فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیست و ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 115، بهار 1401)

Many places around the world are increasingly facing water shortage and then water crisis. It is generally believed that water scarcity is a natural phenomenon, but water crisis is a managerial and governance issue. In other words, it is a man-made phenomenon, which is mainly related to poor management in the field of population growth and distribution as well as intensity and distribution of economic activities. Although some researchers consider climate changes as one of the causes of water crisis, part of this phenomenon is the result of human activities. Human beings always affect the geographical space, the quantity and quality of which is often influenced by their type of thinking and thought. At the governmental level, the collective and dominant thought of human beings, which is the criterion for action in dealing with all phenomena in all areas, is known as political thinking and ideology. Neoliberalism is an ideology that has emerged mostly in the economic sphere in the late twentieth century. The main context of the study is politics and space and from a theoretical perspective seeks to answer the following question: what is the effect of neoliberal economic policies on the occurrence or exacerbation of water crisis?

This research has been done using the descriptive-analytical method. Data collection is done through library data gathering from printed and Internet sources. The analysis was performed qualitatively and through inferential methods.

The research findings show that some major components of neoliberalism such as privatization, decentralized production, deregulation, and disregard for the public interest in the form of a wide range of actions, policies, and strategies can play a role in water crisis especially in developing countries. Although the occurrence of a water crisis due to the application of these policies is expected in both developing and developed countries, its manifestation and prevalence is higher in developing countries. The reason is that the adoption of the same policies in developed countries often keeps them away from water crises. Because, within the framework of this ideology, they preferentially try to transfer high water consuming and environmentally destructive production processes, industries, and economic activities abroad and to spaces where environmental regulations are less strict. Another notable point is that with the emergence of a water crisis in the geographical spaces of developing countries, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of these spaces, companies in developed countries leave those spaces and repeat this destructive cycle in new spaces.

Due to the growth of urbanization and migration to cities, housing supply has become an acute problem. To meet the demands for housing, in addition to providing land, capital, and building materials, a strong economic management is needed. One of the ways that has been implemented in Iran for housing and helping people to own a house is the formation of housing cooperatives, on which, with reference to Article 44 of the Constitution, more emphasis is placed in recent years to reduce government holdings and provide opportunities for participation in all economic bases.

The research method of the present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection was done through library and field data gathering (interviews with experts of housing cooperatives, practitioners, and university professors through a semi-structured questionnaire using non-probabilistic sampling method (snowball)). In the present paper, the number of the informants, 30, was determined based on the cooperation conditions and the corona limitation. In this study, due to the nature of the issue based on the strategic interpretation of the drivers affecting the quality of housing cooperatives in the production of urban housing, strategy-based approaches have been used. Therefore, two important techniques, namely cross-structure analysis approach and interaction analysis approach with Mikomak software have been used. 

In the analysis of the strength of the relationship in the direct impact of variables, it is clear from the measurable relationships between them that there are very strong relationships among the components of "satisfaction with the efficiency of housing profits, participation of housing investment institutions, mass builders, and cooperatives in housing production, and formulating a coherent and dynamic policy of access to cheap housing of suitable quality,”and are mutually related with the component of "formulating a coherent and dynamic policy of access to cheap housing of suitable quality for cooperative members." Out of 37 factors studied in this study, 13 factors were finally extracted as key variables and drivers in the optimal performance of the cooperatives. All 13 factors were repeated in both direct and indirect methods.

The results show that the drivers of housing cooperatives' performance including "coherent measures to get the housing market out of recession; involvement of housing investment institutions, mass builders, and cooperatives in housing production; and satisfaction with housing efficiency" are marginalized. This trend shows that these indicators do not tend to improve, and with the current trend, the situation in the organization will continue to be unfavorable. As a result, the necessary condition for improving performance of cooperatives in the physical and spatial changes of Tabriz city based on decentralized planning and meeting the needs of all citizens in the future, is the promotion of the above indicators.

Lack of essential services increases the need for mobility and relocation in rural areas and makes people travel to meet their needs. The need for mobility along with the absence of public transportation services, while prolonging travels, has affected travel demand and flow, so that people use several vehicles in a travel chain (origin-destination) (Stfen and Hunt, 2006: 104). Various spatial factors affect the flow, destination and volume of trips, which can be shown by spatial analysis and modeling as one typical method to do this. Spatial statistics tools include a set of techniques and methods for describing and modeling spatial data. Use of spatial statistics helps us to increase the accuracy of results and observations in cases where the distribution or dispersion of data in space is complicated. In this paper, geographically-weighted regression and spatial modeling have been used to show the volume and travel flow in villages, and also the factors affecting them to determine, besides the origin and destination of rural travels, travel volume and their spatial distribution. The question is what factors are influential in the destination of these trips and their volume, and to what extent is the impact of each of these factors on the frequency of rural travel demands.

The present article is a descriptive-analytical method with a practical purpose and the data is collected both in the field and from the existing documents. In the documentary section, some data were collected from 1390 and 1395 censuses and some other using questionnaires. The statistical population of the study were all rural households in Tabriz County, where a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain travel information. Since the number of households amounted to 33379 families, using the Cochran formula 320 sample sizes were selected and questionnaires were randomly distributed between rural households. Given that the primary purpose of this study is to model the spatial pattern of passenger flow in space and time, so that the spatio-temporal mobility of passengers in the road network can be seen, three components including the extraction of passenger travel pattern (Origin-destination), determination of the travel routes, and the factors affecting these trips were identified. In the first step, the data obtained from the questionnaire were processed to model and plot the travel pattern (origin-destination of trips). For this purpose, it was necessary to identify the villages with and without bus stations and public transportation servicesas well as the travel routes of passengers. The next step is modeling the travel patterns and flow of passengers. In this study, ArcGIS software was used to show the flow of travel. This mapshows the direction of movement and the volume of the flow adjusted by line widths. Using the simulated travel routes, a flow matrix was obtained from the travel volume among all villages, small towns, and Tabriz city. Then, to investigate the dominant pattern of the travel demand, spatial autocorrelation analysis (local Moran pattern) and hot spots were used to determine the pattern of space travel distribution. Finally, in order to reveal the most influential factor affecting travel demand as the independent variable, a geographically-weighted regression model was formed and the relationship between travel and such indicators as demographic, economic, and social factors were analyzed and modeled.

Initially, the data collected from the villages were entered into the ArcGIS software to obtain the origins and destinations of the passengers, their travel directions, and the way their travels were distributed. Then, using Spatial analyst tools, the direction and spatial distribution of trips were obtained by a straight line as an Origion-Destination matrix for short-term trips to Tabriz city. The results showed that many trips were made outside the countryside to the city of Tabriz, and some of these trips were made to large villages and small towns. According to the data extracted from the questionnaire, many of these trips are made by car or taxi because many of these villages are on the roads where public transport does not pass through.Hot spot analysis has been used to identify villages with high travel rates. The results obtained from the analysis of hot spots indicate that the main places of travels are mostly in the villages of Maidan Chai and Aji-Chay, which seems to be due to the access to public transportation services and the existence of villages with buses to Tabriz city in these rural areas. In the next step, in order to model and explain the effect of research variables on travel demand, GWR was used in GIS. According to the results of the analysis, the parameters of R2 and adjusted R2 are 0.8 and 0.75, respectively. This means that based on a geographically-weighted regression, the indicators considered at the 0.95 confidence level explain 0.80 of the trips and have acceptable accuracy in modeling the spatial relationships of the factors affecting the travel demands of individuals. In addition, the AICc value indicates a lower number, indicating a better fit of the observed data. Due to the different nature of the indicators, the effect of each of the indicators and factors on the amount of travels was investigated separately. The results show that the highest amount of R2 with a value of 0.72 is related to the access to the public transport, followed by the number of workers outside the village with a value of 0.70. Among these, the least influential factor is the total travel time to reach the destination with a value of 0.21, which indicates that people travel to access services and meet their needs regardless of the total time to reach their destinations.

Conclusion 

The results of the study showed that several factors have affected the heterogeneity of travel demands in rural areas, which, according to the study, access to the public transport and people working outside the village have the most impact. In addition, most of daily trips to the city of Tabriz are done for business and by personal cars. These trips are based on hot spot analysis in Maidan Chai and Ajichay villages, where most of the villages near the city of Tabriz have access to the public transport (bus) and taxi. The short distance between these villages and the city of Tabriz, the existence of public transportation services in them, and consequently lower costs and ease of movement have caused the accommodation of the overflow of Tabriz in these villages and have increased the demand for travel in these villages, in such a way that during the day, the movement of travelers in these villages is the same as daily trips in the city of Tabriz, and educational, recreational, shopping, health, etc. trips are made from these villages to the city of Tabriz. In addition, the presence of several industrial towns and factories near the villages of Ajichai and Maidanchai has increased the number of business trips in these villages.

The present article reviews the indicators related to the paradigm of spiritual development in the production of urban space, and since the perception of spirituality is the basis, structuring conceptual dimensions and the desired semantic boundary of spirituality and spiritual development in the urban scale will require the use of qualitative methods. Those measurement parameters (codes and criteria) of spiritual-led urban planning are identified, and, in the next step, we will reach the field of measuring and evaluating the impact of these components. Therefore, the research tries to answer the following questions: What are the effective space indicators in producing the spiritual-based space from the perspective of the audience reading? What is the impact of these space indicators? Therefore, the present article is  mixed-methods research and is based on the strategy of grounded theory and structural equation modeling.

This research is mixed-methods research based on the strategy of grounded theory and modeling of structural equations, which in the first step by using meta-analysis of a selected body of research, the structure and elements of the model are identified, and then, in order to localize and identify other factors affecting the model, 23 interviews with experts were conducted in the qualitative part of the study, in which two criteria were effective in selecting the initial informants: experience in planning, policy-making, and administration in Samen region; and a minimum record of residence, presence or continuous activity in the context of this region. In this study, a total of 21 individual interviews and 2 group interviews were conducted. In the next step, in order to establish the relationship and sequence among the obtained dimensions and to present the structural model, the structural equation modeling (SEM) method was used, which based on the opinions of the experts and the analyses carried out, is the selected statistical population of Samen region. Accordingly, in accordance with the Cochran's formula and with a 95% confidence level, 384 sample units were required for all four sub-sectors and 12 spaces and the target resident and floating population. On the other hand, according to the SEM experts, in order to achieve sufficient statistical power and accurate estimates, the sample size should be equal to 10 to 15 sample units per predictor variable (Hooman, 2009), so with regard to the 23 predictor variables 345 questionnaire items were required. Finally, considering the size of samples in the first and second methods, the same number of 384 questionnaire items were developed and distributed to informed audiences and activists in this field within an area of ​​300 hectares of all sectors of Samen region (case sample).

After the initial coding of the text of the interviews and field notes, in the first step, 1014 initial codes were identified. In the second stage, by refining the initial concepts, the number of these conceptswas reduced to 251 codes or first-level concepts, of which by final reviewing of the initial concepts, the elimination of unrelated concepts, and the integration of similar concepts, 53 first-level concepts are obtained. Following the research analysis process, these concepts were categorized into 8 third-level concepts and 23 second-level concepts. The value of t-statistic obtained for all identified components is greater than 1.96, and the effect of identified components on the perception of spirituality is confirmed. According to Figure 4, and considering the value of the path coefficients obtained for the desired components, the sustanability component with the path coefficient value of 0.412 is in the first rank, the management structure component with the path coefficient of 0.200 in the second rank, the justice component with a final point of 0.181 in the third rank, the component of symbolism with the path coefficient of 0.166 in the fourth rank, the component of space arrangement with the value of the path coefficient of 0.160 in the fifth rank, the role component with the path coefficient of 0.154 in the sixth rank, the security component with the path coefficient of 0.129 in the seventh rank, and the component of modernizing theoretical knowledge/practical action in the eighth rank with the path coefficient of 0.103.

Unlike previous studies, which have focused on the production of basic spirituality, focusing more on the objective components of visual spirituality and more detailed dimensions, this study analyzed all the components of this process. The results of structural equation analysis in Figure 5 show the degree of effectiveness in the production of spirituality-based space is, from higher to lower, related to the components of sustainability, management structure, justice, symbolism, spatial arrangement, role-playing, security, and deterrence of practical/contemporary action taking of theoretical knowledge. The development of basic spirituality is a concept beyond the dominant view in current planning (which measures it to the extent of mere physical interventions on the façade and at the micro-scale of urban design). This concept is a three-level construct of concepts that, along with a process-oriented view (structural spirituality), tries to balance the flow of space production through the presentation of strategies and reflections such as reform in space management structure and modernization of theoretical knowledge as a reforming catalyst of the current cycle. The result of this research relies more on replacing the point- and product-oriented view towards a process- and action-based approach in a spiritual-based development, which can be used in development studies. In fact, the reform of the space production cycle and contemporary urban planning depends on understanding the mental social processes in interaction with the objective components, and if the planning situation changes from type A to C, we will see a balanced space production cycle and its positive consequences.

Many studies emphasize the various components of smart cities, the speed and nature of their governance processes, and the diverse claims to the legitimacy of smart city governance. These indicate that the definitions and conceptualization of smart cities in developing countries are probably darker and can benefit from a regular combination of knowledge. In addition, the digital world's approach to non-digital issues such as social justice, politics, ideology, legality, and regulation suggests that smart city development governance is intertwined with many layers of complexity. It can be more complicated for some developing countries that are still meeting the basic needs of all citizens. The complexity of governance issues that developing countries have with different countries shows that a regular review of the literature is critical to discover what is available in the existing literature on growing smart cities in developing countries. In this regard, the present study examines and analyzes participation in urban decision-making, emphasizing smart urban governance in Tehran.

The present study is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. The information required for this research has been collected in two ways: library and field. In the field method, the collection of primary data according to the research questions has been done by designing a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of this study includes municipal employees in 22 districts of Tehran with a population of 500 people. The method of selecting specialists was the snowball technique, in which the available expert was asked to introduce experts who were aware of the research topic. However, few of them were fully aware of the research topic. Therefore, the researcher used the snowball sampling method to identify subject-aware samples, and he continued to do so until all familiar examples of smart urban governance were identified. The sample consisted of 15 employees of Tehran Municipality. The data collection tool was a questionnaire; its validity was confirmed as face validity as well as divergent validity (divergent validity results are presented in the findings section). In order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were exerted, and, considering the results presented in the research findings, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed.

The value of t-statistic obtained for the effect of participation in decision-making on smart urban governance is equal to 20.843,  which is higher than 1.96. Therefore, the effect of participation in decision-making on smart urban governance is confirmed. On the other hand, the value of the obtained path coefficient is equal to 0.622, which is a positive path coefficient, which shows the direct impact of participation on decision-making on smart urban governance. It can also be said that participation in decision-making can explain 38.6% of the variance of the dependent variable, i.e., smart urban governance. The t-statistic value obtained for the effect of political control on smart urban governance is equal to 2.615; also, it equals to 13.870 for the effect of social participation on smart urban governance, which ​​are greater than 1.96; hence, the effect of components of participation in decision-making on smart urban governance is endorsed. On the other hand, the values of the obtained path coefficients for the effect of political supervision and social participation on smart urban governance are 0.132 and 0.584, respectively,  which are positive path coefficients, indicating a direct effect. Components of decision-making are based on smart urban governance.

Citizens' participation in decisions can have many positive effects. Accordingly, this issue was examined with emphasis on smart urban governance in Tehran. The results of the research show that participation can be effective in two ways in the direction of urban decisions for smart urban governance, one in the form of participation with political supervision and the other in the form of social participation. Both variables indicate the significant importance of participation. In fact, it can be said that participation is both politically and socially influential. The realization of this type of citizen participation in urban development is possible in different ways, such as the political activity of residents, importance of residents for politics, share of female representatives in city administration, number of representatives per resident, number of political parties per resident, strategic insight, responsibility for problems related to urban governance, consensualism according to urban culture and identity, social participation based on the principles of smart governance, interaction with citizens, cooperation, appropriate opinion polls on citizenship rights, and social inclusion. Therefore, it is necessary to provide contexts and capacities to help change their lives in cities, and this can be achieved through the above.

study, 13 factors were finally extracted as key variables and drivers in the optimal performance of the cooperatives. All 13 factors were repeated in both direct and indirect methods.

The results show that the drivers of housing cooperatives' performance including "coherent measures to get the housing market out of recession; involvement of housing investment institutions, mass builders, and cooperatives in housing production; and satisfaction with housing efficiency" are marginalized. This trend shows that these indicators do not tend to improve, and with the current trend, the situation in the organization will continue to be unfavorable. As a result, the necessary condition for improving performance of cooperatives in the physical and spatial changes of Tabriz city based on decentralized planning and meeting the needs of all citizens in the future, is the promotion of the above indicators.

The strategic city of Mahshahr port is one of the sensitive and key urban spaces of Khuzestan province and the country, which plays a vital role in the export and import of various oil and non-oil materials and goods due to its brilliant historical background, and in political, commercial, security, economic, social, and environmental aspects has a special importance and status. An examination of the historical trend of the location of Mahshahr port shows that the importance of this strategic space is increasing with an increasing speed. Due to the internal correlation of sustainable urban development indicators to each other, the development of Mahshahr port city should be in all its aspects, so that along with economic development, social and environmental development also should be done, because if there is no coordination between the dimensions of sustainable urban development of Mahshahr port, comprehensive development will not happen, and the potentials of sustainable development of Mahshahr port city will not be used optimally. Another issue of sustainable development of Mahshahr port city is that attention is paid only to the port position of this city for economic development, while Mahshahr city has many capacities in other human and natural sectors, especially tourism (natural and human) for sustainable urban development. It should be considered as medium-term and long-term plans. Therefore, explaining the factors affecting the sustainable development of this key port by relying on futures studies can play a significant role in the all-round development of this city. Thus, the main question of the present study is: What are the key drivers of sustainable development in the port city of Mahshahr with a futuristic approach?

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method is based on new methods of futurology, analytical, and exploratory science. Questionnaire and Delphi technique and documentary and library studies have been used to collect the required data and information. To apply the Delphi technique and analyze the cross-effects, questionnaires have been prepared in two stages. The first stage includes 50-item open questionnaires, in which the most important factors affecting the sustainable development of Mahshahr port city have been provided to experts in the central issues considering different areas and comprehensive sustainable development, which led to the general extraction of factors affecting sustainable development in the port city of Mahshahr. The second stage includes 30-item questionnaires to determine the main factors affecting the sustainable development of Mahshahr port city through weighting, which were completed by the experts and finally used to analyze the collected data from MicMac software.

Among the 35 main factors affecting the sustainable development of Mahshahr port city, a total of 8 key variables affect the sustainable development of Mahshahr port city. Thus, these variables have the most and least impacts on the future of sustainable development of Mahshahr port city and include the factors of "domestic tourism development (V4), urban development plans (V19), efficient local management (V21), efficient macro management" (V23), education (V24), communication network (V28), security (V30), and geographical location of Mahshahr port (V33) ".

Sustainable urban development is a multifaceted process that is influenced by various economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors. Given the interdependence of each of these factors success or failure to achieve sustainable urban development depends on the type of planning and institutional capacity of city officials regarding sustainable urban development. Geographical location and human characteristics of Mahshahr port city has provided the necessary infrastructure for the development of urban sustainability in the city. Due to the high impact of the role of management on other factors, adoption of rational policies regarding sustainable urban development by managers and officials of Mahshahr port city, can determine the directions of success or failure of sustainable development of this port city.