Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Jun 2022

Many pharmacies provide pharmaceutical services through information technology. Many people also prefer online pharmaceutical services to face-to-face services. Online pharmacies can facilitate access to pharmaceutical services. When designing an online pharmacy system, designers need to know the content information, features, characteristics, and facilities of online pharmacies.

The present study aimed to systematically collect and provide content information, features, characteristics, and facilities of online pharmacy systems. Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus until July 2021. Study Selection: Two authors independently reviewed and evaluated the primary studies and examined the content information, features, characteristics, and facilities in three categories: Study characteristics, system attributes, functionality and services. Data Extraction: From 2005 to July 2021, related keywords were found. Books, animal studies, conference papers, and letters to editorial were excluded. Only English-language papers were included.

From 3,028 extracted papers, 16 met the inclusion criteria and entered the study. After screening the papers, 35 content information, features, characteristics, and facilities were examined. None of the plentiful content information, features, characteristics, and facilities found in this study followed the same rules and regulations.

The present findings showed that online pharmacy systems are somewhat different in terms of content information and other properties. Depending on some circumstances, some parameters may or may not be used in an online pharmacy system. If international standards and rules are developed in the design of online pharmacy systems, which ultimately makes it easier to use. Also The design process will be easier for designers.

Informing patients is one of the important tasks of radiographers that correct performance of this ultimately leads to greater efficiency of the diagnostic process, reduction of costs, greater satisfaction, relief of anxiety, and acceleration of the patient’s recovery process.

This study aimed to determine the views of radiographers regarding the importance of informing patients in various fields of medical imaging.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 112/120 (93%) radiographers working in university hospitals of the west of Iran were studied by random sampling method and voluntarily. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that contains 13 specific questions on a 5- options Likert scale. After confirming the validity of content and reliability by retesting (α = 0.74), data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software version 15.

The knowledge of most radiographers regarding the importance of informing patients in the field of preparation before the examination (94.6%) and radiation protection (84.6%) was highly considered. 58% of radiographers considered informing on radiology equipment and examination procedure and 86.6% of radiographers considered informing on performing positions insignificant. Themajority of radiographers considered informing patients in the field of preparation before the examination (80.4%), radiation protection (87.5%), and performing positions (95.5%) as their duty, while 40.1% of radiographers considered patient education about the equipment of radiology department and examination procedure is doctor’s duty and a specialized matter.

Radiographers considered it important to inform patients about preparation before examination and radiation protection while patient educating about imaging equipment and how to perform the exam had no effect on the quality of the images produced. they stated informing patients about radiology equipment and examination procedure is the doctor’s duty.

With the global outbreak of Covid-19 at the beginning of 2020, the staff of hospitals involved in the care for the Covid19 patients underwent great physical and psychological pressure.

This study was conducted to determine the correlation between coping styles and blood pressure in the staff of Covid-19 centers during 2020 - 2021.

A total of 278 medical staff of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences who were serving in the Covid-19 wards during 2020 - 2021 were recruited in this cross-sectional correlational study. The ways of coping questionnaire (Lazarus and Folkman, 1985) was used to assess the coping strategies. The blood pressure of the personnel was measured after three consecutive shifts. Data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Among the coping styles used by the staff, the highest score (17.9 ± 4.4) was reported for planful problem-solving. The results showed a significant and positive correlation between emotion-oriented coping styles and blood pressure, while problemoriented coping styles had a negative correlation with blood pressure.

Emotion-oriented coping styles have a positive and significant correlation and problem-oriented coping styles have a negative and significant correlation with the increased blood pressure of employees. The relationship between coping styles in medical staff in different wards and the application of coping styles in medical assistants in different educational levels and specialties are suggested to be evaluated.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have broad biomedical applications and may result in a high risk of human and environmental toxicity. Scrophularia striata possesses a strong antioxidant capacity.

This study seeks to examine the modulatory influence of Scrophularia striata hydroalcoholic extract on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles on blood granulocytes, agranulocytes, and general parameters in male Wistar rats.

Thirty male rats weighing an average of 200 ± 20 were divided into five experimental groups of six. In 30 days, rats were given 2 mL of distilled water in group 1 (negative control), 200 ppm AgNPs (hepatotoxicity dosage) in group 2, as well as 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg Scrophularia striata extract and 200 ppm AgNPs in groups 3, 4, and 5. Rats’ blood samples were taken 24 hours following their last partial anesthesia treatment. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the data, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.

When compared to the control groups, oral treatment of AgNPs resulted in substantial changes in WBC, NE, LY, MO, EO, BA, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, and MPV levels. In comparison to the positive and negative groups, the extract’s modulatory effects on hematological parameters demonstrated substantial variations, especially in groups 4 and 5 (60 and 180 mg/kg).

Due to the presence of some unique components, such as flavonoids, the extract of the Scrophularia striata plant was discovered to be an efficient hematomodulatory, compensating to some extent for the cytotoxic side effects of AgNPs within the body

Due to the history of using permanent implants and the ability of adaptations of polymers to physiological environments such as the body environment, the need to design a polymer implant with a new formulation for orthopedic applications was felt.

Polymer joints in this study were made by solvent casting method. The mechanical properties of the samples were investigated by bending tests, before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Morphology of nanocomposites, bioactivity of samples and initiation of degradation process were performed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Toxicity test was performed to evaluate the toxicity of nanocomposites. The antibacterial properties of the samples were investigated by examining the zone of inhibition and measuring the photometric concentration. Biodegradability test was performed to prove the biodegradability of polymer joints.

It was found that the mechanical properties of nanostructures increased with the addition of nanoparticles. Also, the presence of oxide and graphene nanoparticles affected the antibacterial properties of the composite nanostructure. Immersion in SBF solution showed that the nanostructures were biodegradable and bioactive. The results of this study indicate that the optimal nanocomposite PLA-PCL-HA-1% ZNO-1% GR has a Young’s modulus close to spongy bone and reduces the stress shielding phenomenon. The flexural Yang modulus of the PLA-PCL-HA nanocomposite was 2139.037 ± 381.312 MPa. The presence of zinc oxide and graphene nanoparticles increased the Young’s modulus to 4363.636 ± 127.498 MPa. The optimal sample has the necessary lethality against two strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and due to its bioactivity is a suitable option for use in spongy bone tissue. In this study, the viability of fibroblast cells in the vicinity of the polymer matrix versus the optimal matrix increased from 22.14 ± 0.623 to 82.96 ± 1.101% after 72 hours.

Improving cell viability indicates a reduction in the optimal matrix toxicity compared to the polymer matrix.

Taking into account the lack of information in this field in Iran, the present study aimed at assessing the five-year epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in educational centers in Kermanshah.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1000 cases of resuscitation. The subjects were selected through systematic random sampling. Data gathering tool included a standard form of in-hospital resuscitation cases based on Utstein style and the framework of and cerebral performance categories (CPC).

Out of 1000 cases of resuscitations, 220 cases (22%) had the return of spontaneous circulation and there was 5.2% survival to discharge (STD). Logistic regression test showed that age < 50 years (P = 0.022), primary rhythm (P = 0.012), resuscitation duration (P = 0.001), post resuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (P = 0.001), and cardiac arrest with witness or under monitoring (P = 0.031) had a significant relationship with patient discharge after resuscitation. Therefore, these indices can be used to predict hospital discharge range after resuscitation. According to Fisher’s exact test, only post-resuscitation GCS and resuscitation duration had a significant relationship with CPC level (P < 0.001).

Despite the improvement of STD over the past few years, these indices are still not comparable with those in other countries. However, the high level of neurological condition of patients at discharge was an indicative of good care services after successful CPRs. This finding can be a motivation for the medical personnel in doing a better CPR operation.

The outbreak of coronavirus and psychosocial health-related consequences is one of the most important human social events in the 21st century. Physicians and nurses are vulnerable to infection due to close contact with COVID-19 patients and therefore face severe psychological consequences, including anxiety.

This study was aimed to determine the relationship between COVID-19-related anxiety and coping styles in doctors and nurses working in COVID-19 wards of hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional correlational study, 278 doctors and nurses working in COVID-19 wards of hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences during 2020 - 2021 were recruited. Sampling in this study is simple random. The Lazarus-Folkman’s Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) was used to assess coping strategies and the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) was used to assess COVID-19-induced anxiety. Descriptive statistics including relative frequency and frequency as well as onedimensional and two-dimensional tables were used to display the data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analysis the results

A total of 278 subjects (57.1% (159)) were nurses and 42.8% (119) were physicians. Among the coping styles used by staff, the highest score (17.9 ± 4.4) was reported for the planned solution. The results showed that the mean score of coronary anxiety in physicians and nurses was 37.07 ± 4.8 which according to the scoring of the above questionnaire, coronary anxiety in employees is moderate, also between emotional coping styles (confrontational) r = 0.69, P = 0.213), avoidance (r = 0.63, P = 0.032), restraint (r = 0.73, P = 0.321), avoidance (r = 0.84, P = 0.012) and positive correlation anxiety, and there are significant while coping problemsolving styles (seeking social support (r = -0.74, P = 0.023), responsibility (r = -0.64, P = 0.041), thoughtful problem solving (r = -0.89, P = 0.032), positive reassessment (r = -0.58, P = 0.104)) with anxiety, negative correlation

Emotion-oriented coping styles had a significantly positive correlation and problem-oriented coping styles had a significantly negative correlation with employees’ increased anxiety. Shaping, strengthening, and reconstructing coping styles in people based on their needs and mental conditions can improve the mental health of doctors and nurses. Further research is suggested to study the coping styles among the medical staff of different wards and medical assistants of different academic levels and specialties.

Volatile anesthetics are the most prevalent drugs in maintenance of anesthetics and their platelet effects are compared. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is known as a common type of nasal surgery. One of the most problems in this surgery is the blood filling up the nose or obscuring the lens of the camera as well as the surgeon’ view. It can cause the procedure take longer or accidently damage surrounding structures such as eye and brain.

This study was performed for comparing the effectiveness of isoflurane and sevoflurane on the bleeding rate of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).

This study is a triple blind study on elective functional endoscopic sinus surgery. A total of 23 patients were assigned to each group, and after informed consent, isoflurane was administered for one and sevoflurane for another group. The evaluation was performed by an anesthetic assistant who arrived at the end of study plus the grade score. The surgeon also evaluated the extent of bleeding during the surgery. The results were assessed by Spearman and Mann-Whitney tests.

the average age of isoflurane group (43.3) was older than the sevoflurane group (33.96). Systolic blood pressure was also higher in the isoflurane group (141) than in the sevoflurane group (133.6).

There was no difference between the bleeding rate and grade score of surgeons. There was no difference between the systolic blood pressure and the bleeding rate either.

Obesity and overweight are important factors in increasing psychological problems such as anxiety, mood, and personality disorders, which are components of mental health, and the occurrence of high-risk behaviors. Therefore, not only overweight can endanger the physical health, but also it can be a significant threat to the mental health of people.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mental health training program based on eating disorders on the positive and negative aspects of mental health in overweight women.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population included overweight women referred to clubs and health centers in Kangavar, Iran, in 2019. Using the available sampling method, a total of 30 participants were selected and randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The experimental group received ten 90-minute sessions once a week at an eating disorder-based mental health training program, while the control group received no intervention. The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Lutz Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (PMHQ) were used in the pre-test and post-test stages. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21, and descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results showed that the training program based on eating disorders led to a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the overall scores of general health and the positive and negative aspects of mental health (P ≤ 0.05).

According to the results of the present study, this educational program can be considered as an effective intervention in increasing the positive mental health of overweight women. So, along with other effective interventions, it should be on the agenda of psychologists, counselors, and behavioral scientists dealing with overweight people.

Physician-patient interactions are a complex process and inappropriate communication can become a problem. Due to the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to identify the relationship between physician ethics and patient satisfaction and provide an effective communication-cultural model.

The research method used in this study was descriptive - correlation and using the calculated correlation coefficients, a structural model was developed. The statistical population of the present study was all patients admitted to medical centers affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and Health Services in 1398 and the sample size was selected based on Cochran’s formula equivalent to 171 people. Necessary information was collected through two questionnaires: standard questionnaire of communication with patient Vakili et al. In order to assess interpersonal communication skills and a researcher-made questionnaire of observance of physician’s medical ethics and patient satisfaction taken from the patient rights charter approved by the Ministry of Health.

The findings indicate that the patriarchal model has been able to predict patient satisfaction. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between the informative model and patient satisfaction. Also, based on the results, it was found that the interpretivemodel, bilateral participationmodel and instrumentalmodel could not predict patient satisfaction. The results also show that the contract model has been able to predict patient satisfaction with an effect factor of 0.33 and a significant level of P < 0.01. Finally, there is a significant relationship between the contract model and patient satisfaction.

Based on the analysis of the obtained data, the most type of model approved by patients was the paternal model, in which there is much less interaction between the patient and the physician than other communication models.

Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRNs) disasters represent a disconcerting event for governments, health care providers, the public, and hospitals need to be prepared to cope with such disasters. Therefore, the present scoping review was conducted to identify and analyze the parameters and global experiences of hospital preparedness against CBRN disasters.

The study is a scoping review that examines English and Persian databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, Magiran, and Iranmedex. Reviewing the studies found on the search bases was carried out in three stages; title, abstract and full text. According to refined studies, the data were extracted in order to meet the objectives and respond to the research questions.

In the initial search, 1104 articles were identified. First, the articles were reviewed in terms of duplication, year of publication, title, abstract, and relevance to the topic, and finally, 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria were incorporated in the systematic review process. Finally, 8 primary issues addressed in the articles including (1) Staff training, (2) Planning to deal with disasters, (3) Personal protection equipment, (4) Risk perception, (5) Decontamination of medical centers and wards, (6) Detection of CBRN infection, (7) Availability of drugs and antidotes, and (8) The presence of health professionals and staff were discussed. The review of findings reported by various studies revealed shortcomings in the above eight areas.

Most hospitals have begun to undertake activities to deal with CBRN and follow a special program for this purpose. However, due to the industrialization of human societies and the surge in CBRN events and other threatening activities, this level of preparedness is not satisfactory and further planning is warranted. However, the present study offers valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers and hospital managers to improve their hospital preparedness for the risks of CBRN disasters.

Radiology reports are the data obtained from radiography films which as the final and one of the main criteria of service in medical imaging centers, are the only linkage between the radiologist, physicians, and patients. This method is also a usual approach in the transfer of diagnostic data to the physicians.

In this descriptive-cross sectional study, the research community included specialists working in public and private centers of Kermanshah province. A questionnaire including two sections of demographic data (age, sex, specialty, work experience, workplace and level of education) and the questions related to the role of the radiologist and necessary of report providing, quality of reports, radiographic film interpretation ability and attention to request content and in- time delivery of the reports, was investigated. The data were finally analyzed by STATA 11 software.

In this study, the opinions of 240 specialists from 14 specialties were examined. Among them, 64.2% were men, 92.2% of them were specialists, 45.5% were working in public centers and 42.5% of them had less than 10 years of work experience. The results showed that 63.3% of the physicians trusted radiologic reports for more than 50%. Among the scopes, the highest score was for the role of the radiologist in preparation of reports, and the lowest mean was obtained for the ability to interpret the radiological film. A comparison of the four scopes with assumed means showed no significant differences (P = 0.001).

Regarding the percentage of total attitude score, the studied specialists had a relatively desirable attitude toward the radiological reports. The complexity of medical imaging techniques and their role in in-time disease diagnosis and treatment requires improvement of the relationship between the radiologists and non-radiologists physicians.

Needle stickmeans penetrating skin damage by sharp objects contaminated with blood or body secretions of patients and the greatest danger threatens medical personnel. All healthcare professionals are at risk, including doctors, nurses, operating room staff, etc.

This study aims to investigate the level of awareness of operating room students in the year 2018 about the measures after needle injury.

In this cross-sectional study, operating room undergraduate students Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences studied in terms of knowledge of measures after needle sticking, the checklist included age, sex, history of needle sticking, and specific parameters for post-needle stick measures that collected by census data. This information was then analysed using SPSS software.

According to the results of this study, needle sticking also occurs among students (28.2%). The highest and lowest ages among the subjects are 34 and 19 years, respectively. Of these, 31 (25.4%) had a history of needle sticking and 79 (64.75%) had a history of exposure. Have not. According to the results of this study, there is a relatively significant relationship between age and the incidence of needle stick. In addition, in most cases, students’ information about the necessary measures after exposure to needle stick was low and sometimes negative.

According to the results, we found that students’ knowledge of post-niddle stick performed is in a low range, so that the need for corrective and educational measures is strongly needed to increase knowledge and awareness as theoretical and practical units in universities and Retraining courses according to the latest protocol reduce the risks of exposure or, if they occur, the risk of communicable diseases is minimized.

Physical training, especially endurance training as a non-pharmacological prevention strategy can attenuate the consequences of memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) without side effects. However, the role of resistance training and the difference between these two types of training has not been well established in this field.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of both training on spatial learning and memory in the amyloid-beta(Aβ)-induced rat model of AD using the Morris Water Maze test (MWM).

Rats were randomly divided into six groups: Control; treadmill; resistance; Aβ + normal saline; Aβ + treadmill and; Aβ + Resistance (n = 6 group). Alzheimer’s disease rats were induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Aβ25-35 peptides. After performing aerobic (by treadmill) and resistance training (by vertical ladder with weights attached to the animals’ tails) for eight weeks, the rats underwent the MWM.

The results showed that the mean escape latency significantly increased and the time in the target quadrant significantly decreased in the AD rats compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the mean escape latency and time in the target quadrant between the Control, Treadmill, and Resistance groups (P < 0.05). Also, both AD-training groups had significantly less escape latency and more time in the target quadrant compared to the AD group (P < 0.005) without any significant differences between them (P < 0.05).

Finally, we conclude that both of trainings could improve spatial memory and learning without any superiority over each other in the AD animals and may subsequently prevent the progression of AD.

With the outbreak of COVID-19 disease to reduce the risk of disease transmission, increasing the level of automation (LoA) in manufacturing and services is the concern of many managers.

The purpose of this article is to provide a new definition of LoA, considering the increasing use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and modern technologies such as blockchain and the internet of things (IoT).

First, different generations of ERP systems were studied and three components of information, system, and human were identified in it, then the components of each class were studied and the solutions used in each component were examined. In the continuation of the research, the previous definitions of LoA were reviewed and the existing research gap was identified and the definition of new automation levels was presented. In this research, the Delphi method was used. For validation, the new definition of LoA was adapted to the definition performed by Verplank and Sheridan.

New LoA definition by considering the latest technologies in the world for use in production and service centers. Determining the LoA of a medical center and proposing the optimal level of the desired center with the available resources.

The new LoA definition can help improve the LoA of medical centers practically

According to the fact that executive functions are set of interrelated skills that highly influence the standards of living of the surviving combat veterans, this research was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of cognitive rehabilitation and Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) on the executive functions of surviving combat veterans with PTSD.

In quasi-experimental research, 60 combat veterans with PTSD in Kermanshah were chosen by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to four experimental groups (2 treatment groups, placebo/sham group, a control group). In order to collect data, the Barclays Psychological Performance Disorder Assessment Questionnaire (BDEFS), and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder List (Wooders et al. 1994) were applied. The obtained data were analyzed by applying Multivariable Analyze of Covariance.

The results of the Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-Hoc test showed that TDCS is more effective than Cognitive Rehabilitation in promoting self-control/ inhibition, self-motivation, emotion self-regulation, and total score of executive functions (P < 0.01) and P < 0.05). Finally, the results indicated that the post-test results were repeated in the follow-up test and this represents the stability of the effectiveness of TDCS and Cognitive Rehabilitation on the mentioned constructs.

The results of the current research can be used as a new approach to reduce the problems of veterans with PTSD, and enhance the quality of their life by improving their executive functioning