فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال هجدهم شماره 73 (پاییز 1400)

Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection in animals. The disease is mainly respiratory, but other disease manifestations also occur in poultry. Researchers have shown that, one of the reasons for the increase in drug resistance in Aspergillus species is the overexpression of the CYP51A gene. This study compared CYP51A gene expression of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from poultry against fluconazole and nano-fluconazole. Fluconazole liposomal-nanoparticles were prepared by the thin layer hydration method. We dissolved 5.12 mg of fluconazole powder in 1 ml of sterile distilled water and 6 ml of chloroform-methanol organic solvent. We added 51 mg of lecithin and 5 mg of cholesterol to it. The size of nanoparticles was 88.9±12.1 nm and the surface charge of these nanoparticles was -20.12±1.88 mv. We also used a Scanning-Electron Microscope to study the structure of nanoparticles. Thirty samples of A. fumigatus were collected from poultry lung nodules. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed by standard Broth Microdilution method according to NCCLS-M38A2 to evaluate the MIC of fluconazole and nano-fluconazole against isolates. We selected two high-resistance isolates to fluconazole and used them to determine the CYP51A gene expression level by real-time PCR. The results showed that nano-fluconazole had a lower MIC than fluconazole and in lower concentrations of the drug inhibited the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. CYP51A gene expression was increased in fluconazole and nano-fluconazole-treated isolates compared to the untreated state. Conversely, a decrease in CYP51A gene expression was observed in the exposure to nano-drug compared with the normal drug.

Due to the enhancement of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in industrial countries, the present animal modeling study in Rat was carried out to compare the effect of Eugenol and Nano-Eugenol on molecular expression and histopathological conditions. The neonatal Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n =10 per group). Normal Saline, 100 microliters per day, was used in the sham group (G1). Animals in model groups as G2 received CFA and Bovine collagen type II (CII). Rats of group III (G3) received Eugenol and Chitosan Nanoparticle, and group IV (G4) received Eugenol (100 microliters per day). After treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and Matrix Metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), paw score, and Rheumatoid Factor (RF) were assessed supported by a cartilage histopathology analysis. Arthritic rats showed severe joint hyperplasia, stiffness, increased paw volume, and clinical symptoms. A substantial decrease in the rate of TNF-α, RF, and MMP-9 protein has been detected in G3 and G4. However, the level of the IL-10 gene expression increased in the G2. In G3, there was a substantial improvement in arthritis symptoms, biochemical markers, and joint histological abnormalities as compared to G4. In rats, Eugenol and Nano-Eugenol reduced and improved the inflammatory symptoms and cartilage destruction caused by rheumatoid arthritis, indicating that Eugenol can be used as an effective herbal substance to remedy the traditional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. These results suggest that Eugenol may have therapeutic potential for autoimmune diseases

Food intake is a set of physiological mechanisms that affects different area of central nervous system. Glutamate has important role in central control of food intake in birds. On the other hand, nitric oxide (NO) is a hypophagic agent in birds. ‎The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of glutamate and nitrergic system on feeding behavior in neonatal chickens. A total of one hundred- forty-four neonatal female laying hens (Hy-line) were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Each experiment had a control group and three treatment groups (n=12 in each group). In all experiments, 3-hour food-deprived (FD3) birds received intracerebroventricular (ICV) ‎injections either control diluent or drug solution. Then the birds had ad libitum access to the ‎food and fresh water, and then cumulative food intake (gr) was measured based on the ‎percentage of the body. In the first experiment, L-arginine (NO precursor, 200, 400 and 800 nmol) and in the second experiment, glutamate (75, 150 and 300 nmol) were ICV injected. In the third experiment, L-arginine (200 nmol), glutamate (75 nmol) and L-arginine + glutamate was injected. ‎ The results showed, ICV injection of L- arginine dose- dependently decreased food intake (P<0.05). Also, injection of the glutamate decreased food intake in a dose- dependent manner (P<0.05). Co-injection of sub-effective doses of L-arginine and glutamate significantly decreased food intake in neonatal chicks (P<0.05). According to the results, there is probably a synergistic effect between nitrergic and glutamatergic systems on food intake control of neonatal chicks.

Treatment of breast cancer has many problems due to the systemic effects of chemotherapy. The use of certain molecules with cell killing effects, such as aflatoxin B1, can have fatal effects on breast cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of topical aflatoxin B1 use on breast cancer. Class 4T1 cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously in female mice. Doses of 50 and 500 μg / ml of aflatoxin B1 were then injected around the tumors in comparison with doxorubicin. The ratio of tumor size to animal weight in different groups was evaluated along with histopathology by immunofluorescence on Ki-67 and VEGF indices. Aflatoxin B1 significantly reduces tumor volume, necrosis and suppresses angiogenesis in the tumor. However, liver metastasis occurred in all groups. Aflatoxin B1 in topical injections of 50 and 500 μg / ml around the tumor has anti-cancer effects on the breast. But it can not prevent metastasis.Aflatoxin-induced hepatotoxicity was also observed.

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a chronic, recurrent, seasonal dermatitis of the horse caused by bites of insects of the genus Culicoides. Worldwide, it is the most common allergic skin disease in horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IBH in the suburbian riding clubs of Tehran. 900 horses, aged between 2 to 20 years, (male or female) during a 1-year period were used in this study. The most common symptoms were papular dermatits and alopecia. IBH symptoms were mainly located at the neck, ventral trunk and the legs. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the allergic reactions is important to improve the quality-of-life of such individuals and reduce the risk for future sting reactions.

Food intake is regulated by a complex system of central and peripheral signals which ‎interact ‎together to modulate appetite. Noradrenaline has an essential role in the central ‎control of food ‎intake in birds. On the other hand, dopamine (DA) is a hypophagic ‎agent in birds. ‎The present ‎study aimed to investigate the effect of L-DOPA and 6-‎hydroxy-dopamine on noradrenaline-induced food intake in neonatal chickens. A total ‎of ninety-six neonatal female laying hens (Hy‎line) were randomly divided into two ‎experimental groups. Immediately after ‎intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ‎control diluent (normal saline) or drug solution, ‎cumulative food intake (g) was ‎measured based on the ‎percentage of the body weight (%BW). ‎Control solution (normal ‎saline, group1), L-DOPA (125 nmol, group 2), noradrenaline (300 nmol, ‎group 3), and ‎L-DOPA + noradrenaline (group 4) were injected in the first experiment.‎ In the ‎second ‎experiment, the control solution (group1), 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OH-DA, 2.5 nmol, ‎‎group 2), noradrenaline (300 nmol, group 3), and 6-OH-DA + noradrenaline (group 4) ‎were ‎injected. The results showed that ICV injection of noradrenaline decreased food ‎intake (P<0.05). ‎Furthermore, co-injection of L-DOPA and noradrenaline significantly ‎amplified noradrenaline-induced hypophagia in neonatal chicks (P<0.05). In contrast, ‎co-injection of 6-OH-DA and ‎noradrenaline significantly reduced hypophagia induced ‎by noradrenaline in chicks (P<0.05). ‎According to the results, noradrenaline-induced ‎food intake is probably mediated by the ‎dopaminergic system in neonatal chickens.‎