مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

Chickpea is one of the most important legumes in Iran and accounts for almost 84% of dietary legumes. Chickpea seed yield is strongly influenced by environments, and breeders often determine the stability of high-yielding genotypes across different environments before being introduced as a cultivar. Accurate study of the nature of genotype × environment allows breeders to identify stable and compatible genotypes and has always been one of the important issues in the production and release of new stable and high-yielding cultivars in breeding programs. . Adaptation of chickpea genotypes to environmental conditions is important for crop production stability in different years and places. Existence of the interaction of genotype and environment affects the value of genotypes in different places. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of genotype by environment interaction on grain yield of chickpea genotypes and cultivars in four environments and to identify stable and high-yielding genotypes under rainfed conditions as autumn planting.

In this study, twelve cultivars and advanced genotype of chickpea were planted during two cropping years (2016-2018) in a randomized complete block design with three replications in semi-warm (Kuhdasht) and temperate (Khorramabad) areas of Lorestan province. Various nonparametric methods such as non-parametric statistics of Si (1), Si (2), Si (3) and Si (6), Thennarasus statistics of NPi (1), NPi (2), NPi (3) and NPi (4), mean rank stability statistics (R), stability statistics of Ketata et al (σr, σmy), Kang stability statistics (Ysi), Fox stability statistics (TOP, MID and LOW) and Genotype Stability Index (GSI) were used for estimating the stability of genotypes. the principal component analysis method was used to better understand the relationships between different statistics..

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the main effects of environment (including location, year and location ×year) and genotype ×environment were significant at the 1% probability level and the main effects of genotype, location × genotype and year × genotype were significant at the 5% probability level. The effects of genotype, environment and the genotype by environment interaction accounted for 6.48, 77.4 and 13.03% of the total squares, respectively.The biplot of the first principal component (PC1) versus the second principal component (PC2) classified the studied nonparametric stability statistics into three groups.Based on the statistics of NPi (1), NPi (2), NPi (3) and NPi (4), the genotypes with the lowest values are considered as stable genotypes. According to NPi (1) statistics, G1, G6 and G9 genotypes were identified as the most stable and G3 and G5 genotypes as the most unstable genotypes. Based on NPi (2) and NPi (4) parameters, G1, G10 and G9 genotypes were the most stable and G5, G12 and G4 genotypes were the most unstable. Based on the results, the first two principal components explained 68% (42% and 26%, respectively), of the variance of the main variables). Cluster analysis using mean seed yield and non-parametric statistics, placed chickpea genotypes in two main groups. The first cluster included mean seed yield, TOP, MID, σr and σmy. The second cluster consisted of four sub-clusters .

Based on Si (1), Si (2), Si (3) and Si (6) statistics, G1, G10 and G9 genotypes with the lowest values were identified as the most stable genotypes. G1 and G9 genotypes with the lowest GSI were recognized as the best genotypes in terms of grain yield and stability. Based on the parameters with the dynamics concept of stability, genotypes G1, G10 and G9 were identified as stable genotypes with high yield.

Drought is the most severe abiotic stress factor limiting plant growth and crop production. Drought stress decreases the yield of many crops by inhibits plant photosynthesis and photosystem II efficiency. Mycorrhiza application is a strategy that can improve plant performance under stress environments and, consequently enhance plant growth through different mechanisms. The mechanisms used by mycorrhiza to enhance the water relations of host plants are not amply clear, however, this may occur by increasing water absorption by external hyphae, regulation of stomatal apparatus, increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes and absorption of nutrients particularly phosphorus. Also, vermicompost can directly increase plant production through increasing available plant nutrients and indirectly promote soil quality by improving soil structure and stimulating microbial activities, relative to conventional chemical fertilization. Silicon is an essential micronutrient for biological systems and plays a crucial physiological role in photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and silicon on some physiological and agronomic traits of triticale under different intensities drought stress.

an experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a research greenhouse of faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. The experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels (normal irrigation as control; moderate water limitation or irrigation withholding at 50% of heading stage; severe water limitation or irrigation withholding at 50% of poddind stage), application of organic and bio fertilizers (no application of bio fertilizers as control, application of vermicompost, Mycorrhiza application, both application vermicompost and Mycorrhiza), foliar application of Nano Silicon (foliar application with water as control and foliar application of 2 g.L-1).

The results showed that 81 days after planting, both application of vermicompost with Mycorrhiza and nano silicon foliar application under normal irrigation conditions, increased maximum fluorescence (43.93%), variable fluorescence (97.41%), quantum yield (37.05%), chlorophyll index (60.62%), nitrogen index (42.75%) and relative water content of flag leaf (84.27%) in comparison with no application of organic and bio fertilizers and nano silicon under irrigation withholding in podding stage. no application of organic and bio fertilizers and nano silicon under full irrigation increased electrical conductivity and minimum fluorescence of flag leaf. Also, both application of vermicompost with Mycorrhiza and nano silicon foliar application under normal irrigation conditions, increased grain yield (59.52%) in comparison with no application of organic and bio fertilizers and nano silicon under irrigation withholding in podding stage.

It seems that the application of organic and bio fertilizers and nano silicon can increase the grain yield of triticale under water limitation due to improve chlorophyll fluorescence and some physiological traits.

Wheat is the first grain and the most important crop in the world and is one of the major agricultural products that meet the nutritional needs of humans in different countries. developing the use of renewable plant and animal resources and biological resources instead of chemical resources, can play an important role in fertility and maintenance of biological activities, increasing soil organic matter, crop ecosystem health and increasing the quality of crops. According to this, the aim of study is Comparison of crop systems based on wheat cultivation in order to identify and select the best and least dangerous system and agronomical management for the environment. The use of organic fertilizers can also be an effective step to reduce the effects of chemical fertilizer abuse and improve the physicochemical properties of the soil. The use of organic fertilizers can also be an effective step to reduce the effects of chemical fertilizer abuse and improve the physicochemical properties of the soil.While in intensive cropping systems, soil organic matter and nutrients are rapidly depleted and concentrated use of chemical fertilizers reduces crop yields. And this reduction in yield is due to the reduction of biological activity and unfavorable physical properties of soil and the absence of high-consumption fertilizers from trace elements.

The experiment was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. the main factor included different of ecosystems (low input, medium input and high input) and the sub-factor included different wheat cultivars (Mehregan, Chamran-2 and Shabrang). Planting was done manually on November 18, 2018. each plot consisted of 8 planting lines and was approximately three meters long and two meters wide. The distance between the lines was 20 cm and the distance between the plants on the lines was 2 cm. statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and mean comparison was performed by Duncan's multiple range test method.

The results showed that the difference between ecosystems levels on number of spikes, number of grains per spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, grain nitrogen, grain protein, phosphorus and grain potassium was significant at 1% probability level and in wheat cultivars on number Spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, phosphorus and potassium were significant at 1% probability level. In interaction, number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight, grain yield and grain phosphorus and potassium were significant at 1% probability level. the highest grain yield in high-input management system and Chamran-2 cultivar (6312 kg/ha) and high-input and Mehregan cultivar (6240 kg/ha) and the lowest in low-input management system and Shabrang cultivar (4289 kg/ha) and low-input and Chamran-2 cultivar (4375 kg/ha). The highest percentage of grain protein was in the low-input and medium-input (integrated) management system with 12.6% and the lowest in the high-input management system with 10.5%. as a result, by using organic inputs, it has produced lower yield but higher quality (grain protein and phosphorus).

In general, the results showed that the high-input agricultural ecosystem produced higher yields for all cultivars used in the experiment using a higher level of synthetic chemical inputs. In contrast, low-input (organic) agriculture, using organic inputs, has produced lower yields but higher quality (increased grain protein and grain phosphorus). Overall it is suggested that the best ecosystems are medium-input (integrated) ecosystems and Chamran-2 and Mehregan cultivars.

Abstract

Peanut is one of the sources of edible oil supply and one of the important crops in Guilan province. This plant is not very resistant to drought and insufficient water supply in the cultivation of this product, is one of the factors limiting for its yield and its successful producing definitely needs water supply. Therefore, if it is possible to increase water use efficiency by using materials such as compost, a positive step can be taken to produce peanuts in conditions without irrigation. Compost can increase plant growth and yield due to its high water holding capacity and gradual release of nutrients. And it seems that its consumption along with nitrogen fertilizer, which has a greater effect on increasing leaf area and plant growth among nutrients, can be effective in promoting peanut production. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of peanut in both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions.

This experiment was performed as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of irrigation in two levels of irrigated (according to local custom) and without irrigation. Compost application treatment (in two levels of non-compost application and consumption of five tons per hectare) was as a sub-plot and nitrogen fertilizer treatment (in four levels of zero, 20, 40 and 60 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare) was as a sub-sub-plot. In both years, at the end of the growing season, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100-seeds, seed oil, seed yield and biological yield were measured.

The results indicated that the highest number of pods per plant, pod length, seed oil and seed and biological yields were observed in irrigation treatments and application of 40 and 60 kg N ha-1. Application of five tons ha-1 of compost and 40 and 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare resulted in significant superiority for number of pods per plant and biological yield of peanuts. Applying compost along with 60 kg N ha-1 caused a significant increase in seed yield. The length of pods peanut was increased by use of compost compared to non-using it, at the rate of 9.65%. With increasing nitrogen consumption, weight of 100-seeds significantly increased and the highest weight of 100-seeds at the rate of 55.46 g was obtained in 60 kg N ha-1 treatment. Under no irrigation and no application of nitrogen fertilizer, seed yield was 21% higher in the second year compared to the first year. In the first year compared to the second year, seed oil was significantly higher by 4.58%.

Application of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress conditions reduced the negative effects of stress on the studied traits and in the absence of stress, improved seed yield. It seems that the application of 40 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer along with five tons ha-1 of municipal waste compost in peanut cultivation can be effective to improve the seed yield of this plant, especially in non-irrigation conditions.

Due to the increasing population and food shortage, increasing agricultural production is becoming more important, increasing the area under cultivation and increasing yield per unit area are two ways to increase agricultural production. Mixed cultivation is a low-income agricultural method that aims to make optimal use of land, light and water to produce a desirable level of crops.In order to investigate the effect of intercropping and different densities of quinoa and guar cultivation in the climatic conditions of Mashhad in May 2019 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University located in Golbahar. This factorial study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors tested included (Q: pure culture of quinoa, G: pure culture of guar and quinoa + guar in 1: 1, 1: 2 and 2: 1 row ratio) and plant density (D1: 10 plants, D2: 15 and D3: 20 plants per square meter). Plant density was adjusted by changing the distance between plants on the row. Row spacing treatments included: 20 cm equivalent to 10 plants per square meter, 15 cm, equivalent to 15 plants per square meter and 10 cm, equivalent to 20 plants per square meter.The results showed that the main and interaction effects of intercropping ratios and plant density on quinoa and guava seed yield and different indices of intercropping usefulness (land parity ratio (LER), actual reduction yield of guava (AYLG) and quinoa (AYLQ) Quinoa (RCCQ) and Guar (RCCG), Income Equality Ratio (IER) and Mixed Cultivation Profitability (IA) were significant at the level of 1% probability and the values for the mentioned traits were obtained. 1.21, 0.08, 0.83, 2.99, 1.17, 1.80 and 0.42. respectively So that the highest yield of quinoa and guar seeds with 1480 and 2655 g/m2, respectively, of quinoa and guar mixed cultivation treatments with ratios of 2 rows of quinoa and 1 row of guar at a density of 10 plants per square meter and for guar from culture treatment, respectively. Pure guar was obtained from the same plant density. The lowest yields of quinoa and guar seeds with an average of 115 and 269 g / m2 were obtained from the density of 20 plants per square meter and the ratio of mixed cultivation of two rows of quinoa and 1 guar gum, which is due to intra-species competition due to Increase plant density.The highest amount of quinoa LER and total was related to the treatment of two rows of quinoa and one row of guar gum at a density of 15 plants per square meter. For Guar gum, the LER level in all studied treatments was less than one. The total LER in 2G: 1Q treatment was less than one in all three densities, which indicates that increasing the share of guar in the composition, led to a decrease in total LER. This may be due to the very low yield of guar gum in 2G: 1Q treatment. In the other treatments studied, the LER level was higher than one, which indicates the usefulness of intercropping compared to pure culture. According to the results, the planting density of 10 plants per square meter was the best planting density and the ratio of mixed cultivation of 2 quinoa drives and a row of guar was the best treatment in this study, which can be recommended to farmers.

Today, the growing trend of degradation of water, soil and environmental resources due to the indiscriminate use of chemicals in agriculture and common methods of food production, has attracted the attention and encouragement of agricultural researchers to sustainable agriculture. Mixed cultivation is of particular importance for the variety of crops, their benefits, and the increase in profits per unit area and time. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of sour tea mixed culture as a medicinal plant and compatible with the conditions of the region with cowpea and the effect of nanobiotic fertilizer in mixed culture.To investigate the effect of Nanobiomic fertilizer application on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sour tea in mixed cultivation with blueberry beans, an experiment in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in Zabol University research farm located in the new site. It was implemented in 2015-2016. Factors studied include nanobiomic biofertilizer as the main factor in two levels of use and non-use of biofertilizer and different levels of intercropping in five levels including pure Hibiscus sabdariffa, pure Vigna unguiculata, 50% Hibiscus sabdariffa + 50% Vigna unguiculata, 75% Hibiscus sabdariffa +25% of Vigna unguiculata and 25% of Hibiscus sabdariffa + 75% of Vigna unguiculata were a by-product. Nanobiomic biofertilizer was applied in three stages (three-leaf, stem and before flowering) and in each stage at the rate of one liter per hectare.Comparison of the mean of interactions showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a was obtained from nanobium application treatment in 75% Hibiscus sabdariffa + 25% Vigna unguiculata. Also, the highest total chlorophyll was obtained in 75% Hibiscus sabdariffa + 25% Vigna unguiculata. Vigna unguiculata was obtained. Land parity ratio in mixed cropping systems was higher than one, which indicates the advantage of mixed crops compared to pure crops. Intercropping of 50% Hibiscus sabdariffa + 50% Vigna unguiculata had the highest land parity ratio. The highest economic yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa was obtained from nanobiomic application treatment. Comparison of the means of effect of different intercropping systems showed that the highest amount of economic yield (11125.6 kg / ha) was obtained from the pure culture of Hibiscus sabdariffa.Based on the results, the highest biological yield and economic yield of sour tea were obtained from the application of nanobiomics in the conditions of pure planting system of sour tea. In general, it can be said that a mixed culture of 50% sour tea + 50% cowpea with suitable economic yield is suitable for cultivation in the region.

The management of soil elements using biofertilizers and seed priming is one of the sustainable agricultural pillars that can be a good strategy in providing healthy food, environmental health and human health. Priming shortens the planting time until the seeds germinate and protects the living and non-living factors in the critical stage of seedling establishment. Also, this treatment causes uniformity of seedling emergence, which leads to uniform stability and improved crop yield. Also, one of the ways to achieve sustainable agricultural goals is to use microorganisms that play an important role in meeting the nutritional needs of plants. Biofertilizers contain microorganisms. When used on seeds, rootstocks, or in the soil, they stimulate the growth of the roots or the plant itself, and by increasing the availability of minerals, they increase plant growth an environmental point of view, they are acceptable. This experiment was performed as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications on the Field of the Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of West Azerbaijan in the 2013 crop year. Experimental treatments included five levels of priming (control, hydropreaming, smoopriming, soaking and hydropriming) and four levels of biofertilizer (control, Azobacter, Phosphate, Azobacter + Phosphate) on marigold seeds. Under pre-treatment conditions, the seeds were soaked in different solutions at room temperature for eight hours before sowing and immediately after sowing on Filter paperand re-dried for 24 hours. In order to inoculate seeds into biofertilizers (Azobacter and Phosphate), first mix the seeds thoroughly with gum arabic and bacterium Azobacter and Phosphate and stir to increase the contact surface of gum arabic and bacterium with marigold seeds. Seed inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria was performed in shady conditions. The results showed that the highest plant height (44.12 cm), flower weight (16.95 g/plant), flower yield (339.13 g/m2), petal yield (294.13 kg/ha), seed yield (1840.13 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (2.21 kg/ha) were related to the interaction of the effect of hormone priming interaction and combined application of Azobacter + Phosphate fertilizer. The highest biological yield (5768.30 kg/ha) was obtained under the influence of hormone preming and Azobacter. The maximum grain harvest index (35.43%) was observed in hormone priming treatment without the use of biofertilizer, which was not significantly different from the combined treatment of osmopriming and hormone priming under the application of fertile Phosphate fertilizer.The highest number of branches (30.15) was related to hormone treatment and in terms of biofertilizer, the highest number of branches (29.77) was observed in the combined treatment of Azobacter + Phosphate fertilizer Flower yield, seed yield, percentage of essential oil and marigold essential oil yield with combined application of biofertilizers (Azotobacter + Phosphate fertilizer) under the influence of hormone priming compared to other treatments, respectively 52, 40, 30 and 58% (at a significant level of probability 1 %) increased. In general, the findings of this study show that priming of marigold seeds was superior to control treatment (without priming) due to increased yield components. Also, the use of a combination of Azobacter + Phosphate fertilizer increased yield, grain yield components and marigold essential oil yield significantly compared to other fertilizer treatments. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, in order to increase and improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of marigold plant, the combined use of the Azotobacter with Phosphate fertilizer under the influence of hormone priming can be desirable in the direction of sustainable agriculture.

Ziziphora teniur is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The plant is very rich in compounds such as sterols, fatty acids and flavonoids and its active ingredients are used in pharmacy. In spite of the of the perennial species of the plant, a little research has been done on this annual species, Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the reaction of different plant populations to cultivation in one place.

The experiment was conducted during 2017-2019 in Fozveh station of Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Isfahan. The experiment was on the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications Treatments were 3 populations of Ziziphora teniur. Measured traits included: fresh and dry shoot weight, plant height, dry to wet weight ratio, 1000-seed weight, single plant seed weight, percentage and yield of essential oil and essential oil compounds. The percentage of essential oil was measured by water distillation (Clevenger), the amount of essential oil compounds was measured by gas chromatography (GC) and the qualification of essential oil was measured by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data analysis was performed with SAS 9.1 software and the mean of treatments was compared with LSD test (p≤ 0.05).

The results of two years indicated that the studied populations were significantly different in terms of all studied traits. Gamishloo and Damaneh populations had the highest and lowest seed yield and shoot dry yield with average (42 and 566 kg/ha) and (33.6 and 406 kg/ha) respectively. The highest amount of essential oil percentage and oil yield were observed in Kolahghazi population. Experimental years had a significant effect on aerial dry matter yield and essential oil percentage. Results of the interactive effect of genotype*year revealed that Gamishloo population had the highest seed yield and aerial dry yield during 2 years. 19 components were found in 3 populations oil. Polegone observed as the main essential oil component. Its rate was variable from 43% (Gamishloo) to 90% (Damaneh and KolahGhazi).

In general, the results of this study indicated that the studied populations had the sufficient genetic diversity for various traits such as shoot yield, seed yield and essential oil percentage. The existence of this diversity can pave the way for remedial work in the future. This plant can also be introduced as an appropriate source to provide a combination of Polegone used in food and pharmaceutical industries.