نشریه بحوث فی اللغه العربیه
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 26، بهار و تابستان 1401)

In his narrative text entitled “The Second War of the Dog”, the Palestinian novelist, Ibrahim Nasrallah, has reviewed the Palestinian people’s hardships in an imaginative way and used language forces to reveal those hardships. The text of this novel deserves syntactic and rhetorical analyses due to the aesthetic revelation of its questioning style, which, together with its varied types, accounts for the most important questioning styles utilized for arousing the audience's emotions, improving aesthetics of the text, further impressing the audience, and strengthening the meanings in their minds. Therefore, men of letters have constantly wanted to employ this style in their literary works because of its wider range of inferred virtual meanings compared to other styles. Using a descriptive-analytical method based on statistical stylistics, this study sought to reveal the hidden rhetorical meanings of its questioning style and assess the extent of fit between its question tools and three levels of language, i.e., storytelling, description, and dialogue, as well as expressing the most important aesthetic aspects of this style for conveying meaning to the audience. One of the major results of this research was that the narrator had often employed a questioning style at the level of dialogue since the characters of the novel often used to dispute for being surprised by the existence of similaritis and doubts and not being able to distinguish between them and reach the truth. This style was found to be mostly used for conveying the two meanings of negation and denial since they so well fit with the pessimism atmosphere prevailing in the novel as they could reveal the political, economic, and cultural opportunism of the novel's characters depicting a new generation that worked only for its own interests, regardless of the public interest of Palestine.

Time is a fundamental issue in the formation of narrative discourse because the discourse is considered to be one of the temporal arts and the form of the narrative structure is determined based on its temporal structure. Time is no longer a sequential concept in the modern world novel, in general, and in the modern Arabic novel, in particular. The structure of the narrative no longer depends on the logic of causality, so we see a shift in the time of the novelists’ works. Haidar Haidar, a Syrian novelist, is one of the novelists who uses time structurally and semantically to break the time continuity and create an anachronism between the story time and discourse. Using the descriptive-analytical method and Gerard Genet’s theory, this study examines the narrative time in the novel Al-zaman al-Mouhesh by Haidar Haidar. Its purpose is to examine the structure and function of narrative time and its implications. The results of the present study showed that the structure of time in this novel is circular or rotatory, serving the dialectical notions of the novel. In addition, the mismatch between the structure of the narrative and the story creates analepsis and prolepsis, and this is done by accelerating techniques such as summarizing, deleting, and showing the scene. Therefore, at the structural level, the monotony breaks the rhythm of the novel and diversifies it, and at the semantic level, it manages to convey its psychological and social concepts and implications.

Grammar, as one of the important pillars of the Arabic language, was established in order to protect the language from error and melody in speech. The principles of this science were embodied in the grammatical opinions of Khalil bin Ahmed and his student Sibawayh. Then, other grammarians appeared and took an interest in devising issues of grammar and codifying its origins. However, reasons emerged that led to the grammar out of its normal course and its involvement in many problems. Among the reasons are the mixing of grammar with other sciences that have nothing to do with language, especially the sciences of logic and philosophy, the wrong approach to grammarians in studying language issues, the overemphasis on grammar, such as the overpowering dominance of language, the lack of interest in the functional aspect of language, the intense interest in the rare and underused linguistic issues, citation with anomalies, studying different dialects and grammatical differences, resorting to interpretation, deficiencies in the methodology for classifying grammatical books, and moving away from the reality of the language in the context of non-linguistic analyses. This research deals with the study of factors affecting the emergence of these problems using the descriptive-analytical approach. It begins by describing the problems and their manifestations. It tries to present suggestions and appropriate solutions to these problems and facilitate the grammar.

The novel, because of its linguistic and iconic patterns, has become a creative strategy for adjusting between the producer of the text and the recipient with the result of having moments of inspiration, romantic behavior, and the desire to meet a beautiful moment. The novelist becomes the one and only person that tells everything in the story and thus the reader begins to dream of the essence of advertising the novel and its content. The present study aims to examine the semantic relationship of the linguistic and iconic modes in Iraqi novels to find out the effectiveness of this relationship on the recipients as well as its impact on their gain towards the worlds of the novel. The research relied on the mechanisms of the semiotic method. The research questions posed in this study are: Does the relationship between the linguistic structures of the title and the integrated panel on the outer cover of the novel contribute to attracting the consumer towards the novel? Do the linguistic and iconic styles have an effect on consumers’ tendencies and emotions? Are the phonological, compositional, and semantic levels of the title effective in attracting the audience to the novel? The research was divided into two parts. The first was theoretical, in which we stood on the parallel text in terms of understanding and importance, and the second level was procedural.

Arabic poetry has a variety of orientations that have ancient origins in the Arabic language. Western studies incorporated the old Arab heritage in their new points of view. Among these points of view is Gerard Genette’s theory on narratology that leads to studies on the narrator, the narrated, time, place, and events. From this point of view, the narrative structure in fictional poetry is of special importance in literary research, since in reviewing poems, the anecdote is different from the narrative. This study examines the ode the Tree of the Moon which is a fictional ode and contains elements of fictional narration. The present study seeks to examine the structure of the ode title and narrative anecdotes in fictional poetry in the past the future. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach. The story Nakololmalaeke in the above-mentioned ode is a fictional story and full of metaphors and symbols. The purpose of this study is to examine the structure of narration in this story, too. The writer linked the internal and external voices and music of poetry with the feelings and emotions that affect the fictional poetic story. The results indicated that the resistance and repetition of narration are the basis of the fictional narrative of the Tree of the Moon.

Stylistics is a science that seeks to explore outstanding elements an author uses for a variety of purposes. Prominent elements,  similarities and differences could be shown by stylistics.  Prominent elements in the field of poetry appear at various levels including phonology, syntax, rhetoric, and eloquence. Al-Buhturi and Al-Mutanabbi are prominent poets of the Abbasid period, whose praise and love formed the basis of most of their poems. In the present study, we intend to compare two poems of the two poets, which are similar in terms of content, metre, and rhyme.. The investigation of the two odes involves three lexical, philosophical, and literary levels. At the lexical level, three points are considered: phonetic, words, and grammar. At the philosophical level, the intellectual dimension are taken into account. At the literary level, the expression of the topics from two poets and also the concepts they consider for their definition are considered. Our approach in this research is an adaptive analysis using library resources.The results of the study show that both poets have used syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations to express what was on their minds. The relationship between thinking and how to use these relationships leads to the individual style. Excessive use of the letter ‘a’ in Buhturi’s poem (Taif al-Habib Alam me Adovva) has also intensifiedthe emotional level of the poem. The verb is more noticeable in Buhturi’s poem than in Mutanabbi’s poem (Athal al-Awazil Howla Ghalbi Alta). The reason could be that Mutanabbi tends to emphasize and prove, but Buhturi seems to put a novel in front of the reader and tell a story. Each poem begins with a sonnet and ends with an eulogy. In addition,  there is a unity of the subject and harmony between the verses in both poems. But the unity of the subject could be more observed  in Mutanabbi’s poem because Buhturi’s poem has two parts: the first 5 verses are about the sonnet and the second 5 verses are about eulogy. But in Mutanabbi’s poem, each verse is related to the next verse. So, Mutanabbi’s poem is more integrated than Buhturi’s poem. Buhturi’s poem is in the form of oblique. For this reason, he has used metaphors and similes a lot, but Mutanabbi’s wording is direct, so he has used metaphors and similes less. There is no reason to believe that Mutanabbi was influenced by Buhturi. Both poets are very capable of expressing their concepts. Finally, the differences in the philosophical level as well as in the use of linguistic and artistic devices could be easily observed.

Goldman is considered a pioneer of genetic constructivism. He believes genetic constructivism can't be understood without knowing the time and place and relying based on dialectic and historical materialism. He indicated the role of circumstances and cultural and historical records in the emergence of every theory or writing. Goldman believes history plays a key role in genetic constructivism. In this study, we studied Najib Keylani's novel Ahlol Hamidiye. Najib is one of the most prominent novelists who discussed the issues of his society in his works especially the novel Ahlol Hamidiye. The genetic constructivism of Goldman is applied in the novel. Najib also united the form and content of the historic text and added social and spiritual aspects to formalistic constructivism. In the novel events, the writer considered the current, political, and social circumstances that ruled Egypt. According to this, he studied the novel by a descriptive-analytic method. We tried to state the scale of conformity in the levels of Goldman’s method in which different aspects are clear in the novel. The present study contains different discussions such as worldview and semantic construction and honest and possible knowledge. The results showed that genetic constructivism concepts are clear in the novel since the awareness of one social class conflicts with another and this worldview isn't personal for the writer. The worldview of the whole world isn't incorporated. But, it is the worldview of one specific group to which the writer belongs to and honest awareness is seen in it. The real awareness in the novel Ahlol Hamidiye would be understood clearly by the attitude of Sheikh Motavi towards the present realities of life. Sheikh Motavi has understood very well what has been affected by his ancestors in today's society. He has tried to create the possible awareness and change what he can. So, he has given all his wealth and position to achieve the possible awareness, which is revealed in the prosperity of his only daughter, Malake. The possible awareness is evident in Abdol Moghis's efforts in his political and personal life in which, after the ups and downs of his student life such as being arrested and having unsuccessful suicides, he became a skilled and popular doctor among the people of Hamidiye.

Coherence is one of the textual criteria that modern textual scholars have paid attention to in their endeavor to find an appropriate link between sentences on one hand and paragraphs on the other hand as an extension to the level of discourse. The importance of coherence lies in the process of understanding and interpretation. As coherence is related to the discourse as a whole and does not depend only on the level of sentences and paragraphs, the present applied study aims to reveal the criterion of coherence in the verses dealing with believers in the Holy Quran through the suras of Al-Hujurat, Al-Mu’minun, and Luqman. The study calls for moral virtues to reveal the beauty of cohesion and coherence between the elements of the mentioned chapters and to highlight the appropriate relationships between their verses. The results of the present study showed that there is a complementary system in the above-mentioned suras that manifests the features of education and discipline with highly influential suggestions and rejects deconstruction and fragmentation.

Stylistic studies address the linguistic features of literary works. Such studies attempt to reveal the aesthetic aspects of literary works and their prevailing features via the employment of linguistic tools. These studies aim to capture the shared points of the collected works of a poet or writer which is realized following examination of the stylistic aspects of works characterized by special themes. The Ode Kharif and Massa’e (autumn and evening) as an important ode of her works showcases the pessimism that overshadows the poet and the environment surrounding her poems. In this ode, she has adopted an inspiring, signifying tone as an exhortative and persuasive feature as part of a manifest style to communicate her pessimism. This is exactly the characteristic that has given this ode its literary prominence. The present study attempted to conduct a stylistic examination of pessimism in Fadwa Tuqan’s Ode Kharif and Massa’e as a quintessence of her works and then proceeded to analyze it at the phonetic, expressive, and syntactic levels via the adoption of an analytical-descriptive approach and stylistic theories. The research results revealed the natural consequences of two bitter, unpalatable incidents to be major factors in prompting the poet towards pessimism. The family disaster in the form of the loss of her brother on the one side and consecutive failures at the political level, particularly regarding the issue of Palestine on the other side imprisoned her in an endless loop of pessimism and distrust which gave rise to the dominance of death and nullity over her thinking and imaginations. Pessimism and resigning to unavoidable fate are closely associated with Tuqan’s poetic language and her particular poetic style to express concepts of desperation and pessimism. Using phonetic devices to express her emotions, Tuqan adopted the interrogative style to express uncertainty of the future, the bleakness of fate, and the impossibility of her wishes and desires. The expressive images portrayed in her poems and the lexicon she employed clearly denote her orientation towards despair and pessimism in her poems. Thus, defamiliarization was picked frequently in her works.

The verb is an essential component in the Arabic sentence structures. There is a disagreement between contemporaries and predecessors about it in the Arabic language. There is also disagreement in determining a specific concept for the verb and its divisions among syntacticians, linguists, and theorists. Therefore, studying their opinions and views about verbs requires special attention. This descriptive-analytical study aims to investigate the criteria taken as the basis of analysis. The research question is how and by what criteria they have a split verb. The results of the study show that they believe that this concept should be reviewed in accordance with up-to-date linguistics. The present article deals with al-Makhzoumi's views, as the representative of grammarians, Tammam Hassan’s views as the representative of the scholars of linguistics, and Sadr’s views as the representative of linguists. Al-Makhzoumi does not accept the division of the verb according to time. Tammam Hassan differentiates between the time in inflections and in syntax while Al-Sadr does not accept time as a sign of the verb. The verb in his view is composed of the matter and form.

Human languages suffer from the negative aspects of the phenomenon of bilingualism. When the competition of foreign languages with the national language represents a conflict on the cultural level, the most dangerous conflict or the most profound impact is consolidation of slang and its verbal and semantic dictionaries in people’s minds with one linguistic structure through the circulation of its customary and grammatical forms. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the danger of colloquialism in instilling a level of sanity in the youthful language, which makes its subconscious subordination to the circulating dialect as the language of live social interaction. Hence, the student’s suffering emerges when the school seat forces him/her to replace an alternative cultural format at the level of words and semantics. Al-Saliqa represents an expression of rooting of the linguistic faculty in the individual’s mind and society and it is a compulsive root that links the linguistic outcome with feelings and motives. Guidance is a necessity of proper learning in childhood so as to confirm integrity of the recipient’s correct scale in his/her linguistic communication with his/her surroundings. A sound mental dictionary will be the basis for the making sounds, while every word will carry a live awareness in the future. Hence, the role of school is preparation and guidance to help the child break out of the vernacular and enter the system with the new text of the classical language so that the student can interact constructively with his/her legacy. Culture as an arena of struggle, especially in the repertoire and uniqueness of Arabic, passes emotional translation as a substitute for an unconscious stock of colloquial custom imposed by social communication. There are different dialects of the Arab world and we are restricted to understand some of them, which compel us to communicate in standard language and receive a clear support. To develop linguistic awareness by activating the mental dictionary, this research presented some strategies, including linking strategy, repetition, grouping, classification of general categories, inference strategy by the first letter, story strategy, meditation strategy, and finally interaction strategy, which could enable the student to enrich his/her various skills in language functions as technical mechanisms and teaching aids. Then, a research was done on the relationship of linguistic predicate with the process of standard formulation as an unconscious process that develops in the child’s mind from the beginning of his/her learning the language from his/her environment. Due to ignorance of the rules and vocabulary of classical Arabic, the research presented useful data to replace a positive alternative in the process of substitution and concluded with a statement about the relationship of civilizational awareness with the Arabic tongue with reference to the factors accelerating sound language acquisition and awakening self-awareness of the cultural and cognitive heritage of the tongue of the Holy Qur’an.

Creativity is one of the techniques of accessing discoveries, inventions, and different development in various backgrounds of life and nowadays is considered by many of experts of training domain. The results of many scientific research and achievements demonstrate that creativity is not a characteristic of some special people but many people have this hidden ability which can be trained in suitable circumstances at home, school and other life situations (Alodeh, 2006, p 1). Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of textbooks content on creativity development of students. The present study is to analyze the Arabic textbooks of the first grade of high school according to creativity pattern of Plesk.

The present study is performed by the aim of accessing Arabic textbooks of the first grade of high school to the components of Plesk creativity. The research method is descriptive and content analysis type. Society is consistent to the statistical sample and includes all Arabic textbooks contents (exercises, pictures, and texts) of this grade of Iran schools in in educational years of 2019-2020 (1398-1399 AHS). The numbers of Arabic textbooks are 3.

Research tools:

The tool is a content analysis form according to creativity pattern of Plesk. The form consists of 13 components which are divided into three elements (attention, escape, mental motion) and four phases (preparation, imagination, development, and action) additionally, Shannon Entropy method has been used for determining importance coefficient of the components of the studied textbooks.

Validity and reliability of the research tools:

For Validity, first, elements, phases, and components of the Plesk creativity rotation (1997) were achieved from the related references and then the pattern is confirmed by academic experts (one expert in Shannon Entropy and two in Arabic language training), after that, 20% of the content of every three textbooks was selected and coding process was completed according to the Plesk creativity model indices and the procedural definitions by researchers separately. Finally, the percentage of the agreement among encoders was calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS software. Correlation coefficient among encoders was 0.84.Data analysis was done by descriptive analytic method. At the first stage, active and inactive units specified separately for every three textbooks. Then, frequency of indices of Plesk creativity rotation according to the designed check list of content analysis was calculated among the active units in texts, exercises, and the pictures of the textbooks. In order to analyze the quantitative content in addition to frequency of the studied indices and also significance coefficient of indices, Shannon entropy method was applied for finding more powerful and reliable findings.

The results of analysis demonstrated that the content of Arabic textbooks in this grade is inactive about 70%. In the analysis of the textbooks according to Plesk creativity pattern, it is identified that the element of “attention” is more considered and the element of “mental motion” is only on the textbook of 9th grade, therefore, the content of the aforesaid textbooks is not consistent with creativity principles of Plesk theory and is less effective in creation and raising creativity in learners.