فصلنامه جنگل و فرآورده های چوب
سال هفتاد و پنجم شماره 1 (بهار 1401)

To determine the most appropriate type of fertilizer, this study was carried out to investigate the improvement of quantitative characteristics of seedlings of three species of Hawthorn, Hackberry, and Persian Turpentine under different fertilization treatments in the nursery of the General Department of Natural Resources of Zanjan Province. A completely randomized block was designed with biofertilizers, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers released, vermicompost, compost, animal manure, and chemical fertilizers. At the end of the growing season (early October), to measure the characteristics, at first three pots were randomly selected from each treatment and then the characteristics of collar diameter, main stem height, root, and root volume were measured. Based on the results in hawthorn species, the highest collar diameter was observed in vermicompost-gradual treatment (2.23 cm) and the highest stem length was observed in bio-gradual treatment (0.9 cm). In terms of root volume, vermicompost fertilizer treatment with 33.33 cm3 showed the highest growth. In Hackberry species, the largest collar diameter in bio-gradual treatment (2.21 cm), the maximum stem length in livestock-gradual treatment (31.67 cm), the maximum root length in vermicompost-gradual treatment (36.68 cm), and the highest root volume was observed in bio-chemical-gradual treatment (25.0 cm3). In Persian Turpentine species the highest collar diameter in vermicompost treatment (4.06 cm), the maximum stem length in chemical-gradual treatment (10.34 cm), the highest root length of coriander seedlings in chemical treatments (33.68 cm), and the highest amount Root volume was observed in vermicompost treatment with 7.34 cm3.

The increasing trend of declining Brant`s Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) trees in the Zagros forests has become the main challenge of forest management in this region. The aim was to investigate throughfall sensitivity of individual Brant`s Oak trees to rainfall magnitude in the Zagros forests of Lorestan and Ilam Provinces. Long-term meteorological data of Khorramabad and Ilam stations and Mann-Kendall test were used to investigate the annual rainfall trend. Five typical individual brant’s Oak trees per region were selected to measure rainfall and throughfall within the leafed period. The mean sensitivity coefficient of throughfall was the linear regression slope between the percentages of changes in rainfall event versus the percentage of changes in throughfall. None of the selected regions showed significant trends for annual rainfall and mean rainfall event size per year (6.6 mm for KhorramAbad against 8.5 mm for Ilam) in the long-term review. In contrast, rainfalls > 10 mm in Ilam and rainfalls < 2 mm in Khorramabad presented significant decreasing and increasing trends, respectively. The sensitivity coefficient of throughfall was on average 3.3 in Ilam and 1.3 in Khorramabad. We found out that the throughfall sensitivity to events below average was more than those of events above average (Ilam 4.3 vs. 1.2 and Khorramabad 1.7 vs. 1.1). If the decreasing trend of rainfall magnitude in Khorramabad and Ilam forests continues, high sensitivity of throughfall of Brant’s Oak trees to rainfall magnitude will lead to reduced throughfall and accelerate the dieback process in these forests.

Forest health monitoring is essential to assess the changing state of forest resources and create awareness of forest health issues. This study was conducted to monitor forest health using two indicators of regeneration and deadwood in the Masouleh watershed,. To collect data in the study area, using Forest Health Monitoring method 5 clusters of plots including 20 plots in two different altitudes were considered. In each cluster, the regeneration status of species was determined based on the quality of seedlings and their division into two categories: healthy and unhealthy. The characteristics of the deadwood including diameter, and quality characteristics (species type, degree of decay) were measured and recorded. In the study area, 80% of the seedlings were healthy and 20% unhealthy. The results of the analysis of variance of the number of regenerations per hectare in the altitude classes showed that there is a significant difference between the number of healthy seedlings and unhealthy seedlings in the studied altitude classes. According to the results of the study, the volume of deadwood is 44 m3/ha, which is 34 and 10 m3/ha of down logs and standing deadwood, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the volumes of deadwood per hectare in the two altitude classes in the study area. But there is a significant difference in the number of deadwood per hectare in the altitude classes. Study of the quality of deadwood showed that the highest percentage of deadwood belongs to the first-level decay (81%).

In this study, the efficiency of the two nearest neighbor (KNN) and weighted average (WA) methods was evaluated for indirect estimation of environmental variables in plant communities. For this purpose, vegetation composition data of 324 relevés with an area 400 m2 of the Hyrcanian yew forests database were used. Then, environmental variables in each relevés were indirectly estimated by using KNN and WA methods based on two kind of vegetation data (incidence based and abundance based of floristic data) as well as the initial values of that environmental variables.Validation of the models were evaluated using determinant coefficient of linear regression analysis, which done based on the initial values and followed by estimated one of each environmental variables as the predictor and response variables. Results showed that using KNN method based on abundance data due to having the highest determination coefficient value has the priority in comparison to another three algorithms. The main reason of the differences between KNN and WA was influenced by different approaches of interpolation (KNN) and extrapolation (WA) in the process of environmental variables point estimation. The better performance of the KNN compared with WA in the point estimating of environmental variables is due to using the environmental data of the only adjacent plot data with the most similarly floristically features to each points in the KNN, while the results of the WA are globally affected by the range of each environmental variables at the whole of the dataset.

Caucasian whortleberry seed germination faces with problem due seed dormancy. This research was conducted to investigate stratification and gibberellic acid treatments on Caucasian whortleberry seed germination. For this purpose, Caucasian whortleberry ripe seeds were collected from the forest area of Fandoglo (Soha forest). For this purpose, ripe seeds of Caucasian whortleberry were collected from the forest area of Fandoglo (Soha forest) and then treated with stratification treatment (0, 1,2,3,4 and 5 month) at 4°C followed by gibberellic acid (0, 75 and 150 mg/l) for 24 hours. The germination test was performed through a factorial experiment with two factors of stratification and gibberellic acid Caucasian whortleberry seed germination faces with problem due seed dormancy. This research was conducted to investigate stratification and gibberellic acid treatments on Caucasian whortleberry seed germination. For this purpose, Caucasian whortleberry ripe seeds were collected from the forest area of Fandoglo (Soha forest). For this purpose, ripe seeds of Caucasian whortleberry were collected from the forest area of Fandoglo (Soha forest) and then treated with stratification treatment (0, 1,2,3,4 and 5 month) at 4°C followed by gibberellic acid (0, 75 and 150 mg/l) for 24 hours. The germination test was performed through a factorial experiment with two factors of stratification and gibberellic acid in completely randomized design with three replications in the seed laboratory of Ardabil Alaroq Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. The results showed

In this study, the efficiency of radiofrequency/vacuum (RF/V) technology for drying of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) was investigated compared to the hot air convective method. For this purpose, flat-sawn boards with dimensions of 4.8 × 21 × 120 cm, heartwood percentage of 72.9% and average green moisture content of 60% were cut. The boards were dried using three methods (1) an industrial conventional kiln at low temperature (maximum temperature of 50 °C) and (2) normal temperature (maximum temperature of 71.3 °C) according to a 20 step-modified drying schedule and (3) RF/V kiln. RF/V drying was performed in an industrial kiln with a power of 100 kW and a frequency of 50 MHz according to a 6 step-drying schedule with a maximum temperature of 65 °C. Then, final moisture content, moisture gradient, discoloration, wood drying defects and stresses were measured. The results showed that in addition to a significant reduction in the drying time of the boards in the RF/V kiln, the intensity of surface and end-checks in RF/V drying was significantly lower than that in conventional drying. All dried boards were free from internal checks. The maximum twist and cup were 4.8 and 5.4 mm, respectively, and no difference was observed in the efficiency of the three wood drying methods. Unlike conventional dried boards, the boards dried in RF/V kiln showed no casehardening. Moisture gradient in all dried boards was negligible (less than 2%). The discoloration of the boards dried by RF/V was lower compared to other dried boards.

Today, use of recycled fiber is currently an important lignocellulosic source for paper production. In conventional (chemical) deinking and bleaching processes, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are commonly used as the active alkali and bleaching agent, respectively. In this research, the recycled waste papers (70% ONP/30% OMG) were repulped by conventional method and deinked by combined washing and flotation processes. The prepared pulps were bleached with a conventional bleaching using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), as a substitute for NaOH, at different levels of 2 (C1), 4 (C2), 6 (C3), 8 (C4), and 10% (C5). In addition to determining its optimal amount of consumption, its performance in H2O2 bleaching compared to NaOH was evaluated. Conventional bleaching with H2O2 was also performed separately in the presence of NaOH, as a basis agent (control sample), and the optical and physical properties of standard handsheets (60 gm-2) were evaluated. The results of using Ca(OH)2 in place of NaOH in recycled pulp bleaching showed that its usage was desirable in terms of brightness value and similar physical properties, compared to those of conventional H2O2 bleaching system, while improving the performance of the bleaching process in the presence of NaOH. In general, experimental runs of C1 and C2 showed the highest degree of brightness, thickness (caliper), and bulk, but with increasing the usage of Ca(OH)2 to more than 4%, the papers with weaker optical and physical properties achieved.

Aesthetics has many components,the most important of which is design and color. One of the most beautiful elements in the kitchen is its cabinets.This beautiful element, in addition to its application, plays the most pivotal role in shaping the interior decoration of the kitchen with color and design.This study investigates the aesthetic effect of the design and color of wooden kitchen cabinets in its selection. The research method of this article is analytical-descriptive, survey and field.The statistical population and data collection and completion of the research questionnaire is the users and manufacturers of wooden cabinets in Ardabil province. In order to determine the effect of the independent variable of design aesthetics and color on the dependent variable of wood cabinet selection, linear regression equation has been used.The results showed that the value of multiple correlation coefficient of color aesthetics regression model in wood cabinet selection is equal to 0.941.The choice of color based on the natural texture of wood is 0.800 and most changes are dependent variables.The value of multiple correlation coefficient of the aesthetic regression model of the form is equal to 0.934.The variable of non-geometric shapes with the value of Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.679 is the first priority among the aesthetics of the design and it can also be said that there is a significant relationship between the two variables studied the study. The sign of the correlation coefficient is positive between the two variables and therefore they have a direct incremental relationship with each other.