نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 75 (اردیبهشت 1401)

Equal employment opportunities, regardless of gender, race or class, are a feature of developed societies. The presence of women in societies is increasing compared to previous years, but discrimination against women is not only due to gender stereotypes, but also the social and cultural manifestation of the two sexes, the resulting political and economic imbalance in society is quite evident. Professional women, despite being educated and experienced in parallel with men, still face institutionalized discrimination in the structure of society. In this article, we tried to answer the question of what role does the gender stereotype play in employing women in managerial positions in Mazandaran province? Case study of the statistical population of women in managerial positions in Mazandaran using analytical-descriptive method. Findings show that women in Mazandaran province, compared to men in managerial positions, are influenced by gender stereotypes stemming from political and social culture and institutional structure in the country.

One of the regions prone to convergence is the Islamic world, which stretches from Southeast Asia to West Africa and covers more than fifty countries, which, if realized, could play a key role in empowering Muslims. One of the factors creating convergence between Islamic countries is the economy, which is both due to the rich and diverse economic potential of the Islamic world and a necessity for the internal development of these countries. But despite the mentioned potential and necessity, we are witnessing the economic divergence of Islamic countries and as a result of the failure of the convergence of the Islamic world, which necessitates the identification of the main causes and factors of economic divergence of Islamic countries. Therefore, the main purpose of this article, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on the theoretical framework of convergence, is to answer the question that the economy as a fundamental factor in the relations between countries, what effect on the convergence of the Islamic world? The findings of the article show that the economic divergence of Islamic countries is one of the basic factors in preventing the formation of convergence in the Islamic world.

Money laundering is a new term that first appeared during the Watergate scandal in 1973 & was first used in a legal framework in 1982 in a US court, & has since been widely used & became the commonly found worldwide. Hence, the present study seeks to make comparative money laundering in Iranian & American law. After expanding the conceptual space of the research topic, it will examine the issue of money laundering & its application in the two legal systems of Iran & the United States. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-comparative & the data collection method in this article is a library. The findings of this article indicate that: In a comparative comparison between the two legal systems in terms of differentiation, it can be stated that money laundering is considered in Iranian law, but if the behavior of the perpetrator is not considered money laundering & the law is criminal which has been sentenced to independent punishment for the same crime, but in the United States it has only dealt with money laundering & various ways to achieve it, but in the field of commonality, it can be stated that in the law of both countries, while discussing transaction monitoring & circulation the mentioned perpetrators of money have also considered money laundering as a continuous crime..

In examining emerging mystics and their ideas in the Islamic world, the negative relationship between mysticism and politics is always one of the most challenging topics. However, some governments and movements in the history of Islam have a mystical structure and nature. One of these positive connections is to Islam in Turkey, which today dominates in the form of government in Turkey. This view is strongly influenced by Norse mysticism. In this article, while examining the new sectarianism, we will focus on Norse mysticism on Islamism, with a case study of Turkey. The main question of the article is how the Norse mystical views and the important place of these views in Turkish society have made the Norse way more popular in Turkey and other parts of the world? The research method is descriptive-analytical and using library resources. Among the tangible results is that the followers of this mysticism believe that the solution to the problems is only in the course of socio-cultural Islamism as well as intellectual and heart enlightenment, and this view has been able to attract countless supporters in Turkey and even the Islamic world. This socio-political current with emphasis on components such as attention to the unity of the Islamic world, a positive approach to the achievements of Western civilization, the prominent role of the social dimensions of Islam, attention to service and benefit to the people, moderate reading of Islam, emphasis on cultural Islam, struggle Ignorance, division, and tolerance of religious minorities are strongly influenced by mystical views.

Since the twentieth century, especially in the new millennium, the great powers shape the international relations, particularily more power in the hierarchy can shape the structure of the international system more. US-Russian relations can be assessed under the influence of the structure of the international system, factors such as NATO's expansion to the east, energy transmission and arms competition, countries around Russia are the arena of Russian-American rivalry in the structure of the international system. The Russia-Ukraine war in 2022 will determine the sphere of influence of US-Russian in Europe in the coming decades. Although the Russia-Ukraine war took place in the Eastern European region, its global impact will be great. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the restructuring of the international system to the US-led hierarchical system, Ukraine has faced serious crises. The question that can be asked in this regard is the role of the structure of the international system in examining the roots of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022. In response, the Ukraine-Russia war can be seen as an arena of direct US-Russian competition in the structure of the international system.

The United States seeks a long-term proxy war in Ukraine for Russia, an erosive war that perpetuates tensions between Europe and Russia and maintains confidence in the US presence in Europe for decades to come.

Relations between Iran and Turkey as two neighboring countries follow several variables. The purpose of this article is to study the variables affecting the relations between Iran and Turkey and to classify the variables that lead to the convergence and divergence of relations between the two countries. The research method is an adaptation of library articles and resources and Internet materials that have already been written in this field and the type of article has been written in a scientific-research and comparative field. After collecting the data, the data were classified and compared in the classification of variables as convergent and divergent. The findings indicate that several variables can play a role in the relations between Iran and Turkey, the most important of which are economic and security variables. And in the next degree put variables related to cultural relations and military identity. In conclusion, we come to the issue that several convergent and divergent factors form the relations between Iran and Turkey, each of which has its own unique effect and burden and exerts its weight on the relations between Iran and Turkey.

One of the important issues that are raised as effects of divorce; The wife's financial rights. The wife's financial rights are in fact financial guarantees for the legislator to protect her rights against the husband; Therefore, in addition to non-financial effects, marriage also creates financial effects for men. These rights and claims have various titles such as alimony, dowry, dowry, retribution, dowry, halving property and inheritance. Receiving these rights also requires follow-up, litigation, and executive guarantees provided by the legislature to protect him. Considering that the purpose of this article is to examine the financial effects of divorce on the alimony of the wife, and this financial right has been associated with challenges; The main question that is answered in the article in a descriptive-analytical way is what are the financial effects of the dissolution of the marriage on the alimony of the wife and what is the view of the legislator regarding the pursuit and receipt of what? The hypothesis is that regarding financial rights to the wife as financial effects, we are faced with some points, some of which need to be reconsidered in order to meet the requirements of time and place and the importance of equality issues in order to fully realize women's rights; Therefore, it is necessary to amend some laws or to enrich the laws and regulations of the subject law; However, in this regard, we are faced with a rich jurisprudential content; But in some cases, corrections must be made so that the wife does not have problems receiving her salary.