پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Establishing social order and security and its elements regarding Iran's geographical-historical location, socio-political structure, ethnic-religious diversity, and other influential factors are critical historical issues of Iranian society. Despite the government's reform measures and some political and social elites to change social order and security discourse and structures in the Qajar era and especially in the last years of Nasser al-Din Shah's reign, no improvement was made. The present study aimed to reveal critical social order and security issues in Iranian society based on Anomie theory and to analyze the content of the book "Etemad-ol-Saltaneh Memoirs Newspaper. Therefore, the present study tried to answer an important question: “What have been critical issues in Iranian society during these years?” The findings indicate that despite the structural modernization, the abnormal social order and security intensified, and social perversion and insecurity deteriorated at 1919-1934.

One of the most important factors influencing the monetary system of the Bahri Mamluks (784-648 AH) was trade. The Bahri MamluKs from the time of coming to power, by dominating the ports of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, flourished maritime trade from China to Europe.They supplied the gold and silver needed to mint coins through trade with West Africa and imports from elsewhere. But at some point in their time, this monetary system became disordered for some reason. Dinars and dirhams in the Bahri Mamluks countries as a valuable and religious coin, the factor of economic stability and Messi coins, illegal money and one of the destructive factors of the economy of Bahri Mamluks. This research, which is a kind of historical research, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of what effect trade had on their monetary structure in the era of maritime countries? What was their monetary system like? As a result of research is determined that the Bahri Mamluks monetary system was influenced by foreign trade and as long as enough gold and silver entered their territory and minted high-denomination coins, they were economically stable and since imports of gold and silver declined and copper coins were minted and used extensively in trading, the economies and monetary system of the Bahri Mamluks were in Inflation crisis.

Among the finding documents from the Qajar era, it is clear that noble women donated property such as mosques and schools, and that the population of middle-class urban and rural women played an important role in economic activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic activities of women based on travelogues and foreign documents in the Qajar era. The present study seeks to answer the question that in which economic sectors of Iranian society of Qajar era, historical sources emphasize the presence of women. The main premise of this study is based on the fact that women should be divided into urban and rural groups and first-hand sources, especially travelogues and foreign documents show that both groups in agriculture, carpet weaving, and handicrafts Were active. The present research has studied and explained historical narratives using descriptive-analytical historical method. The research findings show that rural and urban women played a role in various fields in the economy and in this research, their fields of work and the level of their activities have been discussed.

The dominant narrative of the founding of the Sassanid Shahriari by the sword of Ardeshir Babakan and the subsequent conquest of the provinces of Iranshahr needs serious revision. Due to the continued existence of influential social dynasties that existed in the administration of Iranshahr centuries before the establishment of the Sassanid Shahriari, naturally, the Sassanid Empire could not have been achieved without their attention, participation, and powerful assistance. Contrary to new theories that try to consider the nature of government in Iran as a purely political entity separate from society; It must be acknowledged that the state while being the focal point of political cohesion, is also the center of the union of social forces. The main purpose of the research is not to provide a democratic review of politics in the Sassanid period, but main purpose will be to represent the social aspect of the Sassanid government and to outline the role of social forces in its establishment, consolidation, and continuity. The concept of the state in this view is not seen as an inflexible mechanical structure that is constantly in a cycle of tyranny and then collapse; Rather, the government is seen as a field in which all forces can play a role. This study intends to use the historical sociological approach, in addition to criticizing the theories of the government, to analyze the establishment of the government in this period based on the alliance, coalition, and rationality between the political structure and social forces of the time.

After oil discovery, the development of industrial operations and the increase of labour force turn into building further residential regions and formulating new cities. At first, however, supplying essential items was difficult for the residents of these cities that majority of them were the labour force of the oil company. Gradually, however, the initial markets in oil-rich cities were established and flourished. After the nationalization of the oil and by increasing the income of the oil industry employees, the consumption pattern changed in these regions. This article, while examining the process of changing the consumption pattern from the traditional form to the use of modern tools, seeks to answer the question: what factors were involved in changing this pattern?Research findings which has been compiled by descriptive-analytical method and the method of data collection has been libraries and documents, indicate that the consumption pattern of the oil industry employees, which was initially based on the use of few consumables and in a traditional way, gradually and with the effect of increasing income, cultural and social changes through media and also the availability of luxury goods in oil industry stores has changed.

With the entry of Iran into the world economic system in the second half of the nineteenth century, Iranian carpets found their way to European markets and gradually by the end of the nineteenth century gained significant importance in the country's exports. But from this time onwards, fluctuations in production and trade were linked to economic fluctuations in international markets and competition from producing countries. This article tries to give a clear image of the position of Iranian carpets in world markets and the impact of international issues in the fluctuation of its production and trade from World War I to the Economic crisis of 1930. The findings of the study indicate that World War I greatly reduced global demand and thus reduced the production of Iranian carpets. With the growth of the world economy in the years 1923 to 1929, the production of Iranian carpets increased significantly, but with the increase in the production of rival countries such as China and Turkey, the Iranian carpet market in the global market became narrower. In contrast, the Iranian government during the reign of Reza Shah, aware of the importance of carpets as an important source of currency for the country, tried in various ways to expand its exports and deal with the negative consequences of the international system and reduce its exports. Eventually, the economic crisis of 1930 reduced its production and changed the government's economic plans.

Taxation is the most important source of revenue for governments and one of the most important elements in the relationship between government and people. If an independent government based on underground resources, etc., can cover public expenditures, that is, if the tax received is low or does not receive taxes, the nature of the government and its relationship with society will change and it will become a rentier country. Iran has been one of the rentier countries since 1974 due to its underground resource revenues. Economically, it is a rentier country that earns more than 40% of its income from non-tax sources. Iran has been one of the rentier countries since 1974 due to its underground resource revenues. The study of the causes of tax developments during the years 1357-1353 and its economic consequences is the most important issue of this article. The main findings of the article indicate that oil revenues have reduced tax revenues, government independence from the people, consumerism and the expansion of the state economy. The article is based on a descriptive-analytical method, so with the help of graphs and statistics, we express the distribution of rental income in government revenues and examine its impact on tax developments.

By the so-called Silk road, Iranian goods entered the Far East and in this case Japan, but due to the closeness of Japanese culture, artifacts did not reach Japanuntil the Sassanid era, and after that communication was almost completely cut off and only a few geographical records in The Islamic world remained about Japan. With the beginning of the era of exploration and colonization, Western countries, including Portugal and the Netherlands, traveled to Iran and Japan, and their products, although limited, were transferred to the two countries, including Safavid carpets and fabrics. The question of the present article is which areas or ports of Japan have been used for the transportation of artifacts used in foreign / international trade since the beginning of the colonial age, whether the designated areas had a background and what factors were involved. Have been influential. The answer to the article is that Sassanid-type products are more of a show of Koreabeing some Client states than of Japan's trade or political ties with Iran, but locate areas in Japan that became major trading centers in the Safavid era, such as the port of Osaka to Kyoto and Nara domains, the port of Nagasaki and the ports of Kanagawa Bay. However, the trade has always been influenced by the culture of Japan and has been discontinued after a short period of time.

The Bill was the main instrument of government payments in pre-modern (pre-constitutional) Iran.There were different types of this court document and Mostofian, as its producer, issued each of you for a specific payment. The Qajar period is very important in terms of the variety of Bill, because more than 50 different types of barats have been identified in the historical sources of this period. In the two existing files of the National Archives of Iran, there are 22 Bills with the title of bread, which are unique in their kind, because so far in the historical sources, there is no mention of the existence of this type of court Bill. In this article, in addition to documenting and analyzing the content of this unique bill, we will try to answer the question of to whom government bread belonged in the Qajar period and what mechanism the government used to allocate bread.Based on the findings of this study, the document structure of bread bills is quite similar to other court bills, and knowing this structure allows the researcher to easily identify bread bills from other financial documents. Analysis of the content of the checks also showed that government bread belonged to a number Boutat-e Saltanati , including "Amalejat-e Andaroni" and " Amalejat-e Karkhaneh", and the Qajar government used bills entitled "Taslim", "jierh" and “Nan “ between 1254. And 1268 lunar has continuously given bread to these employees.

Hormoz in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries AD (eighth and ninth AH) was considered as the center of maritime trade in Iran and one of the few maritime poles in the world. During these two centuries, Hormuz was under the rule of a dynasty of local kings known as the kings of Hormuz, and they succeeded in establishing their dominion over most of the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf. Undoubtedly, one of the contexts as well as the consequences of the commercial prosperity of Hormuz should be sought in its economic relations with the south of the Indian subcontinent (Deccan). The subject of this research is the study of economic relations between Hormoz and Deccan in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries AD (eighth and ninth AH). The purpose of this article is to provide a clear answer to the question of what role did Hormoz and its rulers play in trade relations with Deccan in the Indian subcontinent, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources? The findings of this study show that Hormoz, due to the special regional conditions and the policy of its rulers and using the differences between the governments of the region, not only played a very effective role in trade with Deccan, but also could be the center of world trade for more than two centuries.

After Industrial Revolution and the formation of modern trade system, underdeveloped Iran from the 19th century took attention of colonial powers due to its strategic position and economic goals. The defeat of the Iranians from Russia had formed first lights of thought on the causes of Iran's underdevelopment and the progress of the West in the mind of Abbas Mirza. Being in priority of benefiting from industrial innovations and investment of foreign companies for Tabriz was depended on its privileged geographical location, being the city of crown prince and investment of the city's merchants. The main question of the research is what changes and under the influence of what factors occurred in the commercial system and industry of Tabriz during the Qajar era? The most important achievement of the research is based on the creation of new industries and trade system in Tabriz. In this regard, new manifestations of modernity such as exchange offices, banks, spinning and carpet weaving industries, printing houses, electricity, etc. were established in Tabriz. Also, merchants of Tabriz played a major role in establishing Tabriz commercial and industrial centers. The continuous growth of trade in the early 14th century AH encouraged foreign investors to expand their economic and productive activities in Tabriz. But, the influx of foreign goods did great damage to domestic handicrafts and factories. Based on historical references, publications, and documents, this article has studied the economic and industrial developments of Tabriz by descriptive-explanatory method.

The emergence of war with neighbors, internal conflicts and the emergence of conflicting centers of power due to the weakness of the central government, the rebellion of the Ghezelbas, the independence of local rulers and looting of some border tribes during the turmoil, the causes of urban imbalance and low This period counts. The present study is an interdisciplinary study; This means that it will rely on sociological studies of the lower classes and historical study and will use an explanatory and interpretive approach in the field of historical studies. This study seeks to answer the question of how the impoverishment of urban society occurs as a result of power struggles? And what were the consequences of subjugating the people in reproducing more conflicts? Also, what was the political reaction of the lower classes in the face of their unhealthy situation? This article has reached the general conclusion that in this period, the urban masses increasingly lost their existence and financial support and did not have the opportunity to revive financial resources and return to a balanced life, and some of them to the bottom of the social hierarchy. They fell. Decreased quality of life led to an increase in the number of urban downtrodden. In such circumstances, the lower classes, in order to change their situation and improve their situation by joining and accompanying some of the protests and social riots of this period, also resorted to acts of violence.