مجله زبان شناسی گویش های ایرانی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 9، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The nature of verb movement in different languages has been studied and analyzed by different linguists from a syntactic and morphological point of view based on a generative approach. From the syntactic viewpoint, agreement of tense feature and little verb inflection in strength and object shift can be cited as syntactic evidence. Moreover, as to a morphological standpoint, strong inflection due to subject verb agreement in first and second person singular and plural in one of past, present and future tenses and also the existence of split inflection are pieces of evidence indicating verb movement. The aim of this study is to explain the nature of verb movement in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect based on the combination of syntactic and morphological evidence following the generative approach. Therefore, research data were collected through recording free speech and interviewing with 15 illiterate Sarhaddi Balochi-speaking men living in Poshtkuh and Granchin areas of Khash city. Based on the syntactic evidence, the results showed the inflection (tense) feature of the verb in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect is strong and gives rise to verb movement. The presence of the split inflectional phrase is another factor in confirming the movement of the verb. Besides, the study of morphological evidence displayed that the strength of verb inflection due to the agreement of the verb with the first and second person singular and plural in past and non-past tenses, as well as the simultaneous presence of tense and agreement morphemes in the verb confirm the verb movement in this dialect.

The present paper with the aim of a systematic study of Behdini dialect of Yazd, examined the alignment in this remaining dialect as one of the central dialects of Iran. The research data were collected though the field study and semi-structured interviews and the sentences were extracted in the natural context of the speakers. Following the transcriptions of interviews with 21- to 70-year-old, a corpus of around 8500 sentences was collected and analyzed. All extracted sentences were examined in terms of alignment. In this method, various types of sentences were classified based on the tense, transitivity, and structures. The manifestation of the syntactic relationship between verb and noun groups of the sentences were also studied. The findings of the study suggested that Behdini dialect followed the split ergative alignment which was sensitive to tense/aspect. In present tense sentences, the subject was direct and the verb showed full agreement with the subject. In contrast, in past tense sentences, the subject of transitive clauses beard no marker, the agreement in the verb would be Past tense or Past participle of main verb and, a prefix beard the agreement and was added to the verb. Interestingly a double code of prefixes was witnessed in this dialect, where a set of prefixes for singular and plural NPs were distinguishable in past simple and the other forms of past tenses.

The aim of the present study is to identify and compare the type(s) of  the possible alignment/agreement system(s) in Banafi, Papuni, Dosirani, Richi, Somghani, Gorganaei, Mosghani and Nudani. This study, typologically, was conducted within Comrie's  framework(1978) to represent S (subject of intransitive verb), A (subject of transitive verb), and P/O (object of transitive verb) in intasitive and transitive clauses. The agreement types are (a) Neutral, (b) Nominative-Accusative, (c) Ergative-Absolutive, (d) Tripartite, and (e) ------, for which he has not proposed any name, that is, the Oblique-Oblique type (Dabir-Moghaddam, 2012). This research is a descriptive analytical study, and the required linguistic data were collected from « Ganjīne-ye gūyeʃ-ʃenāsī-ye Fārs (A Treasury of the Dialectology of  Fars). Vol. 2, compiled by Salami (1384) and two other works in Papun dialect. According to the research findings, only Richi followed dominant (full) nominative-accusative type among the dialects mentioned above. The alignment/agreement types in other dialects were clæssified into two types: (i) Nominative-Accusative system containing the intransitive verbs as well as the transitive verbs formed with the present stem, and (ii) Non-Nominative-Accusative system containing transitive verbs formed with the past stems which often illustrates Tripartite alignment/agreement type in the study. Among the dialects with nominative-accusative versus non-nominative-accusative systems, Banafi, more than other dialects studied,was losing its non-nominative-accusative properties, and this shift was from non-nominative-accusætive to nominative-accusative structures.

Polysemy is one of the most familiar concepts that has been addressed in semantic studies, and it is identified as a linguistic unit that has several meanings. The present paper deals with the study of polysemy in /xwârdǝn/ 'eating', /šurdǝn/ 'washing', /ništǝn/ 'sitting', as action verbs in Kalhori Kurdish dialect based on cognitive semantic approach. Data collection was done in a library-field manner. The linguistic corpus used in this research includes common sentences, proverbs, and works of Kalhori Kurdish poets. By examining the data based on the concepts of cognitive semantics, 34 meanings were identified for the verb /xwârdǝn/, 8 meanings for the verb /šurdǝn/, and 13meanings for the verb /ništǝn/ were identified. Semantic relationships in the structure of these verbs were examined, the collocation of action verbs with body parts was seen in all three Kalhori Kurdish verbs. The collocation of these verbs with the essential components, including the organs of the body, with special words in the Kurdish dialect of kalhori, has a great effect on conveying the meaning of the verbs. The collocation of action verbs of interest did not have a common meaning with the "head" member; in other words, the collocation of the word "head" has different meanings in /šurdǝn/ and /ništǝn/. Accordingly, the collocation of an action verb also has an effect on the meaning of the organ of the body with which it is used. The conjugation of the member "hand" in /ništǝn/ and /šurdǝn/ also have different meanings. Among these three verbs   /xwârdǝn/   has the highest number of meanings and the most idiomatic usage. In terms of the collocation of verbs with body parts, the verb /ništǝn/ has the highest number, followed by /šurdǝn/, /xwârdǝn/.

Diminution is a cognitive-conceptual process that exists in all languages, through which a core meaning of “smallness” and other connotative meanings are added to a linguistic form. The present research aims to conduct a typological investigation of the different strategies of diminution in the Luri variety of Khorramabad. To this end, based on the views Schneider (2003) and Štekauer et al. (2012), the semantic and pragmatic functions of these diminutive elements were analyzed. Besides by looking at different ways of diminution in the languages of the world, the appropriate language typology for these elements was identified and some differences and similarities of Luri variety with Persian language were enumerated. The research method was descriptive-analytic and the data were collected through interviews and conversations with native speakers of this variety as well as exploring spoken and written texts. The results showed that in addition to the syntactic and semantic diminution strategies, Luri Khorramabadi variety had the four diminutive suffixes "-ula", "-ila", "-ak", " –ča ", two prefixes "tila-", "kola-" and three morphological strategies including “compounding”, “double diminution” and “repetition” were also used. Furthermore, it was found that the "animacy hierarchy" affected not only the diminutive elements joining various bases, but also the meaning construction of the resulting words, such as “smallness”, “similarity”, “accompaniment”, “relation”, as well as other implicit and pragmatic meanings such as “affection”, “contempt”, and “sympathy”. In other words, it was revealed that the “animacy hierarchy” was in parallel with the continuum of various diminution strategies employed in Luri.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of five approaches of Optimality theory, including the following subsections "Feature alignment", "Feature linking with span", "Local agreement", "Span theory" and " Agreement-by-correspondence (ABC)" in analyzing the phenomenon of rounding harmony within Iranian (Razan and Tabriz) varieties of Turkish, as well as examining the difference in language class in the presence of a typological variety, and finally evaluating the effectiveness of each approach in the event of differences. The results indicated that with the exception of Local agreement and Feature alignment approaches, the other three approaches were very effective in explaining the phenomenon of rounding harmony between the two varieties under consideration, and the ability to explain the phenomenon of rounding harmony had the same inclusion in all three approaches. Moreover, despite the similarity of both varieties in the fields of syntax, morphology, etc., they were different in terms of typology; it means that each of them was categorized in a separate hypothetical language class A, B; which can be well proved in optimality analytical tableaux. The results indicated that in addition to the two approaches introduced by Sasa (2009), the Span theory was also quite successful in explaining the phenomenon of rounding harmony. This confirmed the innovation of the present study.

The present study aims at examining the patterns of Persian compound verbs formation with “ցereftæn” light verb and their polysemy based on Construction Morphology theory (Booij, 2010a & b). The data of this study which includes 300 compound verbs with the light verb "ցereftæn" are gathered from Zanso dictionary (Keshani, 1994), Sokhan (2002), syntactic valency lexicon for Persian verbs corpus (Moloudi, Kouhestani and Rasouli, 2011), Persian calligraphy spelling dictionary (Sadeghi and Zandi Moghaddam, 2016), and Persian online dictionary. To explain the polysemy between the compound verbs and to recognize their construction pattern, by accepting the idea of using the concept of structural scheme and sub-scheme, all meanings to each pattern of formation of these verbs in the form of sub-scheme was drawn separately. However, these structural sub-schemas were at different levels of abstraction. According to the concepts of default inheritance, the motivation and hierarchy of lexicon, all structural sub-schemas were placed under a high-order general abstract scheme. The results showed that the polysemy analysis of linguistic units within construction morphology framework, cognitive approach, construction-based and "word-based" which occurred at the abstract level of the structural scheme. For compound verbs formation with “ցereftæn” light verb, seven general structural schemes were identified and plotted, each of which was divided into several structural sub-schemes. Finally, a complete network and hierarchy of these construction schemas were presented.

The nature of lateral consonant is such that it is changeable under the influence of various factors and in different phonetic contexts. Due to the changes in the second formant frequency values ​​of the lateral, two light [l] and dark [ɫ] allophones are obtained. In the present study, the manner of articulation of this consonant in various phonetic contexts in initial, medial and final positions, formants’ frequencies, fundamental frequency, intensity and duration of those acoustic parameters were measured and investigated in Turkish variety of Tabriz and Urmia. The results of this paper showed that only at the end of the word and the first member of the cluster we saw the fricative with a lower percentage than the approximant. The frequency values ​​of the second formant of this consonant in the contexts of the front vowels were about 500 Hz higher than the frequency values ​​of this formant in the contexts of the back vowels. It had also a very high frequency of the third formant in all phonetic contexts. Data analysis showed that laterals had less energy than most vowels.

Word-formation is vital issue in morphology and reduplication has been one of the productive sub-branches in word-formation domain. Since reduplication is found in most human languages, it has been analyzed and explained from different theories and perspectives. Optimality Theory is one of these theories that seeks to explore the commonalities of different languages and dialects. The present study also analyzes and describes reduplication process in Shushtari dialect, one of the sub-branches of Bakhtiari dialect belonging to the New Iranian southwestern languages, within the Optimal Correspondence Theory framework. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical and linguistic data were gathered from Shushtari Dialect texts, dictionaries as well as daily conversations of the NORM speakers of Shushtar. In data analysis, one of the authors who was a native speaker of this dialect also used her own knowledge. The data analysis indicated in Shushtari, reduplication was divided into different kinds of total and partial reduplication and total reduplication itself was divided into two types, middle and final. Partial reduplication process was also seen in both prefix and suffix forms in Shushtari dialect. Then, the limitations related to each of the processes were identified and according to the structural patterns, the related constraints of each process were identified and ranked in in the optimality tables. The findings of the present paper showed the efficiency of Optimality Theory in the analysis of various kinds of reduplication. Based on the findings, it was also found how in formation of various types of reduplication in Shushtari dialect, the specific markedness and faithfulness constraints were followed by a special hierarchy in this process.

The present study investigates and explains the derivation of Right node raising based on Coordinate constructions in Sanandajy Kurdish in the framework of Minimalist Program and its theoretical underpinnings. The data in this study were taken from the daily conversations of native speakers in Sanandaj. Observation of constructs containing Right node raising indicated that Right node raising in Sanandajy variety was not the product of a single process; rather, this construction is in fact the result of two processes, Multidomination and Ellipsis. It means that multidominance structure and elimination cause two different types of syntactic structures but their phonetic output is a similar superstructure representation. In addition, empirical evidence suggested that Right node raising in Sanandajy Kurdish followed Right Edge Restriction and constituents and non-constituents could be the target of Right node raising and their counterparts in the first paragraph lacked phonetic manifestation. Correspondingly, the right node raising in the Linguistic species of interest did not follow the constraint of the complex NP-islands.

Scientific study of speech rhythm for more than eight decades proves that it is not only an important part of music and poetry, but has become a challenging subject in all branches of linguistics. Moreover, acoustic study of speech rhythm has provided practical results in various topics, including speaker identification. On the other hand, some studies indicate that speech rhythm varies greatly between languages, dialects and speakers. They concluded that the between-speaker variations in speech rhythm depends on the linguistic discriminations in the sentences. In this study, in addition to examining Qashqai speech rhythm, the effect of each sentence on the rhythmic features of this linguistic dialect was investigated. To this end, the acoustic durational rhythmic correlations of Qashqai in a reading text were examined by calculating different measures of phonetic intervals including segmental intervals, vowel and consonant intervals, vocalic and intervocalic intervals, voiced and unvoiced intervals, syllable intervals, and syllable peaks intervals. Furthermore, in order to study the effect of each sentence on Qashqai rhythmic features, between-sentence speech variability was considered. The results showed that Qashqai rhythm was placed in the middle the rhythm continuum of languages close to the syllable-time languages; however, in comparison to Persian language it was closer to the stress-time languages. The results of durational rhythmic measures at different phonetic intervals demonstrated that the Syllabic normalize Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI-Syl), the standard deviation of Variation Coefficient in consonant intervals (VarcoC) and the Syllable rate (rateSyl) were respectively the robust measures in identifying between-sentence variabilities in Qashqai speech rhythm.

Possession is a universal concept. It can be syntactically represented as one of the two major varieties: Attributive or Predicative. Attributive possession is encoded as a noun phrase containing the possessor and the possesee, while predicative possession is encoded as a sentence. In the present study, predicative possession construction in Rashti Gilaki was investigated with a cognitive approach. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. A total of 420 sentences were gathered via native Gilaki speakers, all of which verified by other native speakers of the same variety, as well as the data already created in Rastorgueva et. al. (2012). The theoretical framework of the present study is Stassen (2009) in which four major categories are introduced for encoding predicative possession including Locational, With-possessive, Topic possessive and "Have" possessive. The existence of the Locational variety, as well as With-possessives and "Have" possessives were confirmed, while no evidence for the existence of Topic possessives could be found. "Have" possessives occurred more frequently than the other two varieties, making up the overall majority of the data. As a result, it can be considered the main strategy for encoding predicative possession in the Rasht variety of Gilaki.