مجله الجمعیه العلمیه الایرانیه للغه العربیه و آدابها، فصلیه علمیه محکمه
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 62، ربیع 2022)

Translating cultural elements within a literary text is one of the most important challenges that the translator encounters due to cultural and intellectual differences stemming from the spirit of the language. The translator’s task is to seek to find a cultural equivalent close to the recipient’s understanding in the TA’s culture. The equivalent that does not touch the circle of taboos of that culture. Abshouran by the Iranian novelist Ali Ashraf Darwishian constituted a distinct cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The story established a world narratively in detail and took place on the reality of misery and filth in proletarian society. It aroused the interest of Ahmed Musa to translate it into Arabic and focusing on its cultural aspects and transferring it to the Arabic language space. Through the descriptive method and comparing the translation process with the source text and analyzing it, as well as shedding light on cultural translation strategies from the translation scholars’ perspective, we search: How did the translator interact with the cultural elements as the shadow of the language in translating according to the cultural translation strategies? Based on this equivalence: Equivalency, neutralization, analysis, anatomy, and localization are related to the translation of local cultural concepts and the translator resorts to the equivalent and the cultural equivalent more then to the employment of brief explanation and analysis to avoid the ambiguity of the meaning and sometimes the translator did not choose the appropriate translation to convey the meanings of the original text.

Narratology had a clear effect on the study of literary texts,and even influenced the analysis of Qur'anic stories,so that it became a suitable ground for the application of various critical methods.The study of the subject of time in the text of the Qur'an attracted the attention of Iranian and Arab scholars and examined the various reflections of this technique following the examples of narrative criticism.The present study aims to investigate how time critique is written in Quranic stories and seeks the pathology of articles written in this field.Given the breadth of the discussion,we only review articles published in scientific-research journals between Iran and Iraq between1999 and now,and we have a statistical-analytical approach in the study of these studies,which ultimately,the following results for The authors specify;47% of the total articles have not been excluded from the framework of this method by using the cash method of"Genet" mechanically,which has caused researches to be written with the same cash method and similar results. What is presented as a study of the narratology of time in 42% of the researches is not a combination of interpretive critique and narrative critique, and often deals with the description and interpretation of the story and has less analytical approach.Twelve percent of all researchers who have attempted to articulate a new theory or change existing cash methods have generally been unable to offer a new approach. It is clear that the critique of Persian and Arabic narratology in this field has not yet reached the stage of establishment and exploitation. The most important challenge that this critical research faces is the crisis of deep understanding of critical theories. Many mistakes in applying theories go back to the rapid and superficial critique of the text in which researchers with a selective approach,to describe and analyze Statistically enough.

The advances and innovations of the new critique are due to the connection with the science of linguistics and the efforts of scientists in the field of linguistics in this direction. Stylistics is one of the manifestations of modernity in the new critique that deals with the accurate evaluation of the text from both language and structure. Vocabulary diversity is a feature of the style that examines the linguistic richness and vocabulary of the author. This article intends to examine vocabulary diversity of three famous writers in the history of Arabic literature: Ahmad Hassan Zayat, Shawki Zayf and Hanna Fakhouri, based on Keith Johnson's statistical method. Towards the results, we have gone through the following steps: (1) understanding the stylistic structure (2) accurate sampling (3) presenting the scale and methods of its implementation on the samples and (4) methods for calculating diversity percentages. One of the results we obtained is that the percentage of the diversity of words of Ahmad Hassan Zayat is more than the other two authors, and this is because the author has included all the literary eras and the introduction of authors and poets in a single volume. He has also dealt with the main issues without circumlocution, and has, thus, employed a wider spectrum of key words with higher diversity to thoroughly address fundamental concepts in the specified volume.

Fantasia is the literature that discovers reality from the depths of what is not reality. Fantasia is a broad term describing the books and effects that make impossible and miraculous events possible and believable. Among the features of fantasy in the novel, we can refer to the logic of the private narrative, the origin of self-awareness, the origin of the linguistic aspect, the origin of penetration, methods of imagination, free style, unpredictability, surprise, open ending, fragmentation of structures, linguistic manipulation, creating game conditions and .. . This research may study; The relationship between fantasy in the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" by Ahmed Saadawi and the terrible events in Iraq, based on a descriptive-analytical method, extracting the elements of fantasy first and then applying them to the novel. It aims to highlight the features and dimensions of the miraculous and to show the relationship between the fantasy in Frankenstein's novel and the events in the Iraq war. One of the results of the research is that the writer in this novel has entered the valley of fantasy completely, because of the importance of violent horrors (mass massacres and booby-traps to kill Iraqis) and the fear of the reader’s astonishment in front of the fantasy technique and the failure to reach the writer’s goal. Najwa, dreams and visions may sometimes reach a degree that is difficult to define or become impossible, and we believe that the reality of reality makes the writer to implicate the reader in strange events and strange spaces and with full awareness expresses his obsessions and insides through this narration, so he tells the story with a plan studied before and uses modern techniques and fantasy and is satisfied Creating an unrealistic character.

The subject of comparative linguistic research is the comparison between the different languages belonging to a language family to determine similarities and differences in languages. The classification of language into Indo-European or Semitic languages family is the result of discovering similarities between different aspects of languages, including phonetic, syntactic and grammatical and morphological aspects that they originated from one original and were separated over time from the mother tongues. The main strategies of comparative linguistics are the comparison of phonological systems, understanding the history of lexical change, grammar and vocabularies of two or more languages in order to detection of similarities and differences between them; It is also useful for understanding the nature of human languages which are not static. The Arabic, Hebrew, Phoenician, Akkadian and Abyssinian languages have some basic common features that derived from the early Semitic principle called (Proto-Semitic). The Arabic and Hebrew languages of the Semitic language family are comparable in many respects; One of these aspects is the verb. In this research, descriptive weak verbs and their types in both languages are introduced by descriptive method, and then by mentioning examples from both languages, they are analyzed and adapted, and structural differences and similarities of weak verbs are expressed.

The present article examines diachronically the syntactic behavior of the verb " iltaqā " and the conditional terms "ʔiðā " and "' law " in Arabic newspapers. For this purpose, newspapers with mass circulation including Al-Ahram, Al-Masry Al-yawm, and Al-Youm7 were selected due to their longevity and strong prose, which is a model for the writing and structure of other Arab newspapers. Data were analyzed from 1998 to 2020 using field research, a corpusbased study with a descriptive-analytic approach. Data analysis showed that modern written Arabic has undergone significant syntactic changes. Among the results obtained are; The verb ' iltaqā ' is no longer used with a ' preposition ' letter or container 'maʕa' as in the past, and recently the use of such attachments with the verb has become rare. 'ʔiðā ' and ' law ' are conditional terms which are used interchangeably, while ' law ' is a condition of unrealistic refusal. The letters 'fa' or 'la' are used as the condition result of ' law ' and 'ʔiðā ' regardless of syntactic conditions and rules. Examining the morpho-syntactic changes in modern written Arabic can help with teaching Arabic based on the target language as well as the correct translation of Arabic texts into Persian

According to Goldman, the artist with his potential consciousness that is the maximum of his consciousness and ideal, when faced with the false ideology and consciousness represented by the dominant power in society finds a complicated situation, and a problematic change occurs to him at the structure of society. The artist's potential consciousness can be transpersonal and belongs to the class that the artist represents. Organic unity sets among the components of literary work and shows the social structure among the elements of the work. Critic tries to reach this unity in the structure of the work. The critic then analyzes the literary work concerning the all-encompassing social structure to determine how the worldview of social classes and groups becomes the building blocks of the literature world. After studying the poem "The Torment of Hallaj" based on Goldman's generic structuralism theory and with a descriptive-analytical method, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the social structure of Bayati's time and the structure of the poem. In the historical context of Iraq, Bayati represents the worldview of communism that is a potential consciousness in his class. Such consciousness confronts the authoritarian ideology and false awareness of the government of Nouri al-Saeed, and it makes the poet a problematic character. This historical structure has also been transferred to the components of the poem, and in Bayati's literature, Hallaj is a problematic hero. He rises against the tyrant and dogmatic emperor of the time and attacks the false and absolutist ideology of the ruler. The clown also has a symbolic personality in the poem, which faces the catastrophe of the death of her beloved (the death of ideal consciousness symbol). Therefore, the poet and his social class play an essential role in the evolution of the structure of Bayati poetry in the role of the personal and transpersonal actors.

From the beginning of the third millennium AD, Western Arab novelists have set foot in the valley of religious heritage in order to identify contemporary novels and break the chains of imitation of Western literature, and have created valuable mystical works. In the meantime, the experience of Abd el elah Ben arafa is of special importance for being a pioneer, being inspired by religious components, and presenting numerous works in this field. The novel "Jabal Qaf" is the first and one of the most important experiences of mystical storytelling in Arafa, which deals with the biography of Mohiy-al-Din Ibn Arabi shortly before his birth in 561 AH in the city of Murcia until his death and burial in 638 on the slopes of Mount Qasion in Damascus. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical approach to read the religious approach and mystical symbolism in this novel. One of the most important findings of the research is that the novel Jabal Qaf has an attractive intertextual text with the Qur'an and religious narrations and Sufi literary texts, and Qur'anic verses are an integral part of its various parts, and the novelist with an artistic style and combination of fantasy with reality, thought. Ibn Arabi's religion depicts the unity of existence and the perfect man in the symbolic form of numbers, colors, architecture of buildings and geometric shapes. Moreover, the Sufi authorities and the emergence of mystical virtues have given it a special mystical character.