were isolated from vascular tissue in Tehran and Alborz province and then purification and pathogenicity test, 15 isolates obtained in pathogeny potential were evaluated by root dip method of the root of Varamini susceptible cultivar in spore suspension with concentrations of 106 spores per ml. Disease severity index calculated by seven numbered scale of Xiao and Lin 1995, after five weeks. The results showed that V-E-KM-2 isolate obtained from samples of infected plants in MohammadShahr in Karaj, with disease severity of 92 percent were identified most virulent as pathogeny. In evaluation stage of the root resistance of different varieties, 14 common cultured eggplant varieties and the present varieties as pathogenicity method, inoculated with spores of the fungus. Symptoms recording were assessed 35 days after inoculation. The results obtained from the analysis of variance showed that treatments are significantly different in probability level of 1%. The means and resistance evaluation of eggplant cultivars against Verticillium wilt showed seven cultivars of Pasargadae, Volentala, Hybrid Arro, Lady, Sohrab, Yek Beauty (1) and Minabella were tolerant (T) in the range of 31.5 to 49.7 of the percentage of disease index. In this following study, supplementary investigations are essential to introduce tolerant varieties for cultivation in Iran.

Cercospora leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc. is considered to be the most destructive foliar pathogen of sugarbeet which result in highest loss of yield and quality of sugarbeet in warm and humid environments. Control of these fungi often has been unsuccessful by the use of pesticides application; hence, the best method for disease control is the production and implementation of resistant likely cultivars. For this purpose, fungal isolates collected from south and north areas of Iran, Purification and Pathogenicity of isolate the genotype (191), susceptible to disease with spore suspension was implemented on leaves in greenhouse Then for characterizing isolates virulence, like pathogenicity method was performed inoculation of the fungus C. beticola on susceptible (191). The disease severity index after the appearance of disease symptoms, 35 days after sporulating was done by KSW method. Cultivars response assessment, 30 cultivars of sugarbeet to leaf spots in Gharakheyl research station under field conditions was conducted on completely random block design with three replications. Statistics from the infection severity were taken in June and July with an interval of one month. Also for evaluation of genotypes resistance of detached leaf disks in laboratory conditions in sterile environment, 1.8 cm diameter discs were prepared from the leaves of mentioned genotypes and laid on water agar rectangular plates and with spore suspension were sporulated . A total of sampling were obtained 18 isolates of pure C. beticola from different areas that all of them were high virulence, Although in terms of the disease severity were different, but the differences placed in the quantity range between 77.7-98.9 percent. In response Study of 30 genotypes of sugarbeet to causal agent in field conditions, the best time recording of disease severity is done from Gharakhey Ghaemshahr in favorable climatic mid June to late July. In this study, only 5 genotype: 32333, 32335, 32295, 32304 and 32319 showed response moderately susceptible "MS" and the rest of the group were susceptible "S" or very susceptible "VS". It was also determined a high correlation (91%) between assessment of detached leaf disks resistance in laboratory and field conditions as well as these two methods can replace each other

Fusarium wilt fungiFusarium oxysporum f.sp. nicotionae and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), are the most important soil-borne tobacco pathogens in Iran and over the world. Access to resistance genetic resources and cultivation resistant cultivars to these pathogens, are the most basic control methods to these pathogens and damage reduction come from epidemic disease, especially in the northern province of Iran. This research was studied in order to evaluate the resistance of 6 tobacco genotypes, including (BCE, HBT8, K17, Burley BB163, and Burley Geel 3) and Burley 21(as sensitive control) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications during 2014-2015 under natural field infection. Fusarium wilt resistance evaluation based on Moorman et al with scale (0 - 4) evaluated on a weekly basis and resistance to root- knot nematode at the end of season based on number of galls, number of egg masses and the average number of egg per mass with scale 0 - 10 was performed. Evaluation the severity and progress of both diseases in the different cultivars showed that prevalence of these diseases by starting the heat season and air humidity has increased and these two pathogens have the synergistic effect together in the soil of field. The results of this research showed that Burley 21, Burley BB163, Burley Geel3 with sensitivity indexes 8,6,6 were respectively in groups susceptible, moderately susceptible, K17 with sensitivity indexes 4 are moderately resistant and BCE, HBT8 cultivars with sensitivity index 2 were in resistant groups to soil-borne pathogens. According to these results the BCE and HBT8 identified as a resistant cultivars and Burley 21 identified as a most sensitive cultivar under natural field infestation conditions.

Root knot nematodes are one of the most important parasitic nematodes of tobacco in almost all tobacco-growing areas. This group of nematodes with widely geographical distribution in the world, involved in interaction with host plants and other soil pathogens, cause economical damage to agricultural products annually. In order to study the reaction of come air-cured tobacco varieties include (Burley 1, Burley 151, Burley7, BB16 A and Burley 21) to root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita, the experiments were performed in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 8 × 5m2 plots in Valshabad village, Gorgan province with natural infection in 2015. The evaluation of disease severity based on gall’s index, reproduction factor, the number of egg mass and the average number of eggs in each egg mass was carried out with experiment of tobacco roots at the end of the season. The results of experiments on 5 treatments of air-dried tobacco in field condition showed that Burley 21 with 8 gall index and sensitivity index, is the most sensitive variety and Barley1 and Barley151 varieties with 4.5 sensitivity index and 3 gall index and BB16A and Barley7 varieties with 4 sensitive index and gall 2 index are moderately resistant to nematode M. incognita race 2 respectively.

Tephritidae is one of the largest families of acalyptrate Diptera. Most species are phytophagous and cause economical damage to agricultural crops and some of them effectively used in biological control programs against weeds. During studies on tephritid flies fauna in central part of Khorasan Razavi Province (Iran) in 2013–2015, 15 species of 10 genera (Acanthiophilus helianthi, Chaetorellia australis*, Chaetorellia conjuncta*, Euleia heraclei*, Goniurellia longicauda*, Tephritis pallescens*, Tephritis postica, Tephritomyia despoliata, Terellia serratulae, Trupanea amoena, Trupanea stellata, Urophora anthropovi, Urophora sp.near dirlbeki, Urophora spatiosa*, Valera ariana) were found to occur in this region. Species marked with asterisks are recorded for the first time from Khorasan Razavi province. The list of 33 species of fruit flies that occur in Khorasan Razavi province is provided

A study was conducted, during 2014 -2015, on reduviids deposited in the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum (HMIM), Insect Taxonomy Research Department (ITRD) of the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP). The specimens have been collected during a period of 60 years. Two species, Ectomocoris cordiger Stål, 1866 (Peiratinae) from Gilan, Lowshan, 27.V.1997, 900m, N: 36°40΄ E:49°34΄,3 ♂ and 1♀ (Sarafrazi, Badii and Nazari) and Reduvius disciger Horvagh, 1896 (Reduviinae) from Azarbahjan-e Sharghi, Kaleybar, Tatar River, 29.VII.2007, 350 m, N 39°01 E 46°44΄ (Sarafrazi). Ardabil, Ziveh, 14.VII.2011, 565m, N: 38°7΄ E: 48°15΄ (mofidi and Ebrahimi). Isfahan, Natanz, 21.VI.1988, 2050m, N: 33°30΄ E: 55°51΄ (Hashemi and Badii). Karadj, 17.7.1971, N: 35°43΄ E: 51°6΄., Tehran, 26.5.1962 (Hashemi). Khorasan Razavi, Neishabur, Zabarkhan, 12.6.1977, 1400m, N: 36°4 E: 59°16΄ (Pazuki and Abaii). Khuzestan, Ahvaz, 4.5.1974, N: 31°19΄ E: 48°40΄ (Zairi). Sistan-Baluchestan, Khash, 9.6.1967, 1450m, N: 28°13΄ E: 61°12΄ (Mirzayans and Pazuki). Fars, Kamfiruz, Tang-Bostanak, 2.6.1990, 1750m, N: 30°20΄ E: 52°8΄ (Ebrahimi and Badii). Golestan, Park-e Melli-e Golestan, 20.VII.1996, 1150m, N: 37°29΄ E: 56°10΄ (Ebrahimi and Nazari). Lorestan, 21.8.1995 (Mirzayans and Badii). and Markazi, Ashtian, 29.VII.1997, 2000m, N: 34°19΄ E: 50°18, 6♂ and 4♀ (Barari, Mofidi), are reported for the first time. From Iran. E. cordiger is elongate, medium sized dark brown bug with a heart shaped pale yellow brown large spot on half part of clavus and adjoining corium, head dark brown, antennae somewhat pale brown, eyes large, behind which there is a sulcus beyond which are prominent ocelli. The species is endemic to Palaearctic Region but have invaded the adjacent parts of the region, inhabiting the arid areas around the Mediterranean and in the Orient. Reduvius disciger lives under rocks and eats spiders and small invertebrates, including caterpillars of different butterflies. Zoogeographically, it dominates Turan, Iran-Turan, and Tethys regions. Identifications were confirmed by Dr Moullet from the Museum of Requien in France.