نشریه پژوهش های ادیانی
پیاپی 19 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The issue of returning the sun, especially when it was raised as a virtue for Imam Ali (AS), led to long-standing debates among Quran commentators, hadith scholars, and theologians. What has remained unnoticed concerning this matter is its background in the Bible and related studies. In this article, we seek to compare the Shiite and biblical approaches to this issue, in order to identify the currents of thought in these two groups and compare them with each other. The existence of two currents, textualist and rationalist, in Shiite and biblical studies is one of the similarities between two groups. The textualist current wants to accept this incident as it has been narrated, although they do not find any rational justification for it. But the rationalist current seeks to give a plausible justification for this event, in accordance with external events and scientific discoveries, justifications such as the occurrence of earthquakes, which, although difficult, can somewhat explain the possibility of this event.

In the history of human thought, no fundamental issue has compelled man to ponder as much as the cognition of God, which is impossible except through His attributes, and the answer to which has been a serious demand of thinkers of every age, especially philosophers. In Islamic philosophy, Ibn Sina's thought, which as the most influential and stable ideas in the field of philosophy has caused profound intellectual changes, has special advantages in this regard. In the present article, by modeling his philosophical opinions in the space of Shiite thought, we explain how Ibn Sina's views on the basic issues of divine names and attributes i.e. "identity of attributes with essence", are related to his specific theory i.e. "conceptual unity of attributes". The research finding is that according to Ibn Sina's view, the "identity of attributes with essence" is in fact the basis of the theory of "conceptual unity of attributes" and the connection between the two subjects is essential. Therefore, Ibn Sina, based on a precise understanding of the "identity of attributes with essence", proposed his own theory on the "conceptual unity of attributes" and, contrary to the opinion of opponents and critics, explained and proved it with various arguments and statements.

In life, man is always faced with issues that may cause him suffering, and as a result, frustration. Resilience is one of the most important traits that can help and pave the way for him to continue living. Psychologists have identified characteristics for this concept, some of which are explained in this article. The aim of the present study is to show the capacity and possibility to achieve optimal living and psychological resilience by resorting to Quranic teachings. Patience, trust in God, and hope are the three main elements of psychological resilience that a religious person tries to apply in his affairs according to the teachings of the Quran, and thus does not despair or become impatient in the face of adversity. By analyzing the mentioned concepts and expressing verses from the Holy Quran to define and explain the propositions, we come to a definition of a satisfied person who enjoys mental health and has a desirable mental life. The method used in this article is directional qualitative content analysis, which means that the verses of the Holy Quran are understood and analyzed based on the concepts used in psychology.

Salvation is a fundamental issue in Christianity. Due to original sin, man has lost his relationship with God and has descended from Heaven. Restoring this relationship leads to saving man from a state of descent. The way of salvation in Christianity is explained in different ways. In Paul's writings, free grace by Christ saves man. In the theology of the fathers, including Augustine, grace replaces the human will, which by his descent has lost the power of right bias, and calls him to salvation. Martin Luther, as the Augustinian theologian, sees man as essentially a corrupt and sinful being who is saved only by grace and faith, not by doing good deeds. Therefore, he can enjoy the righteousness of Christ in faith only by trusting in divine promises. Aquinas, on the other hand, sees man as a rational and good-natured being who progresses towards faith with an innate tendency to virtue. Faith is a rational trust in which man has an active presence by believing in propositions and participating in grace. This article examines Luther and Aquinas' views on salvation and the role of man in it through a descriptive-analytical method and concludes that different understandings of human ontological status are directly related to their approach to the issue of salvation and faith. Luther considers man to be in a passive state whose salvation is communion with Christ. Aquinas, in contrast, gives man an active role that his good deeds along with grace can be effective in the process of salvation.

The ethics of compassion is one of the branches of ethics that are discussed by some ethicists. It is one of the types of maximum morality and includes some categories, such as justice achieved in civil society, benevolence, whose highest degree known as agape is God's love for man, and love that according to Augustine is dedicated to God. Augustine is one of the few ethicists in the Christian religious tradition, who has discussed this type of morality and is aware of its importance. This study showed that although the word "compassion" does not appear explicitly in his works, he uses its concept with considerable frequency. Augustine considers love and faith to be the basic components of compassion and believes that only through them can compassion be given to God's creatures. Love for God is manifested in loving the people, and faith can create the desire for good. Although the true existence of love in God is possible, as for creatures, it is manifested in the form of the ethics of compassion. In addition, the ethics of compassion can be seen in Augustine's works in man's quadruple relationship with God, himself, others, and the world.

In the present article, based on the original Manichaean documents such as Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and Coptic writings, as well as a non-Manichaean source i.e. Ibn al-Nadim’s al-Fehrest, I will try to identify the reward for the good deeds of a pious human being after death and the angels who come to visit him with a few gifts in order to accompany him to the Light Paradise, along with a beautiful and fragrant virgin who appears to the believer before being judged and is, in fact, the beautiful image and shape of his good thoughts, words, and deeds. This textological study shows that, among the various rewards mentioned in various Manichaean and non-Manichaean sources, three rewards of garment, garland, and diadem are part of the original Manichaean eschatological system and other rewards are either equivalent to these three gifts or subsequent additions. As the present article argues, in Manichaeism not only the concept of the Virgin of Good Deeds is based on the Zoroastrian concept of "Daena", but also the concept of the Manichaean reward-giver angels is rooted in the Indo-Iranian traditions.

In "New Disease Studies", different disciplines are combined with their own methods to provide a single framework for understanding and acting on disease. Disease studies are bilaterally related to various sciences. On the one hand, they express and critique the views of each science about the disease, and on the other hand, by trying to see from the perspective of the sick person, they propose new versions of different sciences. Following the creation and expansion of new disease studies, the re-reading of theology from the perspective of disease studies and the reproduction of disease-based theology becomes necessary. It is essential for theologians to first review and critique their theological understanding of disease in all theological fields, including Godology, anthropology, and eschatology (what I generally call "disease theology" in the article), and secondly, they need to introduce disease-based Godology, disease-based anthropology, and disease-based eschatology (what I generally call "disease-based theology" in the article). With the Corona epidemic, new disease studies need to pay more attention to the reproduction of disease theology and disease-based theology. Following the disease theology and disease-based theology in Christianity, this research has been done to eliminate this important shortcoming in Islamic theology.

The relationship between religion and politics is one of the most controversial issues in the field of political and religious thought. Considering that the Hanafi School constitutes a significant part of the population of Golestan province and Gorgan city, the purpose of this study is to investigate the religious and political behaviors of Hanafi citizens in Gorgan city. The research has been done using documentary as well as descriptive survey methods. Data was collected by field method through the questionnaire. The statistical sample size in this study was determined using Cochran's formula of 200 people who were Sunni respondents. To select the sample, a multi-stage sampling method with stratified random sampling was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results of the study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the religious behaviors and the political behaviors of followers of Hanafi jurisprudence, that is, the greater the religiosity of individuals, the greater their political participation and behavior.

The present study, by comparing the Bible (focusing on the book of Genesis and the Gospel of John) and the narrations in the Imamate books, examined the process of creation from the beginning to the establishment of human beings on the earth and described and analyzed the similarities and differences between the Bible and the Imamate narrations about the process of creation with a logical theoretical approach. In the article, topics such as the following have been studied: the beginning of creation, creation from non-existence, division of the world into the physical world and the rational world, the raw material of the physical world, the first being in the rational world, attention to the meaning of night and day, the time period of creation, the process of creation from the creation of heaven and earth, the sun and the moon to the creation of man. These issues are included in three sections and the article finally concludes that the Bible and the narrations contained in the Imamate books are common in topics such as the two stages of the process of creation, namely the rational world and the physical world, the six-day creation of the material world and the creation for a sacred purpose. However, there are some differences; first, in the view of the Imamate narrations, the position of the Divine Lordship is free from imperfections, secondly, although the book of Genesis and the Gospel of John seek to discuss the details of creation, on the contrary, the books of the Imamate narrations have dealt with this issue in more detail than the Bible.

The theory of "dependent origination", also known as "conditional arising" or "causal chain", is one of the basic ontological principles in the sacred texts of early Buddhism, which explains the nature of reincarnation or samsara in this religion. The conformity of some of the constituent circles of the theory of dependent origination with the five constituent parts of human existence in Buddhist teachings led researchers to explain the process of samsara in this religion by the reconciliation between these two theories. Sometimes the meaning of dependent origination is considered the general law of cause and effect in the world, and sometimes its meaning is only limited to the factors and elements that make up the cycle of samsara. In this article, after introducing this doctrine, we adapt the shape of the twelve circles of this doctrine to the five parts of the attachment of human existence from the perspective of Buddhism. Finally, we dispute the generality of this principle and limit its meaning in Buddhism to simple practical and moral advice that does not apply to the real world. Moreover, we will state that the element of "awareness" is the most important and mysterious part of the chain of samsara, which is perfected through direct knowledge (metacognition) and spiritual training, and finally, breaks the cycle of samsara and saves a person.

Identifying and measuring the motivation of tourists in the field of tourism destinations, makes it possible to understand the reason for their preferences and needs and also what motivates them to choose a destination and desire to experience provides important information to planners and marketers so that they can make a double effort to satisfy tourists. Using an applied-descriptive method and having a statistical population and valid domestic and foreign articles, the present study identifies and examines the effective push and pull factors in the development of religious tourism. Data collection was done from library sources and to achieve a deep understanding of the effects of the mentioned factors, the interpretive approach and meta-combined method were used. The research findings, which are the result of the analysis of previous studies, included 53 articles (21 Latin articles and 32 Persian articles) in the period 2005 to 2020 using the CASP criterion and led to the identification of 37 codes in two main themes: pull factors (five components: spiritual-religious factors, cultural and social-behavioral environment, service and welfare infrastructure, transportation infrastructure, safety, and security) and push factors (one component: spiritual-religious psychological motivations) that play an important role in the development of religious tourism and were categorized in the form of a conceptual model of the study. The validity of the study was confirmed by Cohen's Kappa index in SPSS software based on the views of experts other than the researchers of this study.

The purpose of this study has been to draw a comprehensive classification of spirituality. Therefore, after examining the existing classifications in two steps of description and analysis, we tried to introduce a comprehensive classification of spirituality. The authors of the article had a theistic view about spirituality and religion, but since the aim of this study was to achieve a comprehensive classification, regardless of our own orientation, we tried to show the existing classes in this field. Thus, we did not express our preconceived notions, but instead examined the existing classifications, regardless of whether we accepted them or not, and whether or not they concerned different types and dimensions of spirituality. The results of this study showed that the previous classifications dealt with the subject of spirituality sporadically and from different angles. Hence, in the new formulation, we tried to discuss the various dimensions including religious, secular, anti-religious, introspective, extroverted, skeptical, affirmative, as well as the dimensions related to the individual, others, nature, and the universe, so that they were placed under two main categories: disbelief and belief in the meaning. Comprehensive classification can be an appropriate and complete guide to understanding the various classes and instances of spirituality. It can also be used in the field of theorizing and conducting research related to spirituality and mixed spirituality.