فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 47، تابستان 1401)

Evaluation of ecological capacity is the beginning of tourism development planning to prevent unfavorable consequences of rural tourism and achieve sustainable development. This study evaluated the ecological potential of the Peri-urban villages of Langrood based on Makhdoom's qualitative deductive method of prioritization for tourism planning. In this regard, were used from 1: 25000 topography and 1: 100,000 geological maps, aerial photographs, vegetation cover, topographic profiles, climate maps and other information in ArcGIS. The purpose of this research is "applied" and the scientific method used is "descriptive-analytical". The method of gathering information was field and documentation by observation and interview. The results showed that in terms of ecological potential of centralized tourism, 14.84% of this area is suitable for 1st class, 23.63% is suitable for 2nd class and 60.51% is inappropriate for centralized tourism. Also, the results of ecological assessment of extensive tourism showed that 39.65% of this area is suitable for 1st class, 5.96% is suitable for 2nd class and 54.22% is inappropriate for extensive tourism. IN this regard, the location of peri-urban villages in terms of ecological potential of extensive and centralized tourism has been shown in its different classes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the land use changes in the central part of Rasht city in the last two decades.The present paper has been developed using documentary and library studies based on Landsat satellite imagery 7 and 8 years 2017, 2010, 2000, as well as census data of the central agricultural sector. The method of doing descriptive-analytical work and according to the results of 6906 hectares of agricultural lands of villages of this section in the last two decades, residential, commercial, service has changed and the main changes related to the expansion of Rasht city and the entry of various urban functions to villages Surrounding and construction in their agricultural lands.These changes are directly related to the geographical location of the village, the distance from the city of Rasht and the type of functioning of the village. Also, the residential use of the study area was 14/15% and the dry land was 1/47%, and the low density of vegetation was 1/55% and the use of arable land with 14/61% decrease in area.

In recent years, a rapid development in science and technology has been observed, which can explicitly be recognized in the social, economic, skeletal, and security structures of cities, and especially in different areas of each city. These developments necessitate a reexamination of urban characteristics, and we are thus faced with the problem of renovation and upgrading of cities with a long history. The motivation behind this research was an assessment of the capacity for social life in different areas and neighborhoods of Kerman city, which is done using the analyticaldescriptive approach, and is based on field scaling, studying of library documents, questionnaires, and internet sources. The required information have been acquired with respect to indices that have a meaningful relation with social life. Thus, indices such as social dynamicity, participation, security, the feeling of belonging among the neighbors, social diversity, and economic conditions of the people have been analyzed using ELECTRE model, which is among MADM models, which resulted in prioritizing urban neighborhoods in the old parts of the city. This research aims at assessing the feasibility and thus evaluating the studied areas based on their potential for social life within the context of the city. The results of this research will be presented as a list of graded options, which in fact indicate the superiority of old neighborhoods to the others in the traditional part of the city. Several works of research in form of articles and reports have been done, which focus on different aspects of this subject

In present time, novel patterns for houses aren’t responsible for all requirements related to habitants and there is more drawbacks in these houses, which have led to numerous problems. The present study is aimed to investigate the necessity of conformity culture in the structure of houses in Tabriz. The method of investigation is based on survey and the statistical society was comprised of four buildings with four floors in restrict, 2 of Tabriz municipal. The aforesaid society was selected randomly. A Likert scale with five point was employed in this study to collect data. The questions could be classified as two main groups; in one hand, the questions related to public areas consist of yard, lobby, dining room, and circulation. At the other hand, the questions about private areas are in the case of sleeping rooms and kitchen. The validity of the questionaires was evaluated using Cronbache’s alpha of 0.74. The interpretation of the obtained results was performed using descriptive statistical methods (e. g. plenty, percentage, average, middle, and standard deviation) and conclusion statistics (e. g. Kolmogrov-Smirnov test and the analysis of variance) in SPSS software. The acquired results demonstrates that the value for the conforming culture in the structure of contemporary houses in 2nd restrict of Tabriz was evaluated as 11.62% (weak), 69.76% (moderate), and 18.6% (good). In the case of conforming culture and native traditions, the priority was with 1, 4, 2, and 3 houses.

Green city as a relatively new title in the field of urban planning and urban planning is trying to achieve high compatibility with the environment and urban decisions to the desired result. Areas of District 13 and lands forming the Green City in District 13 of the Tehran metropolis have been done. The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The data type is quantitative and consists of green city indicators that have been ranked in the region using multi-indicator decision models (TOPSIS). In order to study the potentials of the green city, the four areas of this region are ranked based on 15 indicators of the green city using the TOPSIS model and show which of the areas has more potentials.And it is better for the realization of the green city in this region that the results showed that the fourth district with the value of TOPSIS 0.96 ranks first among the four districts of the 13th region for the realization of the green city. In other words, District 4 has the greatest capacity to achieve a green city.

The concept of social interactions is more commonly used than other concepts used in open urban spaces, which leads to a variety of definitions and requires the classification of study results. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively combine the results of researches on "social interactions" to calculate the magnitude of the effect of each of the factors affecting the structure of social interactions on the average effect and Identify the most influential factor on social interaction. In order to examine the main objective of the research, meta-analysis is used. And published scientific and research articles in Farsi and English have formed the statistical population of the research without applying spatial and temporal constraints. For the purpose of meta-analysis, 30 researches on the subject were reviewed and 10 researches were conducted between 2013-2019 in the field of social interactions in urban open spaces. Comprehensive Meta-analysis V2 software was used for meta-analysis results .In the first step, evaluation of selected research, homogeneity assumptions and error of publication of studies were investigated. Findings indicated heterogeneity of effect size in publication studies. In the second step, effect coefficients were evaluated using CMA software. The results of the analysis showed that the effect size of the identified factors is 4.319 which is averaged according to Cohen's interpretive system. Overall, the results show that the identified factors have a moderate impact on social interactions in urban open spaces.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of commercial tourism on the economic, social and physical structures of cities in the Aras Free Zone. The research method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and comparative in terms of descriptive-analytical and causal methods. In the first part, the mean of each item was calculated using a single sample t-test. Then, according to the feedback of experts, multiple linear regression test was used to analyze the effect of dimensions and test the research hypotheses. The results of this study show that the average of each of the dimensions of commercial (4.35), economic (3.92), social (3.72) and physical (3.31) tourism is higher than the theoretical average (3). Due to the positive difference in the overall average of each dimension, it can be said that business tourism affects the existing structures under study. The results of the correlation test show that between business tourism and the three dimensions of research have all been significant and positive. Multiple linear regression tests also show that there is a strong relationship between the effects of commercial tourism and existing structures (R = 0.99). In total, the three structures were able to predict 0.69% of the variance in commercial tourism (F (9,63) = 35.08 p

Understanding the climate of each region in different seasons and coordinated planning for the construction of climate-friendly structures leads to the fundamental growth of the urban fabric. As a result, proper efficiency of structures, both commercial and residential, leads to a reduction in staggering energy costs in each urban area. The purpose of this study is to study the role of climatic parameters in political and social development. It was the city of Ilam. This research was considered in terms of applied purpose and in terms of implementation method, descriptive-analytical research and in terms of field information collection method. In this study, considering the method of exploratory factor analysis, seven main categories of political and social factors were considered. The statistical population of this study, including 25 current city managers, researchers and urban experts, was used. SWOT technique was used to analyze the data. The results showed that from the point of view of the role of climatic parameters in the political and social development of Ilam city, based on the results, the most important strength is the appropriateness of selection and orientation to the development of urban lands in proportion to soil temperature The technical part was the rupture of physical tissues according to the type of climate in the region. The most important opportunity in the human resources sector was the existence of appropriate scientific knowledge to deal with climate problems and the existence of specialized and efficient forces in the discussion of the environment.

By installing the required facilities such as recycling booths, Tehran municipality can play an important role in the promoting waste separation in order to protect environment and the goals of the sustainable development. The rate of the collection of daily dry wastes by 460 recycling booths is about 40 tons throughout the city of Tehran, out of which about 32% (12.8 tons daily) is received from the citizens by means of 81 recycling booths placed in the western areas. The aim of this article is to produce a model for dry waste management of the recycling booths placed in the western parts of Tehran. The instruments used for the purpose is the ARC GIS software. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and applied method. Due to the spatial characteristic of locating and lack of finality of urban problems, the basis of this research is to prepare layers of information based on the factors influential in locating recycling booths and their incorporation and overlapping in the ARCGIS software domain, using AHP and Fuzzy logic inference. A study of the results indicates that around fifty percent of the zones 5, 9, 21, and 22 of Tehran are considered useful for locating recycling booths, while around 74% of the existing recycling booths are not used properly. The maximum and minimum efficiencies among the existing recycling booths belong to municipality zones 5 (39%) and 22 (4%), respectively.

The aim of this article is to investigate the components of efficient and development to create sustainable and sustainable revenues of municipalities in the field of protection and services for resilience and organizational survival. The importance of research is that one of the most important concerns of city managers is achieving sustainable development. It is an urban city and due to the significant growth of urbanization, the demand for goods and services in cities has increased significantly and in this regard, meeting the needs of its citizens requires sufficient financial resources. The importance of trust in the issue of providing and creating financial resources of municipalities is the sustainability of revenue sources so that these revenues should not be a threat to sustainable urban development in addition to reliance and sustainability and is a descriptive and qualitative research method based on scientific and research sources It has been prepared and compiled for the municipalities and the results show that the municipalities have a continuous income in the field of services that can receive tolls and income from services, but are more subject to costs in the field of protection.

The data collection tool in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire and includes four dimensions of social, cultural, physical and economic sustainability and has 19 components and 67 indicators. For this purpose, first an attempt has been made to discover the comprehensive components of social sustainability of residential complexes in Zanjan and the components of public culture of this city with the help of library, field and inquiry studies, and in the next step the related components of public culture sustainability Check the social sustainability of residential complexes. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey type. The results of this study show that the total correlation and severity of the relationship between the variables of cultural stability and social stability is confirmed at a significant level of 0.05. The mean square of the errors of the model is 5.2, which is less than the value of 8.0 and is equal to 10.63 of the optimal level relative to the chi-square, so the values ​​of the indices of the independent variables can affect the dependent variables. According to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the variables were recognized as normal. To evaluate the stability factors, all test factors had a single sample t-test with 95% confidence. The results showed that participation, security, resilience, justice and equality and reducing the general cost of living in residential complexes in the Punak region of Zanjan are at a desirable level.

The purpose of this study, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey method and structural equations, is the effect of structural, behavioral and contextual factors on rural tourism marketing in Hormozgan province. Statistical population of 10249 people using Cochran's formula 384 people were selected by simple random sampling as a sample. The data collection tool in this research is a questionnaire whose validity has been confirmed using CVR coefficient and its reliability has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were collected through a specialized and researcher-made questionnaire. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis has been used to determine the construct validity of the research questionnaire. The reliability of the research questionnaire was done by using interviews with experts and determining the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and SPSS software, to analyze the data performed using SPSS 22 software, descriptive statistics, tables and graphs were used and PLS software was used to model the structural equations. By performing factor analysis on 53 identified components, 3 factors were identified as dimensions of tourism marketing, which were structural, behavioral and contextual factors. Among them, 27 indicators are related to structural factors, 12 indicators are related to behavioral factors and 14 indicators are related to underlying factors. The results show that all indicators related to structural, behavioral and contextual factors have an impact on rural tourism marketing.

This article explains social capital and its indicators on sustainable urban development in Bushehr. For this purpose, a combination of theories of sustainable urban development of Sherry Ernstein, David Driskell and Scott Davidson and the social capital of Bourdieu and Putnam was used as a theoretical framework. The research method is survey and the statistical population is over 18 years old in Bushehr. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 384 people. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis and regression analysis using SPSS software. Formal credit was used to measure credit and the alpha value of sustainable urban development is 0.883 and social capital is 0.892 which have the necessary reliability.Descriptive findings of the study showed that the variable status of social capital is moderate and the index of sustainable urban development and all its dimensions (economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability, physical sustainability and institutional sustainability) are relatively high (more than 40%). findings showed that Pearson correlation coefficient between the amount of social capital of citizens and sustainable urban development is equal to 0.286. That is, the more social capital, the higher the rate of sustainable urban development, and conversely, the less social capital, the lower the rate of sustainable urban development. A positive and significant relationship can be seen between the dimensions of social capital and sustainable urban development.

Quantitative and qualitative principles in traditional architecture, which are related the category of aesthetics and visual principles governing structure and proportions; Leads to the emergence of aesthetics. Aesthetic components are considered as one of the richest semantic factors in architecture, especially the architecture of old houses of the Qajar period in the city of Tabriz. The present study investigates the role of components and influential factors in the aesthetics of the architecture of historic houses in Tabriz in perception of semantic concepts. Descriptive-analytical method was used with qualitative method which has been done through in-depth interviews with experts and specialists in the fields related to the architecture of Qajar houses in Tabriz. The voices of the interviewees were computer-coded using Max QDA qualitative data analysis software. The most important manifestations of this period are manifested in two areas of aesthetics and function. Aesthetic factors in the main structure (physical; dimensions, proportions, color, etc.) so that most of the deep layers of semantic and functional layers of Qajar houses are reflected. In the dimension of functional signs, factors such as attention to light and climate, compliance with local customs and traditions, local materials and attention to the needs of all family members and flexibility are manifested. Aesthetics from the internal and external visual aspects of the body and the architectural environment are more effective in cases such as sash, two-door, three-door and five-door (along with headstone and plastering). These components are very effective in the aesthetics of Qajar houses in Tabriz.

According to Mackinder's theory, Central Asia has always been considered as one of the most important geopolitical regions in the world, which underwent extensive changes after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent states. In this regard, during the last decade, with the increasing influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the increasing political-economic influence of China in Central Asia, as well as the increasing intervention of the Russian Federation in these countries, the US interests in this region have always faced many challenges and problems. Considering the effects of US strategic influence in the Central Asian region and its effects on the national security interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical and applied method to explain the geopolitical strategic interests of the United States in the Central Asian region. The statistical population of the present study consists of all experts and experts in political geography, the sample size of which was estimated at 50 people based on the Cochran model. In order to analyze the research findings, descriptive statistics of mean, Friedman and binomial tests in SPSS software were used. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between Geo strategic, Geo economic and increasing US sphere of influence in the Central Asian region. In other areas, increasing military-espionage bases, breaking Russian-Chinese hegemony, and increasing US economic revenues are the most important interests and goals facing the United States in Central Asia over the period 2020-2022.

Providing housing for the low-income groups is one of the most important challenges, especially in developing countries, and the lack of adequate housing leads to increased social harms , according to the nature and type of research, which is developmental-applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. It is noteworthy that questionnaires and interviews were used as the main tools for data collection. In this dissertation, the questionnaires were distributed and completed by members of the statistical community through random sampling. The statistical population is the residents of low-income residential complexes in the new city of Sadra, which is equivalent to 35,318 people. Cochran's formula has been used to calculate the sample size of the research, which is equivalent to 380 people. Also, Amos statistical analysis software using structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that in order to reduce social harms in low-income residential complexes, physical components such as sense of belonging, furniture and infrastructure, functional system, access, light and lighting, activity-user system, physical-spatial, and landscape and space Greens can be effective. Based on the mentioned components, solutions such as creating a platform for participatory activities to get to know the neighbors from each other and expand their social relations, paying attention to the existence of open and semi-open spaces for proper productivity and controlling their access and spatial and activity diversity in public spaces of residential complexes. Increase and .... is provided

The expansion of trade between the countries of origin of tourism and the country of destination often leads to the continuation of travel to the destination country. Therefore, theoretically and empirically, the volume of foreign trade and tourism are related to each other. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the value of foreign trade imports and tourism demand in Iran. This research is applied in terms of purpose. The main method in this research is econometric model and panel var method was used for analysis. The study period to evaluate the relationship between foreign trade and tourism demand in Iran, during the years 2016-2011 (2016-2016) and the selected countries are China, UAE, the Republic of Korea and Turkey. Regarding the impact of foreign trade, this study found that the value of imports between Iran and its trading partners has a positive and significant effect on increasing the number of tourists.

Iran's villages have unique environmental and social contexts, and each is a treasure trove of the country's diverse cultural heritage. The village is a culturally traditional community dominated by simple culture. Habitat and climate are two man-made and natural systems that have a profound influence on each other. Climate is one of the determinants of the structure of rural housing in which patterns and activities of an area are influenced. Rural life, too, is a type of production-based and indigenous structure whose inhabitants often provide for their needs in the rural area. One of the most important is the need for shelter and a place to live. Rural buildings, especially in the past, have been a symbol of identity and represent social, cultural, economic, and climatic structures of the region. Rural housing, with its simplicity and simplicity, intuitive patterns and adaptation to the natural environment, has formed a living and social biological function that gives it a distinct identity. Rural housing by exploring the factors discussed will help to explain the structure of housing according to the needs of the people and appropriate climatic, social, economic, etc. factors.

Given the 20-year vision, the Islamic Republic is considered to be the first country in the region in various fields, while no model has been designed for the country to progress in this direction. Some researchers believe that the Western development model can work in this way and lead the country to this goal. The Supreme Leader has introduced a model called the Iranian-Islamic model of progress and while specifying its dimensions and contexts, has asked researchers and experts to adapt it to the cultural, historical, religious and other contexts. Define the specific systems of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this study, based on the hypothesis that the Iranian-Islamic model of progress from the perspective of the Supreme Leader is a suitable model for the country's progress, the dimensions of these two models are discussed and using library studies and utilization From his point of view, we will answer the question whether the Iranian-Islamic model of progress from the perspective of the Supreme Leader is a suitable model for the development of the country? The results suggest that the Western model is ineffective because it has failed to eradicate poverty, discrimination, and injustice, and has failed to establish human morality. While the basis of this type of development is colonization, discrimination and looting of other countries, it is therefore a false model.

The purpose of this article is to examine the economics of Trump's foreign policy from a realistic perspective. These studies have been done by descriptive-analytical method. The results show that Trump's foreign policy was based on central interests, preferring the framework of the central interest approach and economic nationalism to the globalization of the international economy, and viewed the globalization of the economy with skepticism. Trump did not care about the globalization of the economy, he canceled or amended some trade agreements under the pretext of nationalism. Trump opposes the establishment of a liberal order in the United States and seeks to end that order, the global economy does not seem to benefit the United States, and he seeks a fundamental redefinition of the American national interest. Trump's protectionist policies are worsening the state of the world economy. With the inauguration of the Trump administration, the direction of American foreign policy has undergone significant changes, from liberal internationalism to a combination of modernism and realism. The most important indicators of this type of orientation have been prioritizing national goals, adopting unilateral policies, opposing the role of legitimate and participatory US leadership, reluctance to globalize the economy, and US adherence to moral obligations and international norms. More about this source textSource text required for additional translation informationSend feedbackSide panels

Housing is introduced as a human need, a complex category and has various dimensions. Entering the field of housing planning, it is achieved that this type of planning, due to the limitations and housing needs of different segments of society, has sought to meet this human need in different ways over the years, but today The limited resources of the government and the rapid increase in demand for housing do not allow housing to be provided to all members of society. Hence, the framework of national development goals, especially priority economic and social goals, determines the housing share of low-income groups. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the effects of satisfaction on housing mobility in the group of low-income groups on Mehr housing projects in the Mehr Pardis housing area. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the data collection tool includes documentary and field studies through a questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis method was also used for analysis. The results show that Mehr Pardis housing in Tehran, despite the time and cost spent, has several problems that have had a great impact on the satisfaction of the audience. The results of the study of the factors representing residential satisfaction show that the factor of satisfaction with the condition of the residential complex explains the residents of Mehr Pardis housing in Tehran.

Agriculture in terms of production, employment and food security has led different countries in the world, whether developed or developing in various ways, to support this sector. In Iran, agriculture has a very important role as a platform for economic activity and livelihood of a large part of the population.Therefore, the present study examines the role of global markets in the development of agriculture in Iran with an entrepreneurial approach and based on the purpose of the research is applied research and descriptive analysis.The method of data collection was field and questionnaire that was distributed and collected among 400 farmers, experts, exporters and managers and experts in this field and the information extracted in SPSS environment was analyzed. In this study, Kolmogronov-Smirnov test was used for data normality,Cronbach's alpha test was used for reliability, factor analysis test was used for validity, and path analysis test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of research variables.The results of this study showed that for the development of agriculture in Iran with an entrepreneurial approach along with the role of global markets, the most important factor is political factors at the domestic and international levels and factors such as individual characteristics of farmers and producers are in second place.Therefore, paying attention to these factors and the role in the production and export of quality agricultural products along with entrepreneurship and presenting them in global markets for the growth and development of Iran's agricultural industry seems to be necessary, which is suggested to be considered.

Due to increasing population and increasing demand for food, chemical fertilizers as a tool for the desire for maximum production per unit area, have been used indiscriminately, which has caused irreparable damage to the body of the environment. On the other hand, today is the global approach to organic farming. One of the ways to increase plant resistance to environmental stress is to increase the level of substrates of antioxidant enzymes and intracellular antioxidants such as ascorbic acid. This experiment is a split factorial In the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications and in two cropping years 2018-2019 in Ghamsar village located in Shahreri city. In this experiment, drought stress as the main factor in three levels: 40-170-100 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan of class A and biofertilizer including growth-promoting bacteria (azospirillium) and mycorrhiza fungus in four levels including: a) no consumption b ) Seed of growth-promoting bacterium (Azospirillium) c) Consumption of mycorrhizal fungus in the form of seed d) Concomitant use of growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillium with mycorrhizal fungus in the form of seed and ascorbic acid in two levels of foliar application, including a) no ascorbic acid and B) Application of ascorbic acid (two days after irrigation treatment) was considered as a factorial as a sub-factor.

Having a complete and accurate system for monitoring and control is one of the most important and vital pillars in a healthy and efficient management. All institutions, organizations and ministries that use public funds have legal duties and powers within which they are only allowed to operate. Usually, these duties and responsibilities are mentioned in the statutes of these organizations or the law of their formation; But there is no denying the constant desire of some managers to shrug off the do's and don'ts and to act on their own accord. Monitoring in all public institutions is necessary. One view holds that the municipality is a public institution and in this respect is under the supervision of the Court of Audit. Another view is that the Court of Audit only monitors the consumption of the state budget and the municipality's revenue is excluded from the scope of the Court of Audit because it is not part of the national budget. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the supervision of public institutions with an emphasis on municipalities as a library. The results of this study confirm that the principles of power control in fact analyze the arguments and foundations of the legitimacy of power control. From the content and documents of this article, it is well inferred that the Iranian constitutional system, relying on political ideas and Islamic sources, is sensitive to the density of power and the possibility of its unbridledness and aggression, and therefore in this system Power and its control and limitation have been taken very seriously, and several principles have been proposed for this purpose, which well justify the need to control power.

Cities as active process are growing and developing. Population and technology are changing urban districts. These changes are more in function, morphology, visual and perception, social and culture. These evolutions cause feel the researches around subjects such as districts texture and their spatial structures. Districts in cities have physical, social, cultural and economic identity that most important for build of the cities. How does understand urban districts texture? Why does quality of districts functional- spatial decrease? How can solve it? How can hold ancient identity samples? These are necessaries of studing and notice to subjects. This research goal is category of districts spatial structure in field of focal dimensions and thematic dimensions, also on besed on Ancient public places and Novel urban spaces logic, in brief and intelligible.This research follows finding the original and main factures of selective districts structures in Kerman city. These factures compare together in ancient, middle and abroad selective districts.

Today, many countries want better development of rural schools and the realization of educational justice, and have given more authority to rural schools in curriculum design and resource management. The need for effective leadership of rural school leaders with effective competencies to meet the complex and multifaceted demands of multigrade primary school education is undeniable. In many countries, the focus on nurturing and advancing efficient school leaders has become a key part of educational reform of education systems. Due to the lack of institutionalization of the position and concept of leadership in educational policies, we are faced with a "lack of content and thematic knowledge" in this area. This situation has shown itself in the correct understanding of the nature of leadership opportunities Due to the weakness of the role and position, the leaders are in a situation that has reduced the perception of them to the manager or inspector.In order to overcome the gaps caused by this situation, the present study was conducted to identify the interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences related to the design of managers' competencies. The study population is the educational leaders of the country. Sampling was done purposefully and theoretically and the sample size was determined based on theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data.

The age of knowledge or knowledge is a new title that refers to the present or the near future. Knowledge management is of increasing importance for the government and government organizations to deal with the risks posed by the knowledge-based economy. The present study aims to provide a model for implementing the knowledge management process in Iranian nomads. In this survey study, data were collected using a questionnaire. This questionnaire, which assesses the provision of a suitable model of knowledge management for the nomadic affairs organization of the country. Each item is graded on a five-point Likert scale from one (very low) to five (very high). To be selected. In this study, confirmatory factor analysis was used with Amos software. The data of this research were edited from the data standardization method in the regression analysis analytical path in spss24 and the data in the range of +3 to -3 were used and more and less data from this domain were used. Were removed from the data to provide more standardized data for analysis. Out of 100 cases, 2 cases were removed and 98 samples were analyzed. Bartlett kmo and sphericity test Preliminary results of principal components analysis of the research tool showed that all items have a suitable factor load and no item is removed from the questionnaire. Accordingly, the adequacy of Kaiser Mir-Eklin sampling (KMO = 794) and Bartlett sphericity test (1090.864) were significant (0.000). I

Urban management structure is one of the most important dimensions of urban governance. According to the United Nations Urban Development Plan, there are five axes for the 21st century geographical area of the world: urban land management, urban infrastructure management, municipal finance management, urban environmental management and eradication. In this article, we seek to answer the question of whether Islamic countries have been more successful in urban management by following the Islamic model or Western countries? Can the Islamic model meet the modern needs of Muslims in Islamic countries? In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method We achieved the important point that Islamic countries can also use the successful experiences of developed countries to promote and improve Iran's urban management by observing the culture of the Islamic model. urban management by following the Islamic model or Western countries? Can the Islamic model meet the modern needs of Muslims in Islamic countries? In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method We achieved the important point that Islamic countries can also use the successful experiences of developed countries to pro

Latent energy is the energy used to produce and transport materials, build, maintain and demolish buildings. Exploitation energy is the energy that residents consume during the operation of the building. Past research has shown that the latent energy of buildings in developing countries is twice that of developed countries. As operating energy optimization increases, the share of latent energy in total life cycle energy will increase. Therefore, the importance of optimizing latent energy is becoming more apparent. Meanwhile, the construction industry is the largest consumer of natural resources and global energy reserves, which emit carbon dioxide and environmental pollution. This research has been done with the aim of optimizing the latent energy of the building by considering the architecture of the structural structure of the building. To calculate the latent energy of the building skeleton, the effect of various factors such as cross-sectional dimensions of structural members, materials used in concrete and the type of steel used has been investigated. How and to what extent is the latent energy of the building? The research method was descriptive-analytical with the help of ETABS software. The results show that by comparing the latent energy in the roofs in the table below, it can be concluded that chromite roofing has less latent energy than other roofs. Also, concrete buildings have less latent energy and much less environmental damage than steel buildings.

The configuration of architectural spaces can increase the interaction and social relations between users of the space. strengthen social relations and increase people's sense of belonging to the environment. Therefore, in this article to explain the components of configuration An effective space for social interactions in traditional and contemporary commercial centers of Qazvin has been studied. The present research is based on the nature and subject matter in the field of applied-developmental research and in terms of research method is descriptive-analytical which has been done in a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) way. Qualitative analysis was performed using the output of spatial layout maps, which includes connectivity, interconnection, depth and access using Deptump software, and quantitative analysis based on survey research studies based on Pearson correlation coefficient. The statistical population also includes all Users of space in the traditional bazaar of Qazvin and Alborz and Mehr and Mah Qazvin commercial complex have been considered that the sample size of users of space based on the minimum descriptive research quota of 100 people has been considered randomly. Based on the results of spatial configuration research on social interactions in three study spaces including the traditional market of Qazvin, Alborz and Mehromah, is effective, but according to the correlation coefficient calculated in the traditional market (0.322), the effect on the complex Alborz and Mehrumah are less commercial and in Alborz commercial complex, spatial configuration has had the greatest impact on the quality of users' social interactions.

Despite the existence of potential human and executive forces in Iran, unfortunately, industrialization and the use of new technology and materials in residential buildings and the prevention of material wastage, with a very slow process and due to the importance of the construction sector in Iran's economic activities More effective measures need to be taken in this regard. For this purpose, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the indicators affecting the waste of materials in residential buildings in Tehran according to the existing theoretical foundations. This research is descriptive in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method of work and survey and documentary. In order to identify the effective factors, a sample from the community of experts and experts in this industry has been selected by simple random sampling method and The data were collected by distributing a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The results showed that proper design with a percentage of 74.73% has the greatest effect on the increase in construction waste. After that, the manufacturing industry with a percentage of 71.65% in the second rank, education with an impact percentage of 70.62% in the third rank, financial resources and economic justification with a percentage of 64.83% in the fourth rank and finally save and Warehouses with 63.33% have the least effect of increasing waste.

The electricity industry is one of the vital and fundamental infrastructures of other industries and plays an important role in the industrial and economic development of developing countries. According to this issue, the purpose of this study is to investigate and identify causal, contextual and intervening factors affecting the promotion of customer satisfaction Electricity with a focus on the western region of the country. This research is part of mixed (quantitative-qualitative) research. In the qualitative part of the research, the main categories were identified and a 42-item questionnaire was designed and distributed in the target community. The statistical population of the study is all the subscribers of the four electricity regions on the western region of the country. According to Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires should be distributed among the subscribers. The questionnaire was analyzed and the results were 95% reliable and 0.05 error. Overall customer satisfaction was measured by 5 variables, which are causal factors, consequences, strategies, intervening factors and contextual factors obtained by the researcher through qualitative research of foundation data theory. Findings indicate the effect of causal conditions (reduction of power outages and fluctuations; providing street lighting and customer responsiveness) and intervening conditions (organization tidiness and electricity meter reading) and background conditions (technology advancement) on improving customer satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of internationalization of small and medium industries with marketing innovation: with emphasis on the mediating role of market orientation and marketing capabilities in the leather industry of East Azerbaijan province. The statistical population in the qualitative sector includes experts, CEOs and senior managers of SMEs in the bag and shoe industry of East Azerbaijan province. The sample size was considered as 40 by theoretical saturation method and snowball. The statistical population in the quantitative part was equal to 1620 active units in East Azerbaijan province. The statistical sample based on Morgan-Krejcie table was 310 people who were selected by simple random sampling method. Of the mentioned number, 345 units are related to the northern region of East Azerbaijan province, 502 units are related to the western region of the province, 217 units are related to the southern region of the province and 556 units are related to the eastern region of the province. The data collection tools in the qualitative stage were semi-structured interviews and group discussions and the data collection in the quantitative stage was done through a researcher-made questionnaire by field method. Content analysis method and maxqda software were used for qualitative data analysis and structural equation modeling method was used for descriptive data analysis using spss and smart pls software.

There is no well-defined and generally accepted definition of a fair tax system. Because each economic system defines this concept in accordance with the worldview of its rulers and legislators. But in short, in the definition of tax justice, it should be said that a progressive and fair tax system is a system that collects taxes and their rates on the one hand and the type of tax and its place of consumption on the other, and in the tax procedure, such as tax evasion, corruption And there should be no bribery and it should be done according to fair standards. But in the meantime, the issue that should not be ignored is the issue of tax efficiency; That is, allocating the tax burden to individuals must be both fair and efficient. Based on the necessity of two aspects of efficiency and tax justice, in the present study, this relationship was investigated. Accordingly, it is ultimately concluded that basically any tax system should be based on two main criteria: the criteria of efficiency and fairness or equality. The fact is that the tax system is desirable or optimal when it simultaneously pays attention to these two criteria.

The present study aimed to provide a model for green human resource management and green supply chain in the automotive industry in Iran. This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method, and cross-sectional in terms of time. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire with a Likert scale of 5 options whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. The statistical population of this study includes all elites as well as human resource managers and supply chain managers of companies affiliated to the automotive industry in Tehran province. Using Morgan table and random sampling method, 274 people were selected. The research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling and LISREL software. Findings showed that in the extracted model, there are categories of causal conditions, axial categories, context, intervening conditions, strategy and consequences in the final model that have a significant relationship with each other. The result of reviewing the five hypotheses of the research showed that all hypotheses were confirmed and the causal category on the central category, the central category on green human resources management strategies, the intervening conditions on green human resources management strategies, the contextual factors on human resources management strategies, respectively. Green and ultimately strategies have a positive and significant impact on outcomes.

Studies and experiences in the field of improvement and renovation of dilapidated urban structures show the evolution of new approaches such as urban regeneration with emphasis on people's participation, especially in the central neighborhood. Urban regeneration, with an emphasis on neighborhood-centeredness, seeks to have the greatest impact on sustainability with the necessary small-scale measures, namely neighborhood, which is the smallest scale in the physical divisions of urban management. Therefore, in this regard, the aim of this study is the spatial analysis of neighborhood-centered economic and social approach in regenerating worn-out structures of urban areas (Case study: areas 4 and 5 of Zahedan city). The present study is an applied-analytical research. The method used in the data collection stage is based on a review of valid external and internal and field sources (questionnaire). WASPAS and Fuzzy VIKOR models were used for data analysis. The results of WASPAS decision model showed that area five is in a better position in the neighborhood-based economic and social approach than area four. Also, the results of Fuzzy VIKOR model showed that area five with a weight of 0.680 has a better situation than area four in terms of the possibility of a neighborhood-based economic and social approach in regenerating the worn-out tissues of Zahedan.

Land use change detection requires the use of fast and appropriate methods to collect information and integrating information layers. Extracted data from satellite images and combine them with field data can provide accurate and better information for multilateral decisions. Arvand Free Zone with an area of 37219 hectars is located in northwest of Persian Gulf, in confluence of two rivers Karoon and Arvand and including the cities of Khorramshahr, Abadan and Minoo Island. In this study images of TM in 1990, ETM in 2002 and OLI in 2015 were used. For preparing the landuse/cover map maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification method was used. Ultimately, five types of landuse (Agriculture and gardens, saline solis, grassland and barren lands, residential and industrial facilities, water levels) identified. The results have been expressed wide changes in the study area. Grassland and barren lands had decreasing process in the study period of time.By the year 2002 ,agriculture and gardens had increasing trend then to 2015 had decreasing trend. Residential and industrial facilities from 12 percent of the total area in 1990 to 14.7 percent in 2002 and 29.6 percent in 2015 have increased. According to the results that Arvand Free Zone in the study period of time had many landuse changes on accordance with economic, geographic and strategic special situations, in area landuse management planning for changes should be considered.

Urban Sustainability and Vitality are among the most important strategies that urban management should consider in order to achieve sustainable urban development and to promote the economic and social development of neighborhoods. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of urban management on sustainability and vitality in urban areas in Urmia. The statistical population of this study includes all experts, urban managers and university professors working in the field of urban development, urban planning and urban management in Urmia. 100 individuals were randomly selected and the required information was collected using a research tool. The tools used in this study include a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity is formal and structural and its reliability has been confirmed by combined reliability. Data analysis was done through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The model evaluated in this study had acceptable fitness indices. Structural equation modeling showed that environmental factor (γ = 0.231, t = 3.75), physical factor (γ = 0.224, t = 3.09) had the greatest impact on urban vitality in Urmia. Also, urban performance management had the most impact on physical (t = 4.81, γ = 0.431) and environmental (t = 4.71, γ = 0.423).

Humanity has withnessed changes during different priods, changes that with the passage of time and the formation of governments and under the influence of social values have the ability to change punishments. Values that are acceptable to societies, regardless of geographical differences and are necessary to defend it that depending on the structure of society, the imoact of each of these values will be different. Accordingly, the question under consideration is which of the social values will have the greatest impact on the evolution of punishment with emphasizing on cultural geography. The results of the study indicate that societies, in all societies,there are social values with different discourses, but in the geographical region of Iran, values based on ethics and culture will have the ability to have the maximum impact on the punishment. In such a way that the perception of the impact of political pressures on the evolution of punishment, especially in severe punishments such as stoning and flogging has been minimized. Therefore, today the Iranian criminal policy through the development of freedom and democracy and in accordance with expediency and also based on social values, has found the ability to abolish or replace such punishnents, which can also be a sign of more humane punishmenys.

Four different waves of terrorism have already been mentioned in the form of a historical process. In a way, it can be said that the international system in the post-Westphalian world (from 1870) to the contemporary era has four waves of terrorism under the title; Anarchist, nationalist, leftist and religious terrorism has passed; These waves have also had a significant impact on the evolution of the international system. However, acknowledging these terrorist waves, the present article introduces a new wave called the fifth wave of terrorism in the Middle East, which is rooted in the evolution of international politics and the pattern of proliferative order. The fifth wave differs from other waves in both goals and tactics, especially the fourth wave of terrorism. The most important question of the forthcoming article is what are the developments of the fifth wave of terrorism and what are the similarities and differences with the fourth wave of terrorism? And in response to the hypothesis that the fifth wave of terrorism has emerged from the new systemic structure or multiplicity order, and along with these similarities that the fourth and fifth waves are both rooted in the Middle East and has emerged from Islamist currents, And in response to the hypothesis that the fifth wave of terrorism has emerged from the new systemic structure or multiplicity order, and along with these similarities that the root of the fourth and fifth waves are both in the Middle East and has emerged from Islamist currents, t

In the current study, the causative link among gross domestic product (GDP) annual growth rate (GDPr), corruption perceptions index (CPI), foreign direct investments (FDI) and ease of doing business index (DB) was empirically tested from 2005 to 2020 by using a panel data of D-8 Group comprise of 8 country include Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey. The PMG panel ARDL, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence, used to investigate the long and short-term dynamic relationships. Findings from the Pesaran-Yamagata homogeneity test, Pesaran CD test, CIPS and ADF Fisher Chi-square (ADF Fisher) panel unit root tests and Kao panel cointegration test, indicated the panel time series data has heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, analyzed variables are stationary and cointegrated respectively. According to the panel ARDL estimation, the error-correction model coefficient (ECM) negative and statistically significant for all examined countries. The value coefficient of error term, indicate that the most of deviation of long-term equilibrium, corrected in the first year. The panel causality analysis results confirm, the bidirectional causality between GDPr and FDI; GDPr and DB; CPI and DB. In addition, the unilateral causality relationship found between CPI and GDPr, DB and FDI.

Today, the economic policymakers of every country take advantage of every effort to achieve a high growth rate, however, attention to the extent to which economic uncertainties and fluctuations affect the development of various economic sectors, has received less attention from government officials. In this regard, in the present study to of macroeconomic uncertainty on forecasting short-term and long-term activities the industrial sector during the period 1991 to 2020 in Iran, Has been analyzed. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and is in the group of descriptive-correlational research. It is also a cross-sectional research from a temporal perspective. In order to investigate the effects of macroeconomic uncertainty on the forecast of future activities of the real sector of the economy, the method of Junttila and Vataja (2018) was followed and in order to analyze the data, the ARDL (determining the long run relationship between series with different order of integration) method was used. The results show that the macroeconomic uncertainty variable in the short and long term has a significant effect on the logarithm variable value of the industrial production index.

Given the multi-year droughts and the decline in agricultural production and rural incomes in the Kurdistan region, finding alternative solutions for agriculture and creating a stable source of income for the villagers is an undeniable necessity. Given the relatively long history of handicrafts in the Kurdistan region and its importance in employment and growth of rural businesses, the purpose of this study is to present a model of rural entrepreneurship development with emphasis on Kurdistan handicrafts. The research method is an exploratory mix that has been done in two separate stages. Data collection tools in this study, first in the form of semi-structured interviews with 15 academic experts and senior executives of rural entrepreneurship development, especially in the field of handicrafts and then compiling a questionnaire and distributing it among the statistical population. Entrepreneurs of the province (with Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 89%) who have been selected by counting method for study. After the six stages of content analysis, 237 descriptive codes, 28 interpretive codes and finally 7 comprehensive themes were counted under the headings of individual factors, social factors, economic factors, technical factors, infrastructure factors, cultural factors. The results of prioritizing the identified factors from confirmatory factor analysis showed that economic factors are the most important factor in the development of rural entrepreneurship.

In this study, tourism climate was examined in Isfahan province based on TCI and limits of the province was zoning based on the index. Using TCI, climatic variables, the mean maximum daily temperature, the mean daily temperature, minimum daily relative humidity, mean daily relative humidity, total precipitation, total sunshine hours and mean wind speed are investigated. To achieve this goal, the synoptic stations data have been analyzed in the area of information and in order to enhance the accuracy of interpolation of the surrounding stations. Therefore, TCI is calculated for each of the stations studied monthly and the following results have been compiled in GIS and were zoning Isfahan province based on TCI and finally, the weather favorable for tourism activities is estimated during the days of the year in vast province. To achieve this goal, the synoptic stations data have been analyzed in the area of information and in order to enhance the accuracy of interpolation of the surrounding stations. Therefore, TCI is calculated for each of the stations studied monthly and the following results have been compiled in GIS and were zoning Isfahan province based on TCI and finally, the weather favorable for tourism activities is estimated during the days of the year in vast province.

Tourism is a dynamic, diverse and income-generating industry in which communities seek to take advantage of the many opportunities and benefits that come with it in order to determine the relative well-being of the present and future of their inhabitants. One of the most important methods is to identify the factors affecting tourism development. The city of Ardabil is no exception to this rule and the main purpose of this study is to identify the key drivers of tourism development in Ardabil. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in nature. Library and field methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the study is experts familiar with the tourism industry of Ardabil, which 10 people were identified and questioned as a statistical sample of the research by snowball method. To identify the main factors of tourism development, content analysis (CVR) method and to identify key drivers, structural analysis method in the form of MICMAC software has been used. The results show that the factors of human resources, health services, education, specialized management, sanctions, competitiveness, planning and diversification are the key drivers of tourism development in Ardabil and that among the mentioned factors, the factor of competitiveness, has a strategic role in the development of tourism in Ardabil, therefore, it is necessary to have priority in planning.

Tourism has a positive effect on the economic, cultural and political development of a country by increasing income, reducing the socio-psychological distance between nations and peoples, creating friendship, maintaining stability and strengthening the national image. Various factors contribute to the development of tourism. Among these factors, especially in the urban tourism sector, is the role of open urban spaces in attracting tourists. One of the most important factors affecting the perception and behavior of tourists in urban destinations is their mental image of those destinations. Few studies have addressed the mental image of tourists of open urban spaces. In this study, the role of the tangible dimension-artifact of open urban urban spaces in the mental image of tourists of these spaces was investigated by interviewing 24 domestic, repetitive and young tourists in Isfahan. In this qualitative study, content analysis was used and also purposeful sampling method was used to achieve data saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and field observations. Inductive content analysis was then used to analyze the collected data. The results show: 5 main categories were obtained from this study: functional richness, visual richness, uniqueness of physical elements, furniture and space elements and access and communication with Space. This study showed that various tangible-artifact factors affect the mental image of tourists of open urban spaces. Based on the findings of this study, more research is needed on the mental image of tourists of open urban space.

City and rural interaction was recognized as one of important and effective factors in occurrence of social, economical and cultural changes for current arenas. In most of development plans and theories, we focus on city and rural dichotomy. Suitable and several relations between city and rural can generate two mentioned societies development or non-development. So the aim of current research is investigation effects and relations at Oshnavieh city on Naloos sector villages development which they were implemented by analytical-descriptive method. Data gathering is combined with documentary and measurement methods. Research Statistical society include all of rural households in Naloos sector of Oshnavieh city. By using Cochrane’s formulae, we determined 100 samples volume number. In order to data analysis Cronbach , T Test , Pearson and Regression tests were applied. Results showed that city and rural relationship amount is equal with 2.54 and it was evaluated in low level. Also, in the Pearson correlation test, the investment flow of urban residents in the rural economic activities has a higher correlation and in the test of regression of the flow of communication through the provision of financial resources has had a greater impact on communications.

This article examines the theoretical foundations related to citizenship rights and then examines the relationship between citizenship rights and the quality of life of citizens from urban life. The purpose of applied research and the method used is descriptive-analytical. While examining the concept of citizenship rights, the article examines the indicators of citizenship rights and then explains its relationship with the indicators of quality of life. The results show that quality of life is composed of several indicators and its realization requires development programs but requires prerequisites such as citizenship rights. In comparison, the concept of citizenship rights, especially in Iran, has less theoretical support and lack of awareness and education about citizenship rights has affected and affected the citizens' understanding of the concept of satisfaction; Therefore, since the awareness of citizens about citizenship rights is at the lowest level, demanding, which is the basic principle of citizenship rights, is practically meaningless.