فصلنامه تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 56، زمستان 1400)

Today, academic fields have turned into a powerful tool for shaping the society and play an important role in the production of science and the creation of scientific communities. But at the same times, the nature of science and its production in academic settings are encountered with changes and challenges. In this study, based on Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory, we have tried to examine factors and challenges that university environments face with in the course of science production and hence, attempted to respond to the basic question: What are the factors and challenges of science production in the academic field? For that matter, using the meta-synthesis method, 62 articles were reviewed and their related categories and concepts were extracted and identified using the content analysis.

The signs of change and transformation in education have always been floating signifiers while articulating educational policy actions and various other semantic conflicts. This article uses a combined theoretical framework from Laclau, Mouffe, and Fairclough to analyze these semantic conflicts in policy texts formulated in the first decade after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. The results of this analysis show that semantic conflicts in the field of education, in the context created by cultural struggle (or Jehad Farhangi), articulate the fundamental change in the goals, content, structure, programs and philosophy of education with a focus on Islamization. This nodal point found semantic stability with signs such as: changes to the course content, purgation of manpower and elimination of former discourse, foundation of "Omor Tarbiyati" (Educational affairs), orientation to extracurricular activities in schools and, governmentalization of schools, etc. The credibility and accessibility of this meaning was linked to the necessity of signs of the Islamic Revolution discourse, and became a metaphor in the field of policy texts.

The central enquiry of the present study is how modern and traditional discourses of revolution influenced in shaping, living and dying Chavosh in the context of Iranian traditional music? In this study, we try to adopt an analytical method with a descriptive approach to examine the process of formation and collision of the way a musical discourse may superseded by a new one based on social and political changes within the society. We are particularly seeking to find how new musical discourses appeared over political activates led to 1979 Islamic revolution superseded previous life Iranian traditional music. Chavosh was one of the Iranian band shaped in this stream and tried to combine Iranian traditional music with revolutionary lyrical themes. The musical dimension of Chavosh's works includes components that are related to the “modern discourse” on the one hand and to the “traditional discourse” on the other, and their expression can be clearly traced in Chavosh's works. The intellectual and ideological field of Chavosh music, which is mainly reflected in the song contents, is influenced by the revolutionary tendencies and political atmosphere of the years leading to the 1979 revolution. This style gradually turned to build a new music genre among Iranian traditional music ensembles which continued its life even after Chavosh ended its life. Our findings show that Chavosh's discourse is a synthesis of modernism and traditionalism discourses in between the middle of the Nasseri period in second half of the 19th century and Islamic revolution in 1979.

Applied ethnomusicology is a growing trend across arts and humanities, towards the societal usefulness of academic work. In the second half of the twentieth century, it involved a variety of activities, such as holding festivals to preserve traditional music. In the 21st century, the second major trend in applied ethnomusicology has emerged i.e. music is seen as a tool to solve social problems. Some of the most common areas in applied ethnomusicology are: trying to realize the rights of deprived cultural and musical groups, protecting musical rights in the form of archival projects, trying to realize cultural and musical rights of minorities, efforts to protect the natural and social environments of musical cultures, participation in crises such as war and health and, cross-cultural music education. Applied ethnomusicology, in its modern sense, has no place in the current discourse in Iran. In other words, no trace of applied ethnomusicology can be found among the approved lectures and post-graduate dissertations in this field. In short, the potential of applied ethnomusicology has been widely neglected in the cultural policy of Iran. Among cultural opportunities offered by applied ethnomusicology include: redefining deprived cultural-musical groups and supporting them within the framework of popular festivals in the country, Establishment of regional music archives in deprived areas in order to have a lasting impact on the musical life of those regions, provide solutions to improve cultural-musical conditions of Afghan immigrants.

Muharram commemoration to remember sacrifices made by Imam Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions is one of the special and deep-rooted Islamic events, tied to spirituality for centuries. These processions are often held in specific routes or ‘mourning pathways. These paths and related spaces over time, in addition to being memorable and creating identity, have become spiritual in their own ways. But the contemporary Iranian urban planning pays more attention to material aspects and has moved away from spiritual spaces. Extensive physical changes and interventions in traditional cities, as well as threats and damage to mourning pathways, highlight the need for further research. This article, using comparative-qualitative studies and bringing evidence and numerous examples from different Iranian cities and emphasizing Ardabil, has tried to interpret the collected data, while proving and introducing mourning pathways as sacred and spiritual paths, determine their spiritual dimensions and aspects. The spiritual effects of mourning before and after the events along with their margins have been studied. The results show that various sacred-religious, physical-spatial, cultural-social, historical-political and natural factors constitute mourning pathways and then the socio-cultural dimension added weight to it. On the one hand, these pathways connect spaces to history, and on the other hand, they add a special symbolic and semantic dimension that distinguishes them from other paths.

Most societies, today, are made up of people with diverse cultures, nationalities, and ethnicities. Today, migration and communication between nations is common occurrences and sometimes necessary; hence, the acceptance of different nationalities by each other and the lack of social distancing becomes a necessity for pluralistic societies. For years, Iran has welcomed large numbers of Afghan immigrants as well as many Iraqi travelers. Considering the importance of the manner and quality of communication between different nationalities and the determining role of the attitude of the host society in this regard, this study is conducted to investigate the attitudes of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad students towards four nationalities: Iraqi, Afghan, American and Dutch. The research method is survey, with the sample size being 197 people who were randomly selected and filled in the Bogardes scale for the four nationalities. Statistical analysis of the data shows that Iranian students have had significant differences in their attitudes toward these four nationalities. According to the results of this study, the Netherlands, as the representative of Europeans, has the highest acceptance rate among Iranian students, followed by the United States and Afghanistan, respectively, and finally, Iraq has the lowest acceptance rate among Iranian students.