نشریه فرهنگ ایلام
پیاپی 72-73 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The geographical territory belonging to the Kurds during the Safavid period included the western and northwestern parts of Iran and parts of the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire. In the face of the Kurds, the Safavid government adopted certain policies, such as peaceful confrontations to repression, as well as the use of Kurdish elements in domestic and foreign policy. The displacement of the Kurdish tribes during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavid is affected by the circumstances in which these tribes were located. Some influential external factors, such as the proximity of the Kurdish bio-tribes, were close to the borders of the Ottoman government, which put them under pressure from the Ottoman government as subjects of Iran and could also be used as a pretext to attack Shah Abbas's territory. Take; or incited by the Ottoman government to revolt against the central government. Another external reason for Shah Abbas to move Kurdish tribes to eastern Iran was the Uzbek invasion of Khorasan. The present article seeks to explain the internal and external factors of Kurdish displacement in the era of Shah Abbas I by descriptive-analytical method. Findings show that the displacement of Kurdish tribes has multiple causes, including the policy of evacuating western Iran to restrain the Ottoman government, moving Kurds to confront the invading tribes in eastern and northeastern Iran, preventing the concentration of Kurdish tribes in western Iran, Repairing population shortages in other parts of the Safavid territory and reviving agriculture and the economy of Iran's eastern borders.

It is a new industrial tourism that is known as one of the top three industries in the world and has not been very effective in Iran for various reasons and has not gained its position; therefore, planners are looking for the flourishing of this industry in the country with a special look. In the upstream documents, the capabilities of Ilam province in the tourism sector are among the drivers of development in this province; therefore, in the present study, we have tried to identify the key drivers in the development of tourism in Ilam province. Was extracted. Then, using Delphi method, the matrix of cross-effects of variables was formed. In the next step, matrix analysis was performed using Micmac software. The present results show the instability of the tourism system in Ilam province from the distribution of sub-indices in the axis of effectiveness and effectiveness of factors in this software. Accordingly, five categories of variables were identified that due to the high score of direct and indirect impact of 10 sub-indicators (macro government policy, advertising, budget, specialized management, roads and transportation, private sector investment, tourism laws, specialized manpower , Awareness of people and tourists and comprehensive tourism plan) were selected as key factors and key drivers, among which macro government policies, advertising, private sector investment and budget have the greatest impact on tourism development in Ilam province.

Forest parks are one of the most important recreational destinations for citizens. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly study their effectiveness to evaluate their advantages and reduce barriers, to provide more benefits. Choghasbez Forest Park in Ilam is the most important tourist destination of the city. The present study has evaluated the level of satisfaction of Ilami citizens with the capabilities and effectiveness of this park. By participating in this field research, they have announced the views, expectations and limitations of the park. The data collection tool was a 75-item closed questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale with a reliability scale of .952 Cronbach's alpha. The results show that it is more beneficial for men, boys and families and rather unsuitable for women and girls. Findings also indicate the tendency of middle class social groups to use the park compared to others. The park is mostly used on holidays, evenings and nights. Findings show that security is one of the serious issues in the use of the park, therefore, the rate of holding friendly gatherings of girls and cultural activities is less than the friendly gatherings of boys and public sports. In general, the level of satisfaction of Ilami citizens with the park is moderate and this satisfaction has a positive relationship with sports facilities, welfare facilities, and lack of security and gender of citizens.

One of the important issues in archeology is to identify and explain the cultural boundaries of past eras based on the distribution of cultural materials. In this research, using the results of field studies in the Mureh Kan site in the Holailan Valley, as well as library studies, the intra-regional cultural boundaries of the Central Zagros basin in the Middle Bronze Age are explained in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results of the research indicate that the Mureh Kan site is a landmark nomadic settlement associated with nomadic settlements that involve substantial cultural deposits, especially from the Bronze Age. Archaeological data indicate significant variations in the style of pottery traditions in the settlements of the Holailan Valley compared to the pottery style of the mobile sites on the southern Foothills of it, in the Middle Bronze Age. The settlements have been tension and converged with the valleys in the northern part, and the southern edge of the Holailan Valley has been the winter pasture of the nomads of the Pish Kuh region. The valleys of Central Zagros in the Middle Bronze Age can be categorized into two groups: The first group involves the valleys along the relative eastern-western and the well-known transportation route of Great Khorasan Road. It seems that the Great Khorasan Road and the contacts formed through it have performed a significant role in intra-regional links in this area. The second group comprises the valleys along with the north-south orientation eastern Pish Kuh and western Pish-i Kuh in addition to the Nahavand valley in the east of the Garin Mountain. The nomadism and the continuous movement of nomads between winter and summer pastures have significantly affected inter-regional connections in this area.

Population aging is a new phenomenon in the world; Of course, the experience of this phenomenon is different in developed and developing countries; the fastest growing population is in developing countries. Inactive population growth has adverse effects on the economic and social dimensions of society; because the young and old population is more of a consumer than a producer and therefore dependent on the active and employed population. In this article, the economic, social and demographic situation of the elderly in Ilam province has been studied. The research method of secondary data analysis and using the information of general population and housing censuses of Ilam province during the years 2016-2017 has been used to answer the research questions. The population aged 65 and over in Ilam province increased from 4.03% in 1976 to 5.61% in 2016 and the mean age of the province's population fluctuated between 15 and 29 years. The highest value was related to the 2016 census and the lowest was related to the 1986 census. The proportion of the elderly population in rural areas has decreased from 81% in 1976 to 43% in 2011 and the dependency ratio of the elderly has reached its lowest level in 1986. The literacy rate of the elderly in the province in 1986 was about 8%, which in 2016 reached 29%. In general, the indicators of middle age, aging rate and the rate of aging show that the population structure of Ilam province in 2006 has entered the middle age stage (aging) and is benefiting from the first population benefit.

The present research aimed at identifying the causes of the tendency for low childbearing action or family without a child in women. This is an applied, qualitative-grounded theory method research. The participants of the research were 11 married women who were selected with respect to some criteria and through purposive sampling and theoretical approach. The research tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview carried out through analysis of the content of the interviews by tripartite stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The validity of the data was assessed based on the viewpoint of the participants of the research and the experts from outside the research. The reliability of the research was examined through recoding by the assistant encoder and the reliability coefficient was calculated to be 80%. The findings indicated that from the viewpoint of the participants 10 axial themes affect the tendency to low childbearing action or family without a child in the married women. These themes include economic challenges, the inefficiency of a large family, body management, dual tolerance, destiny, emergency and fear, incurable and unwanted infertility, conditional agreement, their past and the past of the other, and social pressure. Finally, a paradigm model of the tendency to low childbearing action in women was presented.

Nowadays, due to increasing global relationships and cultural diversity, the marketing and culture debate are intertwined, and marketing messages never reach individual consumers without cultural intervention. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cultural marketing on customer performance in handicrafts of Ilam province. The present research based on the purpose is applied and in terms of research method is descriptive-survey, which is considered as a correlation in terms of relationship between variables and is based on structural equations. The statistical population also includes buyers of handicrafts in Ilam province that 384 people were selected by using simple random sampling method. Data collection tool is a standard questionnaire. The Syon Standard Questionnaire (2017) was used to measure the cultural marketing variable and the Dolani Standard Questionnaire (2017) was used to measure the customer performance variable. LISREL software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that cultural marketing has a positive and significant effect on customer performance in handicrafts of Ilam province. Also, cultural marketing has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and citizenship behavior in handicrafts of Ilam province.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of brand reputation on the emotional and cognitive trust and the effect of this trust on the attitude of customers to restaurant brand. The statistical population of this study was formed by all customers who went to restaurants in Ilam in the second half of 2019. Using Cochran sampling method, 384 people were selected as the sample, which finally according to the acceptable questionnaires, 373 people formed the sample size. The sampling method used in this study was simple sampling. It should be noted that the validity of the questionnaire was measured by experts' opinion and confirmatory factor loadings. The obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient also indicates the validity of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling technique with spss21 and smart PLS3 software. The results showed that brand reputation building had significant effect on three variables of brand attitude, cognitive trust and emotional trust. Also, cognitive trust variable had significant effect on customer attitude to brand, but the effect of emotional trust on brand attitude was not significant. Cognitive trust was not significant. It mediates the relationship between brand reputation and customer attitude to the brand. But emotional trust does not mediate the relationship between brand reputation and customer attitude to the brand.