پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

Contemporaryization of ancient poetry is one of the ways in which contemporary literature interacts with ancient Persian literature. In the process, the ancient literary world becomes a contemporary reality, and writers and poets try to recreate ancient literature in accordance with the spirits and minds of modern man by creating a link between ancient literature and their works.The aim of this study is to investigate how to Contemporaryization of  ancient poems in the Atash bedun dud Novel by Nader Ebrahimi, based on the documentary method and with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results show that Ebrahimi has used the poems of poets such as Ferdowsi, Anwari, SaadiMolana, Hafez and Saeb by making changes in their meaning, it has been used to raise political, social and cultural issues such as anti-oppression, despair of the status quo, difficulties of the struggle, humiliation and showing the unworthiness of individuals. These poems have played an important role in creating a cultural connection and coexistence between the beliefs and ideas of the past and present Iranian society. They are also a tool for conveying the theme and showing the atmosphere of the story. Through them, the author also shows the identity, spirits and feelings of the characters in the story, and by referring to them, he adds to the realism and credibility of his story.

The journey of the hero is one of the fascinating topics of world fiction. Children's literature is no exception. The present article has a comparative study of the stages of the hero's journey in the two stories of the Little Black Fish and the Flying Mouse. For a comparative study of the stages of the journey of the original character in two works, the model of Pearson and the and Mar (2014) was used, which includes twelve stages: innocent, orphan, warrior, patron, seeker, lover, destroyer, creator, ruler, Wizard, sage, and clown. The two stories deal with the category of mythical journey and perfectionism in simple and childish language. Despite the fact that these two stories belong to two different eras and cultures, there are many similarities between them. Among them, the following points can be mentioned: common genre, the same audience, the hero's disgust with everyday life, breaking the hero's norms and arousing the opposition of his contemporaries, the hero's solo journey, the hero's determination and will not give up in the face of challenges, the hero's hope , Seeking help from a mentor and guide, questioning and perfectionism, and the presence of negative and positive characters in both stories. The root of similarity and adaptability of the two works can be considered as common human concerns in drawing the path of perfectionism, truth-seeking and achieving the utopia.

Postcolonial reading is one of the new fields of study in comparative literature and cultural studies. In this type of reading, the researcher with a critical approach analyzes the representations of colonial discourse in literary texts and examines the different aspects of the interaction between "colonizer" and "colonized". Due to citation-historical approach in data collection, the present study  has analyzed the collection of stories "Two Worlds" from Goli Taraghi based on postcolonial theory and specifically based on Baba's homi views. Homi Baba, one of the leading theorists of contemporary postcolonial studies, has offered views on identity and the other based on poststructuralist readings. He developed postcolonial studies with respect to the interactions between the colonizer and the colonized, and by applying concepts such as "fragmented mentality", "imitation" and "psychological displacement"; Baba seeks to explore the effects of cultural colonization on colonized societies, how they resisted colonial power, and the experiences of marginalized and homeless nations. In the present study, the core of the "Two Worlds" story series is the category of migration and colonization in its cultural meaning and the consequences of these two categories such as imitation, the experience of psychological displacement and feeling of disconnection to a foreign environment and, consequently, the formation of fragmented mentality. The manifestation of this migration and cultural colonization is seen in the narrative as psychological displacement in the spatial and temporal realms and the fragmentation of the mentality and self-consciousness of the characters. According to the leading research, the narrative tries to highlight this antidote by using various tricks by giving a retrospective anti-discourse against the colonialist's anti-colonial discourse. On the other hand, the narrative recognizes the harms hidden in the retrograde discourse and invites the audience to reconsider it.

Literature is one of the artistic genres in which the artist tries to express different issues of society in each era. Contemporary fiction has also been able to depict many of the problems of Arab societies. The occupation of Palestine is one of these issues; Literature has been able to play a part in expressing the aspirations of the Palestinians. Kanfanis a writer who was able to show his commitment to Palestine with his pen and blood. The novel "Rijal fi Al-Shams" is one of his prominent works in which the issue of identity is shown in various forms and Palestine with all its appearances is prominent. Kanfani has observed dangers to the Arab-Palestinian identity, which he has mentioned at the end of the story. Forgetting customs, people not paying attention to the fate of their country, the extravagant enemy of the occupier. are some of these crises that Kanfani has dealt with. In this research, an attempt is made to study and evaluate identity and identity crisis by descriptive-analytical method. The result of this study shows that Kanfani, in addition to eloquent language, used Palestinian slang to portray the suffering of Palestinians. The author depicts anti-Semitism in which Jews entered Palestine and drove Muslims out of their homes. He introduces religion as an identity. In the crisis of national identity, the author considers soil as one of the most important identities of each person and provides a picture of all the characters in the novel.

Narrative is the description of the events of a story in different forms (poetry, story, etc.)and narratology is a science that analyzes the methods of narration and its structure. Gerard Genette as a researcher and one of the influential theorists in Narrative Science offers comprehensive models of narrative analysis.Considering the narrative elements of Gerard Genet in this study, it is attempted to study the story of Esfandiar's Haft-e-Khavan based on these elements in order to determine its structure and mechanism and the techniques Ferdowsi used in this work.Investigations and studies show that in the story of Esfandiar Haft-e-Khani among the components and narrative elements of Genette, the component of order (retrospective, foresight and temporality) was not used and the componentsThe other (continuity, frequency, aspect, and tone) are only used in parts of the story.Therefore, it can be inferred that in Haft Khan,  Ferdowsi was able to create a uniform work and he uses structural narrative methods that have the greatest impact on the mind and psyche of the audience.

Man's responsibility in relation to the other is a historical question that philosophers have sought to answer in their own ways. In the school of phenomenology, in which the interaction between the subject and the other has the particular importance, Levinas believes that the subject's responsibility to the other is asymmetric and unequal. The novel "Al-Haram" written by "Yusuf Idris" has been selected for study based on Levinas's approach because it contains a series of different relationships about women and the way the family and society treat them. Given the purpose of the study, which seeks to explain the effectiveness of Levinas's view in representing discrimination against women and their status as subjects and others, the most important characters of the novel, both in the position of "subjectivity" and in the position of "other" according to Levinas's report. The results of the research showed that the responsibility that a man owes to another as a subject in the face of femininity changes suddenly, but a woman as a subject must go beyond everything. The male subject does not have any disturbances in his comfort, he does not hesitate to use violence to eliminate the cause of unrest. In contrast, women have been under the tutelage of the male subject throughout their lives, and their family responsibilities are so arduous that they are not given the opportunity to express themselves. Levinas's view of femininity is not one of sympathy for their repressed role, but rather reduces the "feminine other" to the "same" of the masculine subject.

Wandering Calf is one of the prominent war novels by Majid Qaysari.Since one of the most important tools of any author is in the creation of any work of art, this element can greatly influence his personal style.The purpose of this article is to explain and investigate the element of language in Majid Ghayesari's novel The Wandering Calf. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical libraries. In this study, a novel stray calf was studied at three levels of lexical, syntactic and rhetorical. The results show that at the lexical level of nationals, conjunctions and conjunctive terms, Arabic terms can be considered as one of the hallmarks of this story. At the syntactic level of motor verbs, the displacement of sentence elements, removal to the verbal and spiritual symmetry, are linguistic features at this level.At the rhetorical level of metaphor, irony, simile and proverb have a high frequency.

According to Fairclough's approach to discourse analysis, narrative texts can play a significant role in recreating cultural, political and social structures and producing meaning. Also, the tale of “Hezar-o-yekShab” owns a context based on meaning production within the structure of the text and hypertext. By the same token, the tale of “Shahriyar and Shahzaman” is an example cloistering the mutable relationship assigned to the act of discourse. This study examines the tale of “Shahriyar and Shahzaman” based upon Fairclough's critical discourse analysis theory at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation in a descriptive-analytical method. It also explores the hidden and obvious semantic layers of the tale's text. The result of this study shows that at the description level of this story, most of the verbs have an indicative mood, and negative verbs are rarely seen throughout the story because the presence of positive and indicative verbs represents omniscient and the narrator's movement at the heart of the story. While the narrator of “Shahriar and Shahzaman” gives her place to the character of Shahrzad. At the interpretation level, this tale also represents the idea of betrayal and women's termagant in a democratic society, and the struggle against such an idea benefits women's community. The explanation level also indicates that betrayal's power of women is superior, and violence and revenge against them will not bring psychological peace of mind.

One of the issues related to narration and narratology is the study of gnostic stories.  The stories used in romantic treatises in prose are very different from other stories inserted in other gnostic proses (like Kashfol-Mahjoub and Gashirieh treatise) considering structure and theme. In this study, the analysis of the stories' structure in Savanehol-Oshag, Abharol-Ashegin, and Lamaat was done in accordance with Roland Barthe’s  "structural analysis of passage narration" theory. In addition to belief in the relationship between narration and linguistics, Barth considered three separated descriptive levels for each narration: function level, action level, narration level. Applying Barth's theory for structural analysis of mentioned works of art yielded that 1. Some parts of Barth's theory for analysis of stories' structure are efficient and usable, 2. Understanding a story is not merely the seek for expanding it and the investigation of its planning in "layers" and amendment of horizontal succession of narrative line in implicative vertical axis are also needed, 3. To comprehend the concepts of stories, in addition to horizontal reading, the vertical reading and combinational reading are needed so that while reading a narration, each function unit can be perceived both in surface and depth and reader's mind is led from linguistic coding to narrative coding, and finally the story's semantic levels are achieved.