نشریه گیاه پزشکی کاربردی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، شهریور 1397)

The Peronospora tabacina Adam fungi causes blue mold disease in the tobacco seedbed and fields. The purpose of this project was a survey of fungicides performance on the management of the tobacco blue mold. The experiments were carried out in the tobacco field with the cultivar HBT8 in 8×5 m plots with 8 treatments in 4 replications in a randomized complete block design in the village of Esbokola Sari (Mazandaran province) through 2019. Experimental treatments included fungicides: 1. Infinito (Propamocarb (62.5%)+ Flopicolide (6.25%) Infinfito, SC 68.75) at concentration of 0.5/1000, 2. Infinito at concentration of 1/1000, 3. Infinito at concentration of 1.5/1000, 4. Ridomil-mancozeb (metalaxyl) at concentration of 0.5/1000, 5. Ridomil-mancozeb at concentration of 1/1000, 6. Ridomil-mancozeb at concentrations of 1.5 /1000, 7. Dithane M45 at concentration of 2.5/1000, 8. control (spray with water). As the first symptoms of the disease was observed, spraying was performed and the results were compared with water control. The disease severity was assessed when the disease percentage in the control treatment was estimated at 50%. Design data was analysed with MSTAT-C software and mean comparison was done by LSD. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference among the treatments at the 1% probability level. The fungicides of Infinito (1 and 1.5/1000), Ridomil-mancozeb (metalaxyl 1 and 1.5/1000), Dithane M45 (2.5/1000) and Infinito and Ridomil-mancozeb at concentrations of 0.5/1000 respectively, with 90, 88, 87, 82, 80, 75 and 70 percent controlled Tobacco blue mold disease in field. Therefore, fungicides of Infinito (1 and 1.5/1000), Ridomil-mancozeb (1/1000) are recommended for the management of Tobacco blue mold disease in field.

In this faunistic research, species diversity of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) of two super families Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea was studied in some paddy fields and surrounding grasslands of Mazandaran and Guilan provinces (northern Iran). In total, 39 species within seven families were collected and identified: Chalcididae (2 species, 2 genera), Encyrtidae (5 species, 5 genera), Eulophidae (4 species, 4 genera), Mymaridae (single species), Trichogrammatidae (2 species, 1 genus), Braconidae (15 species, 13 genera) and Ichneumonidae (10 species, 10 genera). Upon the results of this investigation and the other published works, a diverse and rich fauna of parasitoid wasps are active in paddy fields of northern Iran, which can be efficient biological control agents under impressive conservation. Additionally, introducing these beneficial insects to farmers and training them to support natural enemies in various aspects will result to safekeeping of agroecosystem and natural ecosystems, and also producing of safe and organic crops.

In order to control different amounts of rotten wheat straw infested feature dodder alfalfa under field conditions, two separate experiments in crop year 2014-2015, in two different field of Urmia region, with a randomized complete block in four replications were evaluated. Treatments consisted of seven levels straw weighing one, two, three, four and five kg, hand weeding and no control were considered. Different amounts of straw was distributed on whole plots' surface. In each block, one plot for manual control and an infected plot were as control. Test results showed that the effect of different amounts of straw used in alfalfa on some vegetative traits such as stem diameter, stem height, and fresh weight of alfalfa was significant at the 1% level and increase compared was to the control treatment. Results also showed that yield and yield components of meaningful use different amounts rotten wheat straw yield of dry matter and chlorophyll content, is the 1% level. Among the different amounts of straw, 5 kg treatment showed the best results in dry matter yield about 1.8 kg/m2) compared to other treatments. It was found that the use of rotten wheat straw and straw to control the dodder (5 kg per pound) had a good effect.

In this study, the efficiency of light trap in different length waves (ultra-violet, blue, yellow and white), pheromone trap and their combination were examined for attracting Codling moth. The effect of different parameters included the color of light trap, the height of trap, trap capacity and the number of pores was studied on the male moth attraction rate. The result showed that ultraviolet trap attracted the most rate of male moth. At the height of 1.5 meter, none of the traps was useful. The number of pores had no significant effect on the attraction rate, however traps with more capacity (5.5 L.) showed significant difference with the smaller traps. The highest attraction rate of male moth showed similar results in both light and pheromone traps. It seems that designed traps in this study could be applied for forecasting and mass-attraction of apple moth after complimentary tests.

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller) is one of the most popular crops in the world. The cultivation of this plant is always exposed to harmful factors, especially blight caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which in favorable environmental conditions (high humidity and temperature up to 15˚C) in cultivars and tomato hybrids are common. Fungicides can prevent disease by controlling germination and spore infiltration, but due to the pathogen's resistance to fungicides, it is necessary to alternate spraying programs with the appropriate doses and at the appropriate times. This study examined the effect of several fungicides on the pathogenic mycelial growth.
For this purpose, various fungal isolates were collected from greenhouses and tomato farms. Purification and proof of pathogenicity and pathogenicity of fungal isolates were performed on disease-sensitive cultivars named PETOERLI with fungal spores suspension at 2 × 105 spores per ml on leaves in greenhouses. The severity of the disease index was determined after 15 days and to determine the effect of fungicides on mycelial growth, Captan, Ipirudion + Carbendazim, Thiram, Agrofar and Thiophanate -methyl fungicides were used at a rate of one per thousand in the culture medium. Among the used fungicides, Iprodione + Carbendazim with 89.5% inhibition and then Agrofar with 83.76% with a concentration of one per thousand were successful in controlling mycelial fungal growth control, respectively.

The high damage of storage pests and the adverse effects of chemical pesticides have made the use of plant compounds as one of the best ways to control pests. However, there are still limitations such as low competitiveness for plant insecticides such as essential oils and extracts. In this study, lethal and repellency effects of the essential oils of flowers, leaves, stems and roots of Achillea millefolium on the adult of Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. All of the bioassay experiments were conducted at temperature 28±1 0C, humidity of 65±5% and under darkness. The experiments were conducted under the randomized block design with five repetitions, each being conducted separately during 48 hours. The results of the study indicated that Achillea millefolium flower had highest lethal effect on adult of the pest in fumigant (LC50 = 14/3 µL/ml) and contact toxicities (LC50 = 8/9 µL/ml) and other parts of the plant (leaf, stem and root) had, respectively, the least lethal effect on the underlying pest. The repellency effect of the plant’s flower, leaf, stem and root was investigated on the insect using tube-Y olfactometer device. The experiment was conducted with five repetitions and each repetition was conducted with 20 insects. Results obtained from variance analysis of the data related to repellency effect of the studied extracts indicated that compared to other three extracts, flower extract of Achillea millefolium at lower concentration can repel adults of Oryzaephilus Surinamensis L. and turns to be a strong repellent.