نشریه زبان و فرهنگ ملل
پیاپی 7 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

This is a comparative study between two grate poets who belong in reality to very different cultures but under a very specific point of view their poems can be easily analized with a textual critical approach to understand where and how the two treat the Nature as e very important element of their poems. Here we try to analize Saadi''s love poem and Petrarch''s sonnets from the point of view of the natural elements used by the two poets in their verses. Saadi, a great poet of love, and Petrarch father of Humanism, use nature and its various elements not only to describe their ownstate of mind but also to emphasize the beauty of their loved one. At a first sightusage of nature made by two poets appears identical, but with a more careful analytical study we realize some points of divergence at the level of poetic conception that exists in the two poetry collections. So knowing poetic traditions and very different linguistic styles bring us closer to poetic cultures far from our poetic raditionalready known for its lyricism and this is a factor that helps to enrich ourindepth cultural knowledge . The research method adopted is descriptive and analytical with a comparative approach between the two selected corpuses.

Sociological Theory of Morphology Margaret Archer is a theory based on the paradigm of integration in contemporary sociological theory . she in this approach, with a different approach from Giddens, he deals with the relationship between structure and agency. Archer uses the interaction of the three elements of construction, agency and culture to develop his approach .She interprets the profession of sociology as explaining the interactions and compositions of structure, agency, and culture, and believes that agency and structure are ontologically distinct and that combining them with Giddens's method is wrong and culture is a mediator between these two social concepts Archer cares about subjectivity as much as some sociologists care about objective matters. Archer sees the sociological profession as an explanation of the interactions and compositions derived from structure, agency, and culture.The present article is done with the method of documentary and library qualitative research and reviews, evaluates and explains the morphological theory and tries to interpret it simply and practically

In this article, first, the history of cultural movements in the Islamic world and its effects and consequences on the Islamic world were discussed. To this end, a review of some cultural movements in Shia and Sunni, including Kharijites, Marja'is, Ash'arites and Mu'tazilites, Sufis, Keysanians, Zaydis and Ismailis, was first reviewed; However, as a case study, in Sunni society, 4 movements of Wahhabism, Muslim Brotherhood, Salafi jihadists and Takfiris and in Shiite society, 4 movements of constitutionalism, Baha'i, Hojjatieh Association and Islamic Revolution were selected from contemporary cultural movements, and the effects and consequences of each on the world. Islam and the contemporary international system were explored. After examining the approach of each of the above cultural movements in the Islamic world and examining the effects and consequences of each of the eight selected movements on the Islamic world and the international system, the conclusion of the article was that none of these movements was successful, some of them Despite some positive aspects, they ultimately failed. In the meantime, only the cultural movement of the Islamic Revolution succeeded in becoming the most influential and deepest cultural movement in the Islamic world and created positive effects on the Islamic world in terms of reviving political Islam, confronting the domination system and forming a resistance front and significant victories. It will become the only successful cultural model in the Islamic world in the West Asian region.

Sufism is a branch of Islamic mysticism that originates from the Holy Quran. And the practical dimension is also mysticism. Of course, what is discussed in this article is praiseworthy Sufism, which our great mystics consider to be synonymous with mysticism, but refuse to use it due to the deviations created in Sufism. In this research, the differences between mysticism and Sufism have also been pointed out. Mystical knowledge is a kind of cognition that comes from the heart and its tool is the cultivation and purification of the soul; This kind of knowledge is not of the type of acquired knowledge, but of conscience, presence and attainment; Although there is no proof for it. The principle of mysticism is in the Qur'an and even Western orientalists acknowledge it. The method of mysticism and Sufism relies only on the purification of the soul on the basis of conduct to God and closeness to the truth until the stage of attaining the truth, and has no confidence in rational arguments.

Islamic jurisprudence, and especially the Jafari walk, with the strong support of the Qur'an and the narrations of the Infallible (peace be upon them), has been a problem-solver for centuries and an individual and social guide for people in all fields. In recent centuries, following the technological, intellectual and cultural invasion of the West, with great social changes, especially in politics, government, culture, economics and management, jurisprudence has degraded from its previous position and customary laws rules based on written laws has become the absolute ruler of Muslim nations. The present study examines the background of the problem pointing out the causes and factors of this phenomenon and implicitly warns of its consequences and effects. Western colonial policy and the weakness of our jurists due to intellectual stagnation, religious prejudices, antiquity, recession in ijtihad and backwardness of the educational curriculum, ‌ unfamiliarity of jurists with the epistemological system of religion and focus on ancestral jurisprudence are counted as the main factors and especially the change in principles of ijtihad and extremist tendency towards practical principles and hypothesizing and imaginations made by Usulis after Sheikh Ansari in the public space of the seminary have been considered as the causes of isolation and fragmentation of Shia jurisprudence. The research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and in a library manner.

Islamic civilization has had a great and different impact on the world. If it were not for Islamic sciences, the evolution of science in the world would be very different from what it is now, and this is especially important through Persian culture and language. This article, while examining Islamic civilization, deals with the issue of whether the Persian language culture, which according to the Supreme Leader of the Revolution "our national identity is our language and script" has been influential in different nations, has been researched by many researchers; Many have changed the Persian language culture as a souvenir of the West and in some articles have condemned the Persian language for mixing and trading with other languages. The certainty of the production of science in Islamic civilization proves that Muslims combined the pure achievements of previous civilizations with Islamic teachings and, while making significant scientific advances, became the basis for the creation of European and Western civilization. In this article, the author expresses the influence of Persian culture and language in different nations by using library resources and by studying the works of researchers.

Teachers’ knowledge of teaching methods and techniques is of utmost importance since they have to be aware of teaching techniques and evaluation of the program procedure. The purpose of the present research is to analyze the Iranian teachers’ degree of familiarity and knowledge regarding new teaching methods and techniques. The participants in the present study included all teachers at the Teaching Persian Language to Non-Persians (TPLNP) center at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Data collection was made through class observations for all 22 classes at TPLNP and interviews were held with 27 teachers. All observed classes included teaching the four main skills including listening, reading, speaking and writing. The classroom observation results showed that the most common teaching methods used at the TPLNP center in descending order were as follow: Communicative, Audiolingualism, Direct, Total Physical Response, Desuggestopedia, and Grammar-Translation Method. Through applying Pearson Product Moment Correlation to the collected data, a positive relationship was found between the selected teaching method and the educational background of the teacher; a negative relationship was also found between the teaching method and teacher’s teaching experience; and no significant relationship was found between the teaching method and both the age and field of study of the teacher.

The study of commonly used words in any language is of particular importance to the literati. , Newspapers and magazines, as well as news sites and networks, and comparing these five words with equivalent or similar words in Arabic, their exact meanings are discussed, and these words are: 1. The word "את" / et / is a word that occurs in Hebrew before the object known, which is not equivalent in many languages, while the way to recognize the object in Arabic is to pay attention to the meaning of the word and the sign at the same time. 2. The word "לא" / lo / comes from the question and means "no". Is one of the meanings of the letter answer and is used to construct the verb negation 3. "כל" / kol / in Hebrew means "all or everything" and is exactly equivalent to the word "whole" in Arabic 4. "של" / shel / indicates ownership and possession in Hebrew and it can be said that the closest word to it in Arabic is "Lam Jareh" which has several meanings 5. "זה" / ze / which is equivalent to "ذا" or "هذا" in Arabic and both are used to refer to close.

One of the most important concepts of human, s life is religion and piety. Some persons have always appeared who preached different religions with various thoughts. Despite the fact that there were plenty of these religious among different nations, the Islamic religion could penetrate wonderfully in the hearts of people & affect their thought s & ideas deeply , this common religion prepared on appropriate ground for reciprocal influences of Persian & Arabic on each other. Islam and it, s tenors had a considerable domination on the contemporary Persian and Arab poets as Ayesheh teimour and Parvin Etesami , to name a few.This paper studies the common religious points in the poems of these two poets the influence of Quran on the two & the probability of parvin being impressed by Ayesheh. o name a few.This paper studies the common religious points in the poems of these two poets the influence of Quran on the two & the probability of parvin being impressed by Ayesheh.

All the languages have always been a part loanword taking; when happened, new words will be transferred to the target language lexicon. The phenomena can be a result of different reasons namely, political and adjacency. Neutralization can be of great importance to elevate the understanding as it brings more familiarity for the hearer while keeping the source meaning. This article has tried to excavate into the loanwords taken from the standard Persian into Zanjani dialect, one of the cities close to the capital where the people speak Azerbijani. For doing so, 5 folk stories have been handed out and asked to be read in private while recorded. Then, the stories were translated into Persian using the help of an author for using authentic language. After that, the text of all version of stories were analyzed. Picking out the loanwords, they were, then, studied based on Generative Theory with a glance to the process of which neutralization happened. The results gave away that the most common process of loan taking is related to lexicon borrowing and the most frequent phonological process was the vowel harmony while the least goes to assimilation.

Islamic jurisprudence, and especially Jafari jurisprudence, with the strong support of the Qur'an and the narrations of the Infallibles (peace be upon them), has been a problem solver for centuries and an individual and social guide for people in all fields. In recent centuries, following the technological, intellectual and cultural invasion of the West, with great social changes, especially in politics, government, culture, economics and management, jurisprudence has degraded from its previous position and customary laws based on subject rights, the absolute ruler of nations. Has become Islamic. The present study examines the background of the causes and factors of this phenomenon and implicitly warns of its consequences and effects. Western colonial policy and the weakness of our jurists due to intellectual stagnation, religious prejudices, antiquity, stagnation of ijtihad and backwardness of the curriculum, ‌ unfamiliarity of jurists with the epistemological system of religion and focus on ancestral jurisprudence are the main factors and especially the change in principles. Ijtihad and extremist tendency towards practical principles and hypothesizing and imagining the fundamentalists after Sheikh Ansari in the public space of the seminary have been considered as the causes of isolation and fragmentation of Shiite jurisprudence. The research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and in a library manner.

Today, a part of the international equations revolves around soft power. Based on this power method, the first condition is to have an active diplomacy and to strengthen relations, accurate knowledge of standard capacities, and potential challenges in the game environment. In this regard, the country that has always been the focus of attention of various actors in terms of geopolitics is Albania. As the Islamic Republic of Iran has started diplomatic relations with this country not so long ago, however, for various reasons, this relationship has had many ups and downs. Based on this, the current research through a descriptive-analytical method and citing to reliable library sources tries to answer the question that what are the most important opportunities and challenges of the Islamic Republic of Iran for a stable relationship with Albania? The findings show that the presence of Alawites, joint cultural events, and the influence of the Persian language and literature are part of the cultural catalysts of Iran to strengthen relations with Albania. Challenges such as a lack of priority of Iran in Albania foreign affairs, the establishment of the MEK there, the centrality of secularism in the eyes of the Albanian elite and people, etc., have led to the common cultural capacities being forgotten. therefore, it seems that the best version to strengthen the equations with this country is to use catalysts with a focus on cultural diplomacy.