نشریه نظریه پردازی و نقد در ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1400)

Al-Jāhiz Al-Basri(died 255 CE) was one of the greatest litterateur. He drew another image (Persian) in his book titled “Al-Bayan waltabyin”. Throughout this book, He introduces and describes himself (The Arab) and placed his national and cultural identity in front of the other character. The question that need to be investigated and studied is that what is the Jāhiz’s viewpoint about the other (Persian). Whether is he complementary or contrasting to himself. This article studies the Jāhiz’s viewpoint about the Other (Persian), their culture and position in “Al-Bayan waltabyin” based on Imagology in which the self and other image, foreign culture and its elements in the literature is investigated. The current research uses the comparative-analytic-descriptive method to analyze the evidence that lead us to the other’s image characteristic and his culture and civilization. The results of this study indicate that Al- Jāhiz presented a comprehensive and broad picture of the Persian’s knowledge, literature and original culture in a way that the Persian has contributed to the enrichment of the Islamic civilization. In addition, jāhiz draws a balanced image of the Persian. This image originates from the cultural and social situations and the interactions among the nations in that period of time. Finally, the Other(Persian) had been complementary to the Self(The Arab) and the Islamic civilization.

The social study of literal works is one of the interdisciplinary branches established by social famous scholar and the philosopher, Georg Locust. Novel is kind of literal ones in which the social critics rather than the others are prepared clearly. So, that can show all social dimensions and properties into the society. Sadegh Karamyar, director and novelist in Iran, within “Ghanimat” novel, could have paid to effects and disadvantages’ war between Iran and Iraq as well as attack to Iraq by Americans adequately and based all works upon resistant and stability. He could tell the stories about the truth of war, also inspired imaginations and the experiences of its heroes in field of fiction and story. Then he linked them to governed conditions into the society, at last he could represent a picture of pain, suffering of Iranian and Iraqi people. This study is done by descriptive- analytic method to be criticized “Ghanimat” novel based on social critics by Sadegh Karamyar. We analyzed this novel according to the opinions of Locus, the well-known theorist. The most given result show that Karamyar could have drawn true and influenced picture of pain and suffering of war between Iranian and Iraqi people by using of communication among his experiences during the war.

To discuss the relationship between liberation theology and biblical interpretation in general, and to ask for the function of the Bible in the struggle of women for liberation in particular, is to enter an intellectual and emotional minefield. One must detect and lay bare the contradictions between historical exegesis and systematic theology, between value- neutral scientificinquiry and "advocacy” scholarship, between universal- objectivist preconceptions of academic theology and the critical partiality of liberation theologies. To attempt this in a short paper entails, by necessity, a simplification and typologization of a complex set of theological problems. To raise the issue of the contemporary meaning and authority of the Bible from a feminist theological perspective, and to do this from the marginalized position of a woman in the academy, is to expose oneself to triple jeopardy. Establishment academic theologians and exegetes will reject such an endeavor as unscientific, biased, and overly conditioned by contemporary questions, and therefore unhistorical, or they will refuse to accept it as a serious exegetical or theological question because the issue is raised by a woman. Liberation and political theologians will, at best, consider such a feminist theological endeavor as one problem among others, or at worst, label it as "middle class” and peripheral to the struggle of oppressed people.

Literary criticism means the study, discussion, and evaluation of literary genres and can take the form of a theoretical discourse based on literary theory or a more detailed discussion of a literary work. Ibn Khaldun has dedicated the sixth chapter of his book "Al- Moqaddama" to its sciences and types and methods of education, as well as to literature and poetry in particular. One of the most important approaches of Ibn Khaldun is to pay attention to the concept of poetry and add a new subject to the theory of Arab poetry called "Queen of Poetry". He expresses the nature of poetry differently from other literary critics and balances the gift and queen of poetry in the scales of criticism and analysis. The purpose of this discussion is to examine the concept and nature of poetry from the point of view of Ibn Khaldun as a literary critic, in order to explain the difference between his opinion and others Finally, by examining the analytical-descriptive method of the critic's critical approaches and analyzing his views, a relatively comprehensive understanding of his literary-critical personality can be achieved. Ibn Khaldun's method of criticism is influenced by his historical attitude and considers time and place to be involved in criticism, and the acquisition and preservation of language as the factor of the poet's success.

Introduction Humor is a clear example for entertainment and laughter and expression of various issues including the shortcomings of society and social and political moral corruption ،which reflects the problems and pains in society and reflects the socio-cultural and moral criticisms of the famous Egyptian satirist and playwright Ali Salem. He had a great sense of humor and through it he wanted to portray the problems of the society ،a society that arose from poverty ،ignorance and violence and a false cultural system. It is considered the heritage of Egyptian dramatic and humorous literature. Author Ali Salem highlighted an important issue; He was able to humorously express the reality of the fall in the teacher's reputation. Structural techniques and methods such as contrast ،exaggeration and reduction. . . It has been used to study the issues of the cultural and social community in Egypt. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the results showed that Ali Salem had creativity and artistic taste in his works and his goal was to reform Egyptian society and correct social and cultural issues and problems.