فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 144، بهار 1401)

One of the influential components on the appearance of cities that plays an active role in the functional and aesthetic dynamics of the city is urban furniture. Urban furniture and beautification is one of the important elements to improve the quality of urban life.

Using Marcos technique, the indicators related to urban furniture and urban beautification in Isfahan metropolis have been analyzed. The research method was Quantitative and its data is adapted from the statistics of Isfahan metropolis in 2019. Using Shannon entropy model, the weight of urban furniture indices has been calculated and these weights have been used in Marcos technique. Using the final score of F (K) of Marcos technique, analyze the indicators studied in Isfahan metropolitan.

The value of Si coefficient for anti ideal (0.151) was obtained and the highest value of this coefficient belonged to region 1 (0.6794). The highest value of K- coefficient (505.4) and the highest value of K + coefficient (0.679) have been obtained, which belongs to region 1 of Isfahan metropolis. The lowest value of these coefficients belonged to 13 Region of Isfahan. Using Marcos technique, the final score of F (K) for Region 1 (0.666), Region 2 (0.283), Region 3 (0.648), Region 4 (0.473), Region 5 (0.503) Region 6 (0.649), Region 7 (0.488), Region 8 (0.465), Region 9 (0.387), Region 10 (0.482), Region 11 (0.397), Region 12 (0.524), region 13 (0.268), region 14 (0.325) and region 15 (0.328) have been obtained.

The final score of Marcos technique for urban furniture indicators in 15 Regions of Isfahan metropolis indicates inequality in the studied indicators.

From the view of postmodern political geography, territorial identity is formed as a text within a set of systematically mental elements under discourse and then it finds objectivity in a node called "space". In other words, the objectified identity is the result of a set of relations regulated by political power Which at a certain point in history, make the meaning of territory. In this regard, for the first time in the history of ancient Iran, the Sassanid dynasty used the ideological apparatus of Zoroastrianism to create territorial identity. In this research, has been attempted to investigate how the elements of Zoroastrianism are articulated by Sassanid dynasty for creating the sense of territorial belonging between people.

The study findings show that the political role of charismatic leaders has played an important role in building government, borders, territory and identity during Sassanid dynasty. The Sassanid dynasty in a way represents the territorial identity from the teachings of the Avesta (Holy Writ for Zoroastrians), in which the Integrated territory of Iran blends with holiness and forms the collective spirit. During this period, under the official religion discourse, a kind of alienation was formed which represented Iran as Ahuraian territory and this country was discursively contradictions to non-Iranians. A mission was delegated to the political power for developing the Zoroastrian identity in the minds of the Iranian people and remove the internal and external demons from this original identity.

Improper allocation of resources and facilities to privileged areas and deprivation of other areas has led to inequalities in economic development.. The purpose of this study is to determine the Semnan urban ergion using the method of measuring flows (bottom to top).

From the city center of Semnan, a radius of 20 and 50 km was hit in the GIS environment. Semnan city was selected as the main city and the cities of Dargezin, Sorkheh, Shahmirzad and Mahdishahr were selected as the surrounding cities.To determine the urban region, the amount of population moved between the two cities and the amount of goods moved should be calculated and the final score of each city should be calculated by being in the relevant formulas.

According to the calculations, the final score index (iT) of Sorkheh and Dargezin cities were 11.72 and 18.83 with moderate correlation, Mahdishahr with 28.54 had high correlation and Shahmirzad with 38.5 had very high correlation with Semnan city. The boundaries of Semnan urban region can be determined including the two parts of the center (Semnan city) and its surrounding territory (Mahdishahr and Sorkheh cities).

The spatial equilibrium situation of Semnan urban system from single-center mode in recent decades with increasing number of peripheral cities and regional divergence of population, has tended to multi-center development with a balanced speed, but still far from creating full regional interaction The creation of Semnan urban area has accelerated this process.

Urban tourism is a complex phenomenon that increases in interaction with different environments. In recent years, due to this issue's importance, tourism has greatly impacted the economic, cultural, and political relations of different societies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the application of the system dynamics method in the planning and development of the tourism industry in Shahdad.

In this research, using dynamic modeling in the form of the systems dynamics analysis method, the tourism development of Shahdad city has been evaluated. After reviewing the background of the research and identifying the factors affecting the development of tourism in Shahdad, the most important of these factors and a model of these factors and practical relationships between them were drawn in the Vensim software environment and the time horizon of the next 10 years was simulated.

In the model simulation, different scenarios were created based on increasing the cost of Shahdad tourism development, surplus budget ($ 5,000) and decreasing the cost of Shahdad tourism development, lack of budget ($ 1), and showed that this surplus budget could affect other variables. With the increase in the cost of tourism development in Shahdad, we saw an increase in attractions and tourism capacities in the model, and on the other hand, the lack of budget caused us to faceless attractions and the desire of local people, and this indicates that all variables in the model They were related.

The simulation results of the designed model showed that in order to achieve the desired goals, fit and coordination between different subsystems of the Shahdad tourism system (tourist economy income, tourism attractiveness, environmental protection, local people willingness) is necessary.

Today, one of the most important dangers that always threatens cities is the risk of earthquakes. The aim of this study was to analyze the vulnerability of buildings in Oshnavieyeh city to possible earthquakes.

The present research is an applied type with a quantitative-analytical approach that has been done in 2021 in the Oshnavieyeh. This study assessed the situation of the neighborhoods of Oshnavieyeh in terms of vulnerability Based on 8 indicators, physical-environmental, including: type of materials, building life, building quality, number of floors, population density, land use, slope, and river area. Also, the AHP-VIKOR integrated model was used to measure vulnerability, Intermediate degree of damage index method, GIS and Idrisi software.

The vulnerability of buildings in the city of Oshnaviyeh is serious. The seismicity of the neighborhoods was different. Neighborhoods 1, 4, 5 and 7 have the most damage against earthquakes. Neighborhoods 2, 3 and parts of neighborhoods 6, 11 and 12 have the least damage.

Reasons for damage in these neighborhoods can be considered the use of low and unsustainable materials such as bricks, clay and wood, long life of buildings (76% of the city level), high population density in neighborhoods 4, 5, 7, high slope and the existence of faults were the way to go in this city. Also the buildings were built without the slightest attention to building regulations.

 One of the major physical problems of old cities is the old tissues, which has provided the basis for instability in many cities. In this regard, aim of this study was to provide strategies for the physical and spatial rehabilitation of worn-out urban structures in Tehran's 19th district.

 This descriptive-analytical research is applied and surveyed in terms of purpose and method, respectively which was conducted in 2020. In this study, the important internal and external factors affecting the old tissues of Tehran's 19th district were identified and the effective factors were scored. The research tool was a questionnaire that was completed by 20 reconstruction specialists. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined using Cronbach's alpha (0.88). Data were analyzed using the SWOT model. By measuring the importance of each factor, the most priority strategies for physical and spatial improvement of this region were identified.

 The results of the experts' opinion show that the old tissues of 19 districts of Tehran have an equal number of weaknesses and strengths and opportunities (n=20) in order to physical-spatial organization. Due to the strengths and weaknesses points, strategies of strengths and weaknesses opportunities, and threats were presented for optimal improvement and reconstruction.

Neighborhoods in Tehran's 19th district have developed incoherently and intertwined and the problem of old tissue in these neighborhoods is mostly due to social, economic, and cultural issues. Therefore, by implementing the strategies obtained from this research and making them participatory, it is possible to provide the ground for the development, improvement, and organization of these neighborhoods.

Altitude and geographical directions in mountainous areas change at short distances and thus create high complexity in the physiography of the region. By changing the physiography, there will be a change in the diversity and structure of the vegetation and the amount of carbon sequestration. This study investigated the effect of changes in altitude, slope and direction of the southern Alborz mountain range on the outskirts of Tehran on carbon sequestration.

The physiographic and landform diversity map was prepared based on the digital model of the altitude of the region and taking into account the altitude factor and changes in the direction of the slope and slope. Based on this information layer, soil and vegetation sampling was performed in each of the physiographic forms in the field. Changes in soil carbon dioxide and its relationship with vegetation were investigated based on physiographic parameters.

The results showed that the direction of slope, slope and altitude is directly related to the amount of carbon sequestration of vegetation. The western geographical direction and low slopes showed the highest carbon sequestration. Also, with increasing altitude without considering the direction factor and slope, the amount of soil carbon had a significantly decreasing trend. The results of root organic carbon analysis of the studied samples showed that the lowest amount of root organic carbon was observed in Ferula stipa and the highest amount of root organic carbon was observed in Ferula psathyrostachys.

Altitude, slope and geographical direction of the slopes affect the rate of carbon sequestration. In situations where air pollution and climate change in a way that changes in temperature and rainfall are noticeable can have a negative effect on the carbon sequestration cycle. This effect will be especially greater on the southern and eastern slopes.

variety experiences about the impact of architectural works on the city's economic dynamism were shown that the success rate of this prosperity is directly related to architectural qualities. The purpose of this study is to explain this relationship in the context of the social and geographical realities of Mashhad.

This research, based on the correlation method, over the period of 7 years considers two commercial architectural works in the 9th district of Mashhad to determine the effect of their characteristics of them (based on the adaptation method from the "Design quality index technique") on creating economic dynamics for the surrounding area (based on "Hedanic analysis" and "method of differences in differences").

In this case study, proper communication with the city and access to urban infrastructure, especially the public transportation system was the greatest positive factor for achieving economic success additionally 24% increase in the utilization of quality factors (derivate from design quality index) was caused to about 30% increase in the value of the vicinity apartments

Increasing the architectural qualities leads to greater economic prosperity therefore the identified factors can be used as a guide to prioritizing various factors which are important in shaping the projects, and the increased costs to create these qualities in the long turn have a positive impact on the project and city prosperity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatio-temporal changes of snow cover and snow water equivalent in Karun, Karkheh and Dez basins and the effect of changes in the discharge of these basins.

In order to extract snow cover and measure snow water equivalent and their correlation with the discharge of Karun, Karkheh and Daz basins, from the thresholding method on reflective and thermal bands, Man Kendal method, Spearman correlation and MODIS measurement data (2000-2020), available images of AMSR-2/AMSR-E sensor (2003-2020) and monthly discharge at the same time with the mentioned satellite images have been used.

The results of time series analysis in all three studied basins show a decreasing trend of snow cover area and volume of the snow water equivalent in most months And The most decreasing changes in snow cover area were observed in Dez basins and March with a value of -3.26 and the most decreasing changes of snow water equivalent were observed in Karun basin and February with a value of -3.86. The highest correlation in all three basins was related to Dez basin in June with a value of 0.775 (p<0.01) and the lowest was related to Karkheh basin in February with a value of 0.183. Examination of the relationship between discharge and snow water equivalent AMSR-E/AMSR-2 images also showed that the highest correlation was related to Karun Basin in January with a value of 0.721 (p<0.01).

Generally, in the observed years, the area of snow cover and snow water equivalent in all months has decreased and is more severe in Karun and Dez basins. In addition, in most months, there is no significant relationship between snow cover area and basin discharge.

Participation is one of the indicators of leadership and a sign of organizational maturity of society. The concept of participation is closely related to the concept of citizenship. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for attracting the participation of non-governmental organizations in the urban management system in the metropolis of Tehran.

The research method is based on applied purpose and is based on descriptive-analytical method. The research was conducted in the metropolis of Tehran in 123 municipal districts in 1399 until the first half of 1400 and included district managers of Tehran (2654 people). Data were collected in the form of libraries and field studies. A total of 360 managers and experts were selected and for statistical analysis, mean statistical methods, frequency tables and confirmatory factor analysis model were used.

Non-governmental organizations can play an important role in citizen participation in urban management. Factor loads on the obtained routes showed that the model had acceptable validity and validity and the amount of factor loads on all routes showed more than 0.7; Therefore, measures to promote citizen participation in urban management can play an important role in various dimensions.

In order to achieve the participation of citizens in the urban management system, first the necessary conditions must be provided for the participation of the NGOs, and then the tools of participation and determining the purpose and type of specialties of the NGOs that affect the level of participation; Therefore, the intention and intention of participation, participation tools and participation infrastructures are the main components of the participation model of Samans in the urban management system in the study and findings of this research.

Urban resilience has become a major problem in metropolitan areas in recent years, especially with the prevalence of corona epidemics and increasing environmental pollution. Also, the inefficiency and poor performance of the spatial structure of metropolises has caused environmental problems and problems and reduced the resilience of the urban environment; For this purpose, in this study, the role and effect of the spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis in the resilience of its urban environment have been studied.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The location of the research is the metropolis of Tabriz and its time range was in 2020 and the first half of 2021. The method of collecting research data was field and library. Data analysis methods included kernel density statistics, spatial arrangement analysis, standard deviation elliptical analysis, and the MABAC Fuzzy ranking method.

Findings indicate that the city of Tabriz in terms of criteria for determining the spatial structure is a single core with the dominance of the central part over other parts; Therefore, the environmental resilience of the urban environment was measured in this section. The results of the Fuzzy MABAC ranking also showed that the Q coefficient for commercial and industrial centers was 0.442 and 0.416, respectively, and these coefficients indicate the high impact of commercial and industrial centers on the degree of resilience of the urban environment.

The results showed that the highest air pollution, airborne particles, and environmental instability in the central part of the city are more than in other parts; Therefore, it can be concluded that the spatial structure of the city has a great impact on the degree of resilience of the urban environment.

Paying attention to the diversity of urban environment is very important for creating an identity, maintaining the attractiveness, vitality and flexibility of the urban environment. This study aimed to investigate the effective variables in the urban environment quality emphasising the diversity in the Rasouli crossroads market in Zahedan.

In this study, the list of effective variables on the urban environment quality was presented by a comprehensive model using a qualitative content analysis method. Then, using a questionnaire, different dimensions of urban environment quality with emphasis on diversity criteria were evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-sample T-test through SPSS 26 software. The impact factor of each dimension as an independent variable on the dependent variable of urban environment quality was investigated through a structural equation model of multicritria regression by SPSS and Lisrel softwares.

Economic (0.221), perceptual-mental (1.23), socio-cultural (1.20) and functional (0.99) dimensions of Rasouli crossroads market had the highest impact on the diversity of Zahedan urban environment, respectively. The components of the diversity of guilds, the reasonable price of goods and the appropriateness of market guilds for all age groups and the possibility of more social interaction with others were ranked higher. Environmental (0.72) and physical-spatial dimensions (0.98) also had the lowest impact coefficients.

Physical diversity is a necessary condition for improving the quality of the urban environment, because it can provide a suitable space for the presence of people. Consequently, it is necessary to provide facilities in order to improve the environmental dimensions in these conditions. Due to the multiple interactions between the proposed indicators, improving the physical and environmental dimensions of the neighborhood should be considered by city officials and planners.

An important way to identify an Islamic-Iranian city is to study its ancient texture and Islamic values. The dynamic nature of urban behaviors has prompted experts to adopt new methods to simulate urban designs. This study aims to study the physical-spatial coherence of the Islamic-Iranian city through a case study of the old texture of Sonqor using the space syntax method in three different time periods.

Present study is a causal comparative qualitative one and to collect the data, library and field study techniques and for data analysis, Space Syntax method and Depthmap software package version 10 on old contexture of Sonqor City are utilized.

Results showed the increased correlation of the old texture of Sonqor in the studied periods, which indicates the increased integration of the old texture with the whole urban structure of the city under study. Furthermore, the average depth of the space rose from 1.43 to 1.55 in the current situation and to 1.39 in the approved plan for organizing the worn-out texture of Sonqor, which seemed reasonable with regard to the physical changes and the development of the road network in this city.  According to the numerical values of the index of connectivity, it can be said that the relationship of the current spaces in the old texture of the city and other spaces in it has raised.

The plan on organizing Sonqor urban decay had positive results and it can integrate and improve the cohesion of Sonqor urban decay and, it can prevent its further isolation.

Due to Quaternary climate change, many soils in the form of sediment, by various forms of erosion, have entered the exploration cycle or sedimentation. One of the forms of river sedimentation is alluvial fans. The Mahdasht alluvial fan in the south of Karaj was the remnant of climate changes in Quaternary. The aim of this study was to give an overall result of environmental changes in the region by investigating the changes in soil texture, pH and color in the sedimentary layers of Mahdasht alluvial fan.

The present study is fundamental in terms of purpose and causal-comparative and survey in terms of methodology. Its information has been collected by documentary, field and laboratory methods. In order to achieve the desired purpose, 19 samples were taken from a 5-meter trench and in the laboratory, using the granulometric test screening, determining the pH of the sediment and color of the soil was exposed. After the experiments, the obtained data were analyzed.

The obtained results showed that among the sedimentary layers of alluvial fan, layer A2 with high thickness had the most difference of texture with other layers. In general, fineness, very low alkalinity and pale yellow color with high purity have been prominent features of the study layers.

The obtained evidence showed that the fluctuations and environmental changes of the late Quaternary periodically from the types of flood flows with medium to low energy, indicate the hot and dry period. Inter-channel facies in the alluvial fan include high-energy, medium, and low-energy channel currents. The upward medium-current flow, traced on horizon A2 with a thickness of 159 cm and three sedimentary sources, indicates uniform, continuous, and long-term precipitation, and it can indicate cold and wet weather.