نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 38 (بهار 1401)

Historical architecture as an embodiment of human & architectural space interaction throughout history has the values that distinguish it from other spaces. On the other hand, the survival of the architecture at the time depends on its change; of course, a change that preserves its values. The values and criteria of conservation and change have so far been defined by experts and in accordance with the scientific agreements resulting from global documents and opinions. Considering that the historical aspect of space is considered as the quality of the environment, and this quality is understood by lay people as the main stakeholders and maintained by them in the changes, the expression of values and standards for conservation and change of the space by people is more important than experts. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to express the values of the historical architecture in lay people attitude, as well as describe the policies and criteria of conservation and change in their attitude. In this regard, this paper with a qualitative approach, uses conventionat and summative content analysis method. The form of in-depth interviews and user-dependent method has been chosen. interviewees include 24 people from the historical core of Yazd, which has numerous historical architecture. Findings show many differences between people's and experts' attitudes on historical architecture values, conservation and change policies and criteria. Their main source of differences between people's and experts' attitudes is the difference between the concept of current value and the motivation to conserve historical architecture in time.

Mourning rituals such as Ashura have been considered as the most lasting factor in the social unity and collective memory of the people of Shia culture. On the one hand, Tekiehs have led to the identification of places for social interaction and belonging, and as a result, the promotion of a sense of place, dynamism, and permanence in the collective memory of the people. Tekiehs, as a cultural-ritual space, has the potential to help a process in which Shia’s people can develop and maintain a sense of place, belonging, and identity. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to measure and evaluate the effective components of sense of place in Tekiehs. The present study is practical in terms of purpose and survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the study is the residents of Amol city from the Ask tribe, which is composed of an ethnic and kinship structure in three climates of "Larijan mountain", "Amol city" and “plain of Oji Abad village ". 261 of which were randomly selected as the sample population. The KMO index in this study was 0.943, which indicates the adequacy of the samples. Pearson correlation and regression methods have also been used to analyze the samples. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between all components affecting the sense of belonging to the place (physical, active, social and semantic) and the dimensions of the sense of belonging to the place (attachment to place, the identity of a place, dependence on place and commitment to place). There are statistics in the community, most of which are related to "physical components" and "semantic components" with a regression coefficient of 0.408 and 0.273, respectively.

House is the first place to meet people's demand for a quality life, so it is important to study the quality of their houses in society. Since literature and fiction are truthfulness, they can represent the truth about every period of people's lives. The second Pahlavi period is a good platform for research on this topic due to many developments in the field of housing, the progress of literature and the increased number of literary works in it. Thus, fiction, including stories and novels related to the research topic in this period, can be used. About the physical components of the house, there seems to be a close relationship between architecture and literature. So, using the texts and concepts extracted from the fiction books related to this period, it is possible to understand more and more the spaces of these houses. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the fiction and the architecture, to identify the physical components of residential architecture according to the fiction books and to investigate them in the houses in Tehran. The present research is carried out using library study and content analysis with a hermeneutic method. Moreover, a purposeful sampling method is used to select the literary works written and published in the second Pahlavi period. Then, using a descriptive-analytical method, the concepts derived from texts and case studies are compared. The results indicate that by reading fiction books, it is possible to extract the architectural components of houses. These components, after being categorized in the physical dimension, show that the components related to closed spaces have been more prominent than open and semi-open spaces. Among the architectural components widely used in the studied books, one can mention to corridor, stair and staircase, multiple rooms with different uses, courtyard and pond, multiple windows.

Architectural spaces with the capability of spatial organization and internal transformations can respond to a greater number of their users' needs at different times and thus provide more desirable performance than single-functional spaces. The necessity to access this ability is one of the subcategories of flexibility in housing as a contemplative subject. The purpose of this research is to provide an analytical model in relation to recognizing the space syntax method and using its indicators to measure flexibility in housing. Residential complexes in Tehran city are evaluated as a research society. In order to better express the problem, this research attempts to answer the question of how to use the indicators of the space syntax method to measure flexibility in housing. The research method in the present study will be of mixed type and its performance method will be based on computer simulation. The information-gathering method is based on the library study, and also the field survey includes using available information and observation. The information-gathering tool includes cognitive maps, noting, coding, and testing for the space syntax method through the Depthmap software. The information analysis method in space syntax is done through five components of connectivity, integration, choice, control, and depth. Flexibility is also examined based on the concepts of multi-functional space, seasonal and daily displacement, and segregation and aggregation. The results show that the spatial organization in residential complexes in Tehran city is based on the connection of the kitchen space with the living, dining, and catering spaces. Accordingly, the most connectivity, integration, and control, as well as the least depth, take place between them, which has led to the increased flexibility of spaces in relation to various activities. However, bedrooms are just a place to do a specific activity and rest, which confirms the reduction of their flexibility.

Nowadays, administrative buildings have become one of the most significant urban centers. Legibility in the architectural spaces is an undeniable and significant part. Due to the reference of people to the administrative buildings, legibility has an influential role in the efficiency and quality of the administrative spaces. In the current paper, the spatial structure of the administrative buildings designed by young and modern architects of the last decade after the revolution (2011-2020) is studiedResearch Question: What are the structural components and features in the legibility of the administrative spaces designed by the modern architects of the fourth decade of the Islamic Revolution of Iran?

Space Syntax was used to analyze the spatial structure. Depthmap and Igraph were used as a method to analyze the correlation relationship between the relationship and connectivity in the plans. Also, the graphical maps were used to confirm and analyze the shortages of the architectural design by considering the accessibility and movement for users, depth, and connectivity of the spaces, and their impact on the legibility.

Data were analyzed, and the tables related to this simulation were extracted and discussed. The results show a significant and strong relationship between the visibility, natural movement of users, space depth, and connectivity, and legibility. Therefore, by analyzing the space layout in the administrative buildings constructed by the modern architects of the fourth decade after the Revolution, it seems that the architects have used more than three types of network, central, radial, and spatial structures. The most legibility is allocated to spaces designed radially. In this type of design, the space depth is minimized, and consequently, visibility, user movement, and space connectivity increased. In general, modern architects used network spatial structure to create a combined plan with medium legibility.

Tendencies towards poststructuralist (or postmodernist) planning theory have increased since the 1970s. Generally, planning theory has till now, engaged with Deleuze from two different perspectives. In one hand, there are planners such as Hillier who argue in favour of a reformist, step-by-step Deleuzian planning theory. These planners seek to apply Deleuzian concepts to hierarchical state-led, capitalist societies. On the other hand, there are planners such as Purcell who by highlighting the anarchistic dimension of Deleuze’s philosophy, argue that Deleuzian planning theory entirely rejects any state-led reformist planning and is essentially anticapitalist philosophy. This article argued that the two above-mentioned frameworks, i.e. Hillier’s reformism framework and Purcell’s anarchism framework, are, in fact, based on rational models of action and thought, which are in contradiction with Deleuzian philosophy. Although there are multiple concepts and metaphors in Deleuze’s philosophy that enables geographers and planners to ‘analyze’ capitalism-based social relations, two concepts of ‘desire’ and ‘the politics of desire’ should be considered as fundamental points of departure if we aim to develop a Deleuzian planning theory. Unlike Hillier’s point of view, Deleuzian concept of desire, as an unconscious force, is never reformist and reactive, but revolutionary and active. In addition, unlike Purcell’s anarchist point of view, the politics of desire does not aim to produce ethically stable subjects who seek to construct a rational order of community according to mutual aid and agreement. Rather, this kind of politics by its creative nature directed at deconstruction of social forms and orders like captialism and state.

About 50 thousand tonnes of construction waste is produced in Tehran daily, which is about 7 times the household waste. These movements without having smart and integrated management not only increase the traffic and pollutes the city air but also impose other problems such as illegal waste disposal in passages upon urban management. Hence, by smartification of the construction waste transport system, not only illegal disposal of this debris can be prevented, but also by reducing the truck traffic or their path length, huge positive steps are taken toward reducing overall traffic and air pollution. Via a proper organization of construction waste, in addition to sustaining the natural resources and environment, it can provide monetization and job makings. In this research, the best “buildings’ demolition” management method in Tehran is examined based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with a viewpoint to urban sustainable development. Then, the subsidy and penalty approach is suggested for paying the construction waste charge resulted from various building demolition methods. As a consequence of executing this plan, constructors will have more inclined to demolition methods with less construction waste due to exemptions and fewer waste charges and avoid demolition methods with enormous construction waste due to higher penalties and waste charges. According to the conducted researches and investigations, it has been recommended that for calculation of the charges for construction and demolition resulted from the destruction of the present construction during the announcement of demolition and reconstruction, for immediate demolition with disposal materials and semi-recycled demolition method, equal to and a half of (50%) the construction waste charge approved by Islamic council of the town be received, respectively. Also, it is suggested that the fully-recycled demolition method be free of construction waste charges.

Research on social capital has identified neighborhoods as an important physical urban space in which informal social networks create important processes for well-being and quality of life.Theorists believe that although social capital does not explicitly have a spatial dimension; However, it has a strong tendency towards a sense of place, especially a sense of place. Understanding the relationship between social capital and the assumption that That social interaction occurs at the local level is the basis for social cohesionThe sense of place has an immaterial dimension and can produce a feeling and perception in a person that affects her presence and social capital. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sense of place and components of social capital in Tehran. In a descriptive-correlational design, 300 residents of Saadatabad, Naziabad and Narmak neighborhoods were selected by simple random sampling and answered a self-regulatory questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results suggested that the sense of place and all components of social capital were highly correlated in general, but by neighborhood, the sense of place and social capital was not significant correlated in Saadatabad neighborhood. A positive and significant relationship was observed in Naziabad and Narmak neighborhoods. In addition, the relation of the components of social capital, the component of informal charitable participation indicated the greatest correlation with the sense of place. Also, the information flow component had the least relationship with the sense of place. Assessing these relationships can help urban planners to provide solutions to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of urban public spaces and interventions to increase social capital.