فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 177 (بهار 1401)

The 2003 Bam earthquake is one of the most destructive ones in Iran in recent decades, with extensive damage, destruction and long-term consequences. During and after an earthquake, communities experience emotional reactions and cognitive biases that arise from trauma, traumatic experiences, and traumatic losses. Housing reconstruction has powerful potential to heal traumatic consequences in the rehabilitation phase to return communities to normal life in the long run. However, due to the lack of knowledge about trauma in Iran, the dialectic of housing reconstruction and long-term rehabilitation and healing of communities has many unknown aspects. Using the Q method and the Delphi technique, the study tries to extract the factors affecting psychological rehabilitation and healing of the traumatic consequences of the earthquake in reviewing the housing reconstruction of Bam. The research design was defined in 5 stages. In defining a consensus, the items in the Q series were created by reviewing the literature and analyzing the content of 10 in-depth interviews with leading experts in the field. Using the theoretical sampling method and then snowball in the Delphi rounds, the group of research participants consisted of 23 officials and researchers in the field of housing reconstruction in Bam and socio-psychological rehabilitation of its community. Based on the findings of factor Q analysis, 6 factors in the reconstruction process and the reconstructed houses in Bam, i.e., reassure housing immunity, adaptability/ flexibility, belonging, self-efficacy belief, solastalgia, and empowerment policies and programs, and related indicators have 62.6% potential for positive or aggravating effects of earthquake traumatic consequences and rehabilitation of survivors.

Iranian vernacular architecture has a wide geographical scope and sustainability principles that need more than ever to be analyzed, reread and criticized scientifically and fairly. A reading that is the basis for improving the processes and methods of preserving these properties, the intervention method, achieving the cultural roots and architectural typology of Iran. As much influenced by natural factors, vernacular architecture also follows mental beliefs, local culture, and individual and social events. Cultural factors form the spirit that governs all spatial patterns of vernacular architecture and the event pattern embodied in them. Bearing this in mind, spatial patterns are influenced by event patterns and event patterns are also influenced by culture and nature, and consequently, vernacular architecture is considered a cultural manifestation. This study is the result of investigating the quality of interaction of cultural aspects and natural context and their impact on events and accordingly the vernacular architecture of Sar Aqa Seyyed village, in Koohrang county of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The main purpose of this qualitative research is to identify and present a model-based framework for analyzing the vernacular architecture of Sar Aqa Seyyed village to determine the event patterns and spatial patterns shaping it and the relationship between them by investigating the cultural patterns and the natural context of the case study. The research question is how spatial patterns relate to people's beliefs, cultural roots and natural limitations, as well as how they occur in the physical structure of the village. The study was performed by a descriptive-analytical method through field observations, objective studies and analytical sketches as well as in-depth interviews in order to identify the constituent patterns of the target village. The results indicate that the event patterns are objective manifestations of cultural and natural factors that are displayed in the form of spatial patterns.

This paper investigates the activity of Kushk fault through field observations of landslides related to the activity of the Kushk fault and other evidence of its activity, and the location of rural settlements in the study area of the Kushk fault has been analyzed. The study area is located in Qazvin province and the Alborz structural zone along the Kushk fault between the coordinates of longitude 50.25 to 50.50. In the selected sections to study the fault activity, evidence of crushing rocks, numerous springs and many old and new landslides were observed, which describe the fault activity. According to field studies and observations, the fault zone of Kushk in the studied sections was measured at 260 m on both sides of the fault. There are a number of villages in the area of the Kushk fault, among which the whole physical fabric of Aliabad village is located on the fault zone and part of Kushk, Zarabad, Garmarud Bala, Simiardasht and Hassanabad villages are located on the fault rupture zone. To save human lives and prevent death due to surface rupture during an earthquake or landslide as a result of fault activity, it is necessary to move the villages to another point or modify the future development of the villages outside the rupture of the Kushk fault. For this purpose, in preparing or reviewing the guide plans of these villages, the shear zone designated for the Kushk fault can be considered as a criterion for the future development of villages and in determining their future development. New construction should be prohibited in the Kushk fault shear zone and it must be included in the rural guide plan.

The study of Iranian architectural spaces as well as historical houses demonstrates the combination and connection among the three open, closed, and semi-open spaces. The connection among these three spaces and generally between inside and outside is a principle of Iranian architecture. The porch, as a semi-open space, has various functional, climatic, cultural, and physical functions, besides the common connection between open and closed spaces. Moreover, it is often considered a criterion for identification of the architectural and social value and identity of owners of historical houses. In this study, the descriptive-analytical method and comparative study are employed through library sources, and the typology and concept of the porch are addressed in order to realize the study’s first goal, i.e. identifying and typology of porches in the Qajar and first Pahlavi eras. Subsequently, in accordance with field observations and perceptions of the houses’ porch, it is tried to analyze the physical features of the porch in Qajar and first Pahlavi eras based on the two “physical and spatial” and “performance and functional” precise systems. The findings below are obtained after presenting the models and comparing the physical systems in four eras (early, middle, and late Qajar, and the first Pahlavi). Through investigating the porches in terms of model, they were studied and classified based on the houses’ systematic physical features in three types of “porch in general”, “porch in the middle”, and “protruding porch”. Concerning the key objective of the study, i.e. investigating the way and reason for changes in porches, it is worth noting that like other components and elements of historic houses, the porch is flexible and the changes in society and architecture were followed by the changes in configuration, space organization, and particularly the porches’ body. After the developments occurred in Iran as a result of the Iran-Russia war, a chain of events was created, reaching its peak in the first Pahlavi era. These events included a series of political, economic, social, cultural, and urban factors affecting the architectural model of houses and porches. The relationship with Western countries, the weakening of beliefs and values, the increased population, the financial ability of the owners of the houses, as well as the renovation and urban developments can be referred to as the key factors with a great effect on changes in the porches.

National building regulations in most countries are part of the law and an important professional subject for many construction professionals, including engineers and architects. In addition to construction plans with titles such as approved plans that are available with the seal and signature of the designer and approved by the municipality and the Construction Engineering Organization, other plans are prepared that are used in the implementation and are called executive plans. Since it is specified in all the regulations and even in the Article 100 Commission of the municipalities of Iran, the approved plans are the criterion for reviewing and evaluating the degree of compliance of the construction plans with the laws and regulations. Thus, the discrepancy between the approved and executive plans has led to the formation of violations and non-compliance with the rules and regulations of architecture and urban planning. In order to prevent construction violations, it is necessary to study the nature of this issue and the causes of violations in every way. This study is applied research in terms of purpose, and descriptive, causal, correlational and survey in terms of method. Data was collected by library and field methods through the distribution of questionnaires. Based on the research findings, there are two types of attitudes: The first attitude is municipalities' revenue-generating towards the phenomenon of construction violations, considering fines as a source of revenue, and the inefficiency of the construction monitoring system. The second is the attitude of architectural designers in examining the four main design factors (form, performance, economy, and time), the motivation of owners to make more profit by increasing the lot coverage, designers' freedom of action in executive plans due to non-responsibility, less control of licensing authorities on executive plans, etc. Accordingly, it was found that there is a relationship and correlation between increasing the number of executive plans and increasing construction violations. Therefore, providing sustainable revenue sources, improving the municipal construction monitoring system, improving the licensing bureaucracy in municipalities, and legalizing building plans can help reduce construction violations.

The concept of functional efficiency of space in the architecture of residential houses means minimizing the influence of unrelated activities on each other and also the spatial organization of related activities; so that their proper productivity depends on optimal service to each other. Accordingly, this study seeks to investigate the degree of functional efficiency in the architecture of houses in the first Pahlavi period of Iran based on the syntactic indicators of space in fuzzy logic and the city of Shiraz has been selected as a case study. Since in this research, the independent variables are qualitative and syntactic indicators of space in fuzzy logic and the dependent variable is the functional efficiency; the research strategy is a combination of survey types. Therefore, the set of information extracted from the syntactic method or spatial arrangement as a score obtained from syntactic relations and information extracted from qualitative concepts derived from historical and library sources and documents and their appearance in syntactic indicators are evaluated. Then, using MATLAB software and the sum of the obtained numbers for each house in a syntactic-content approach, the concept of functional efficiency of spatial configuration can be analyzed and measured. The results show that Afsharian house (type A. courtyard + four-sided), Sedaghati house (type B. yard + three-sided), Mustaghni house (type C. yard + double-sided L-shaped), Razmjoo house (type D. courtyard + bilateral reciprocal) and Zakeri house (type E. courtyard + one-sided), respectively, have higher functional efficiency and, consequently, in the "space circulation" system introduced with "accessibility", has greater accessibility and more flexibility; in the "space zoning" system introduced with "permeability" has a lower relative depth average and higher permeability; and in the "functional space" system introduced with "flexibility" have more interconnection and less relative rank, more integration and less separation.