مجله پژوهشهای جانوری (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال سی و پنجم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

This study was conducted to investigate the habitat preference of Capoeta shajariani as an endemic species in Dinorab River (Kermanshah Province), the Karkheh River drainage. For this purpose, the habitat parameters, including water depth, river width, potamal area width, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and bedrock diameter were measured and recorded during sampling and counting of fish specimens. Based on the results, the range of preferred environmental factors of this species were, depth of 26-30 cm, river width of 6-7.2 m, potamal width of 4.8-6 m, temperature of 18-19°C, total dissolved solids of 580-610 mg/L, EC of 290-310μS/cm, pH of 7.22-7.44, velocity of 0.24-0.31m/s and bedrock diameter of 5-5.5cm. The results showed that the highest suitability value was for station 1 with an average depth of 25.54 cm, river width of 3.86 m, potamal width of 5.16 m, temperature of 19.1°C, total dissolved solids of 579, EC of 289 μS/cm, PH of 7.47, velocity of 0.43 m/s and bedrock diameter of 5 cm). Generally, the Dinorab River with a HIS value of 0.676 is an average habitat for C. shajariani.

Evolutionary theory consists of two main thesis: common descent and natural selection. Evolutionary theory and especially natural selection have been used by some scholars of different scientific and philosophical disciplines to explain human morality. The main division between these theories is between those which consider morality as adaptation and those which consider morality as byproduct. Some of these theories contain an element of innateness of morality. Two such theories by two psychologists Haidt and Bloom are examined. Haidt explains six kinds of moral virtues by six moral modules that are adaptations. Bloom argues for five areas of evolutionary moral innateness in children. The main objection I raise is that natural selection and its effects are nonmoral and they can be used for acquiring both moral virtues and vices. Some other evolutionarily innate psychological properties that are not moral in these theories also can be used to develop moral virtues or vices. In this sense evolutionary moral nativism is false.

Steroid hormones and many plant extracts can modulate pain response. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Portulaca oleracea seed hydroalcoholic extract on pain induced by tail flick test in male mice.

In this laboratory experimental study, 150 male mice were randomly divided to control and groups receiving low, moderate and high doses of Portulaca oleracea seed extract and of testosterone and groups receiving “testosterone + extract” of different doses. Following intraperitoneally administration of hormone and extract, pain threshold was measured using tail flick test and data were analyzed using ANOVA.

Increased pain threshold was observed 30 minutes and 1 hour after administration of moderate dose of extract .

Palaemon elegans shrimp is native to the Black Sea, which was introduced to the Caspian Sea during the years 1309 to 1313. In order to practice proper management, knowledge of biological characteristics and having sufficient and appropriate information about aquatic is very important. In the present study to identify the biological characteristics of P. elegans shrimp, 100 pieces of shrimp were captured by Landing net of 500 μ mesh size from coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. Some biometric parameters (total length, carapace length, live weight shrimp, diameter of eggs), absolute and relative fecundity, number of larvae, hatching percentage and their embryonic stages were examined and evaluated. The results showed that the mean total length, carapace length, live weight of shrimp (before and after removing eggs), live weight of eggs were 40/78 ± 6/12 and 10/41 ± 1/27 mm, 1/644 ± 0/41, 1/325 ± 0/36 and 0/129 ± 0/19 g, respectively. The average small and large diameter of eggs in the last embryonic stage was 0/447 ± 0/013 and 0/622 ± 0/079 mm, respectively. The mean absolute and relative fecundity were 931 and 566.30 ± 88/10, respectively, as well as the number of larvae 621± 79 and the hatching rate was 67/70 percent. The embryonic stages of this shrimp include six stages: fertilized egg, cell cleavage, eyed eggs, , nauplius with unequal eye, nauplius with equal eye (advanced nauplius in egg membrane) and finally the stage of zoea and the average duration of the embryonic stage was 11 days

To evaluate the average of sex alleles homozygosity percentage and its relationship with number of sex allele, honey production and adult population, 320 honey bee colonies from East Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces were selected and measured according to Ruttner and Page instructions. The results showed that the average of sex alleles homozygosity percentage and number of sex alleles were 12.86% and 8.42 in the studied population of honey bees. Also, sex alleles homozygosity and number were 12.8 % and 8.48 for East Azerbaijan province, and was 12.86% and 8.42 for Ardabil province, respectively. Variance analysis results showed that the province and apiary had not significant (P<0.05) effect on all studied traits, but county in provinces had negative and significant (P<0.05) effect on all studied traits except sex allele homozygosity. In the present study, the average honey production in East Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces were estimated to be 17.32 and 17.07 kg, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed negative and significant (P<0.05) between sex alleles homozygosity percentage with number of sex alleles (-0.94), honey production (-0.80) and colony adult population (-0.79). Based on regression analysis and estimated model parameters, with a 1% increase in sex alleles homozygous decreases 0.17 frame of the adult population and 0.49 grams of honey production of colonies during a period of beekeeping.

Ciliates are one of the largest group of protozoans that they can be found in almost every aquatic environment. Ciliates serve as an intermediate link in the energy transfer from picoplankton to zooplankton, also serve as indicator of water eutrophication and pollution. Considering the important roles that ciliates play in the ecological relations of aquatic ecosystems, in order to conduct ecological studies, their identification, morphological aspects and taxonomic position are of great importance. The present research is the result of study on plankton and periphyton ciliates sampling of ZayandehRud river and reservoir. In this research, Spirotricha and Peritricha ciliates orders from 8 stations in Zayandehrud river and 4 stations in reservoir were studied . To identify ciliates,a number of reputable sources were used. The results include 22 genera and 13 families . There are 10 families belonging to the order Spirotricha and 3 families belonging to the order Peritricha .