مجله دانش تفسیر سیاسی
پیاپی 11 (بهار 1401)

An examination of the foreign policy of Iran and Pakistan shows that several factors have been effective in shaping, strengthening or weakening relations between the two countries. Therefore, it can be said that after Pakistan's independence from India in 1947, the relations between the two countries have had many ups and downs, which in this study tries to analyze these relations after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979. The question that this study seeks to answer is what are the most important factors of convergence and divergence between Iran and Pakistan from 1979 to 2021? The hypothesis of the article is that cooperation in the field of security, energy and economy, along with its presence in regional organizations such as ECO, D-8, has led to convergence. The United States has reduced cooperation between the two countries. Findings show that the effect of divergence over convergence on Iran-Pakistan relations has been greater.

The revival of the Silk Road is forming a new comprehensive model and framework for China's neighborhood diplomacy. The construction of this road provides an opportunity for the Central Asian republics to participate and cooperate in China's geopolitical plans throughout Asia and Europe, so its revitalization could play a very important role in the development of international relations and cooperation. The present article descriptively-analytically seeks to answer the question of how the position and importance of the revival of the Silk Road in foreign policy can be explained? Findings indicate that the revitalization of the Silk Road in China's economic development process due to the ease of access to remote areas with the least time and cost, in addition to access to other countries' markets, can create safe corridors to supply energy to this country. By strengthening the relations of the countries of the world with each other and especially with China, one can expect the formation of a new order, so the Belt and Road Initiative project could indicate a rivalry between the great power between the United States and China.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Caucasus became a zone of American and Israeli influence through the expansion of relations with Azerbaijan. This issue has affected Iran's relations with Azerbaijan. Therefore, the main question of the article, analytically-descriptively, is what effect have US and Israeli policies had on Iran-Azerbaijan relations? In response to the question, it has been hypothesized that the goals of US policy are to reduce Iran's mediating role, to promote secularism against the Islamic Iran model, to prevent Iran from joining energy networks, to prevent Iran-Azerbaijan cooperation, and to play a role. In reducing Iran-Azerbaijan relations, Israel includes reducing Iran's influence in the economic, cultural and political sectors and its impact on Iran's security in terms of increasing its influence in Azerbaijan.

Islamic groups have been instrumental in the 1990s developments in Central Asia. Taking advantage of the deep roots of Islamic beliefs and tendencies in the region, these groups have organized extensive efforts. The question of the present study, which is descriptive-analytical and collected with library documents, is what effect does Islamic fundamentalism have on security in Central Asia? The research hypothesis in response to the question is that religious fundamentalism is not the main factor influencing the security of Central Asia; But it retains a certain influence. The Islamic factor first plays a role in the domestic politics of Central Asian countries and second in the segregated neighbors.

The three countries of Iran, Russia and Turkey have had fluctuating relations with European countries and North America (Western group) during the last two centuries. These relations have always been associated with setbacks since World War II. This situation has led to a kind of frustration and failure in the relations between the three countries and the West after the Cold War and the beginning of the new millennium, which resulted in tendencies with different strengths and weaknesses and fluctuated towards Eastern (Asian) countries in The form of orientation towards the East should be expressed in declarative and practical positions (political, economic and cultural relations). The question posed in this article is: Why has the view of the East been strengthened in the foreign policy of Iran, Russia and Turkey in the post-Cold War era? Our hypothesis is that: "The background of the identity borders of Iran, Russia and Turkey with the West and the confrontation of these countries with the hegemonic identity of the West in the post-Cold War period, has strengthened the view of the East in the foreign policy of these countries Is The present article uses the theory of constructivism in foreign policy (the importance of identities and interactions uses library and Internet resources to find the answer to the above question and confirm the hypothesis. It has been concluded that both historical, religious and civilizational identity, geographical identity (geographical demarcations barriers and pressures of Western hegemonic identity have played a role in the tendency of these three countries to East and Asia.

On the verge of the 21st century and the dismantling of the barriers created by the Cold War, the world is witnessing the escalating power of the Federal Republic of Germany and the People's Republic of China in industrial, commercial, and political fields in regional and international levels. While China is seen as a strategic partner in German foreign policy in the political and economic fields, for China, Germany is recognized as the gateway to expanding political and economic ties with the EU. Meanwhile, these two countries relations have always been influenced by human rights concerns or Taiwan and the issue of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. Thus, the purpose of this paper, applying a descriptive-analytical approach based on the theoretical framework of Allison's decision models: Bureaucratic Politics Model and Organisational Process Model, is to answer the question of what role did institutions play in German foreign policy towards China? The results of this article reveal that in the foreign policy process, different institutions have always caused Germany to shift or substitute its foreign policy priorities toward China, depending on which of these institutions had more influence in various governments.

The research that has been prepared using the historical analysis, we have tried to analyze the social democracy, the question to be answered is whether the democratic process in the Western world, as the process is non-Western democracy? That outcome it was the democratic process in the Western world, completely different from non-Western societies are democratic process; Because the West from autocracy to a monarchy, and from the monarchy to aristocracy, and from aristocracy to Meritocracy, and the from Meritocracy reach to democracy. If the non-Western societies for reach to democracy, Should from the autocracy to a monarchy, and from the monarchy to oligarchy, and from the oligarchy to Patrimonial, and from the Patrimonial to aristocracy, and from aristocracy to Meritocracy, and from the Meritocracy reach to democracy. Law, as the heart of democracy in non-democratic societies, learn that, law enforcement agencies, are more important than the law itself. Thus, Between individual freedom and the election, there was a significant relationship. So that the, whatever is greater individual freedom in society, elections will be more democratic. And the election of the wider society, the freedom of the individual, would be more civil. Because the minority seeks to create a balance between individual freedom and collective equality so that they can play a role in decision-making and make decisions in order to rule in this way. If the majority wants to rule the society by holding elections, civil organizations, approving laws and publishing them, this confrontation, that is, the process of the majority method and the process of the minority attitude, will not result in the promotion and development of a democratic method and vision for the society.