Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Jan 2022

"Conflict of interest" or "competing interest" occurs when the author or sponsor of the study has a financial, commercial, legal, or professional relationship with the organization, individuals, study samples, or research environment, so as the results of that study are influenced. When the authors of a study seek to publish research, they must fully disclose what was mentioned above. Conflicts of interest can occur both financially and non-financially. In some cases, non-financial conflicts of interest are even more important than financial ones. Such conflicts originate from personal, political, academic, ideological, or religious issues (1). Although there is no single definition of conflict of interest in the scientific community, almost all reputable journals ask authors to disclose conflict of interest at the time of submitting their articles. However, various studies have shown that accurate disclosure of conflicts of interest is significantly rare (2-4).   In general, conflict of interest occurs in different forms, intentionally and unintentionally. Although conflict of interest in the field of medicine and equipment is significantly observed and its importance has been emphasized, there are new dimensions of conflict of interest that have not yet been addressed, including:1) Conflict of interest among managers and officials of organizations: Some ministers and managers of different departments in the field of health provide research on their performance and the indicators of their organizations, and have no reference to conflict of interest in their articles. Obviously, when a person conducts research on the performance and performance indicators of his organization, he may present a better image of the organization intentionally or unintentionally, which is in turn a kind of conflict of interest. 2) The relationship between the author / authors and the journal: When the journal editor and the author / authors of an article have relationships as colleagues, friends, or student and teacher, conflicts of interest may occur and cause the author’s / authors’ article to be easily accepted and go through a convenient and fast reviewing process, which will ultimately result in low quality the article(s). Conflicts of interest give rise to personal / organizational, political, religious, ideological, academic, or intellectual interests that may affect the published content, and may ultimately show the research methods, data interpretation, and conclusion biased and endanger human health and the environment. Thus, it should be noted that conflicts of interest might occur in different parts of any research, whether on the part of the research executive or sponsor or organization managers, etc. Therefore, informing people in this field can increase the quality of and confidence in the study results. health and the environment. Thus, it should be noted that conflicts of interest might occur in different parts of any research, whether on the part of the research executive or sponsor or organization managers, etc. Therefore, informing people in this field can increase the quality of and confidence in the study results. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines There were no ethical considerations to be considered in this research. Funding This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. Authors' contributions Both authors equally contributed to preparing this article. Conflict of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Nurses are professionally and ethically obliged to provide spiritual care as part of comprehensive care for patients. The present study was conducted to determine the educational needs of nurses to provide spiritual care.

This study was performed descriptively using the Delphi technique from September 2020 to April 2021 at Qom University of Medical Sciences. In the first stage, 10 specialists were selected by purposive sampling method and answered an open-ended question to determine the educational needs of spiritual care. After collecting opinions in three rounds, the needs with an agreement coefficient of more than 51% were prepared in the form of a 15-item questionnaire and the importance of the items was determined by 144 nurses. Needs with scores of 3 or higher were finalized and general and behavioral goals were set for them.

In the first, second, and third rounds, 47, 25, and 15 educational needs were determined, respectively, and five general objectives, including familiarity with the holistic approach to human beings and dimensions of health, familiarity with the concepts of spiritual care, familiarity with how obtaining a spiritual history, familiarity with the types of diagnoses and spiritual interventions, and familiarity with the principles of communication in spiritual care were determined.

The results of the study can be used for developing a spiritual curriculum and a practical guide to providing spiritual care for nurses and other groups of the health team.

The spread of COVID-19 has led to numerous changes indifferent domains of life throughout the world, including health habits, jobs, consumption patterns, lifestyles, and religious ceremonies. Phenomenological questions, religious challenges, and many questions regarding the cause of the pandemic also resulted from these changes. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to explore the role of the COVID-19 pandemic on the religious and spiritual experiences of the Iranian population.

A qualitative design based on a phenomenological approach was used. The sample included 18 subjects who were selected using a purposeful sampling method. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews.

The Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data and member checking, selfmonitoring, and immersion were used to examine the credibility of the results. The study findings included 175 primary codes, of which two main categories and 11 subcategories were extracted. Belief in God and religion was the first category extracted that included the following subcategories: no change in belief in God, no change in lack of belief in God, reconsidering one’s own beliefs, amazed by the power of God, amazed by the knowledge of God, Expecting miracles from God, and Increased sense of spirituality or closeness to God. The second category was beliefs about existence that included the following subcategories: no change in Beliefs, believing that human abilities are limited, thinking about existence, and believing in the importance of changing our behavior towards nature.

According to the study result, the experience of COVID-19 had affected participants’ attitude towards religion, spirituality, God, nature, and the system of the world; most of the participants reported improvements in their previous beliefs and attitudes as a result of these changes. Therefore, some conversations, such as the epidemic of a disease (COVID-19) can affect the religious attitudes and beliefs of individuals.

Identifying moral intelligence is a fundamental change and need in nursing because becoming a good nurse depends not only on theoretical knowledge and clinical skills but also on the development of moral experiences in the application of moral knowledge and responsibility. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the level of moral intelligence of nursing students during coronation and the role of demographic characteristics.

The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all students of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery in Ghaen city in the academic year 2020-2021, which was selected using the available sampling method and using the Krejcie and Morgan table The sample size was estimated to be 180 people and they answered the demographic information and Lennick and Kiel’s Moral Intelligence Standard Questionnaires online through social networks. Mean, standard deviation, and one-sample t-test, multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data using SPSS software v. 25.

The results showed that the moral intelligence of nursing and midwifery students was at a high level. There was no significant difference between the components (honesty, P=0.762), (responsibility, P=0.952), (compassion, P=0.318), (forgiveness, P=0.469) of moral intelligence of male and female students (P<0.05), but there was a significant difference between students’ moral intelligence in terms of marriage and age (P<0.01).

The results of the study require more attention from managers and health planners in the field of moral intelligence because it can help them in ensuring the health of their patients.

Problem-solving is formed as one of the most important branches of life skills in the socialization process and several factors are effective in adopting its types. The purpose of the present study was to explain the sociological factors related to social problem-solving strategies in girls and boys ready for marriage who refer to Baharenko Counseling Center in Shiraz.

The present study was based on the survey method, in which 912 ready-to-marry men and women referring to Baharenko pre-marital Education and Counseling Center were selected as a statistical sample by cluster random sampling. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient method. Data were analyzed using t-test, F-statistic, correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression.

There was a positive and significant relationship between logical problem-solving strategy and spiritual health (existential and religious). Also, all dimensions of social well-being (acceptance, adaptation, prosperity, cohesion, and contribution) had a significant and positive relationship with problem-solving. The results of stepwise regression also showed that spiritual health and social well-being can predict 0.21 of the logical problem-solving variable in couples ready for marriage.

The social and spiritual health of individuals was an important explanatory factor in predicting the dependent variable. The more people value themselves and enjoy social and spiritual health, the more likely they are to be part of society and experience a more meaningful life, the more likely they are to use a rational problem-solving strategy.

One of the characteristics of a healthy person is having a good level of spiritual health that can be influenced by different factors. The present study aimed to describe the spiritual health of young and middle-aged men and women and to examine the relationship between the core discussion network and some demographic variables with spiritual health.

The present study was performed using the survey method, in which 400 men and women aged 18-65 years living in Shiraz were selected as a statistical sample by multistage random sampling. The research tool was a questionnaire that included three sections: demographic questions, questions related to the core discussion network, and questions related to spiritual health. The questioning process lasted a month and a half and the data were analyzed using mean and percentage statistics and independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and linear regression.

The spiritual health of most respondents was moderate. The highest number of ties of respondents was in the group of friends and Indoor people. Inferential tests showed that the level of the spiritual health of women, middle-aged people, married people, and people who considered themselves to belong to the upper class of society was higher than others. The core discussion network significantly predicted spiritual health in two dimensions: Indoor people and close family members.

All people aged 18-65 years had a level of spiritual health, but due to its important role in particular and its impact on other aspects of health, efforts should be made to increase this level. Some demographic factors as well as the core discussion network can increase this level. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase the strength of social ties.

Achieving spiritual health is an aspect of human development and there are differences in the spiritual health of children with adults. Despite the importance of the issue of children’s spiritual health, there are very few studies in this field. Therefore, this review study was conducted to review the knowledge about children’s spiritual health in the sources.

This scoping review study was performed using the JBI checklist. The electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Ambis, Web of Science, Google Scholar, the database of Iranian journals and magazines, and the database of the Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Center were searched for information.

Spiritual health in children means awareness, inner experience of wonders, curiosity, and belief in a strong force. The spiritual health in children are classified into three dimensions: emotional, relational, and existential. Important factors affecting children’s spiritual health were the child’s socio-cultural context, children’s own experiences, their relationship with others, parental and media behaviors, and spiritual health outcomes, including a wide range of positive outcomes.

The findings of the present study showed that the concept of spiritual health and its dimensions in children are as ambiguous as adults and also less attention has been paied to this issue. On the other hand, based on the findings of the present study, most studies in this field have been done in recent years, which could be a sign of increased sensitivity in this area. Therefore, considering the important role and impact of the cultural context of each country, it is necessary to conduct studies to explain the spiritual health of children and its indicators.

Undoubtedly, breaking bad news is one of the most difficult duties of a doctor. Not having this skill and not paying attention to its details can result in poor patient satisfaction, psychological morbidity, and weak clinical decisions. The present study was conducted to investigate the medical students’ perspectives about delivering bad news to patients.

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire for all medical students of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran. A total of 269 out of 310 students responded to this survey (86.8% response rate). The questionnaire was designed and validated by ten medical ethics experts.

In this study, 54.4% of students believed that delivering bad news to patients depends on the patient’s compliance and condition and 55.8% of the participants believed that patients’ families should be the first recipient of the bad news. In addition, 54.3% believed that physicians should deliver the bad news. A total of 78.8% of the participants believed that breaking bad news should be accompanied by empathy and hope Also, 47.6% of students said that they did not receive training about breaking bad news.

Breaking bad news is a balancing act that requires doctors to constantly adapt to different factors. Although most medical students were keen to help their patients, they lacked the essential knowledge and skills for breaking bad news. Development of strategies and guidelines is needed to improve societal views, and train physicians about breaking bad news.

Achieving spiritual health is an aspect of human development and there are differences in the spiritual health of children with adults. Despite the importance of the issue of children’s spiritual health, there are very few studies in this field. Therefore, this review study was conducted to review the knowledge about children’s spiritual health in the sources.

This scoping review study was performed using the JBI checklist. The electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Ambis, Web of Science, Google Scholar, the database of Iranian journals and magazines, and the database of the Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Center were searched for information.

Spiritual health in children means awareness, inner experience of wonders, curiosity, and belief in a strong force. The spiritual health in children are classified into three dimensions: emotional, relational, and existential. Important factors affecting children’s spiritual health were the child’s socio-cultural context, children’s own experiences, their relationship with others, parental and media behaviors, and spiritual health outcomes, including a wide range of positive outcomes.

The findings of the present study showed that the concept of spiritual health and its dimensions in children are as ambiguous as adults and also less attention has been paied to this issue. On the other hand, based on the findings of the present study, most studies in this field have been done in recent years, which could be a sign of increased sensitivity in this area. Therefore, considering the important role and impact of the cultural context of each country, it is necessary to conduct studies to explain the spiritual health of children and its indicators.