فصلنامه فرهنگ رضوی
سال دهم شماره 38 (تابستان 1401)

Ma'mun's approach in confronting Imam Reza is unique among the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs before and after the infallible Imams; Because he took a demonstrative approach to the point that he offered to accept the government and insisted on accepting the Imam. The purpose of this article is to analyze the encounter of Imam Reza with Ma'mun as a pretender human being. Therefore, the main question of the article is to achieve the pattern of exposure of Imam Reza in the face of Ma'mun's demonstrative actions. The method of research is the hermeneutics of the text with an "inferential and component-oriented" approach. The research findings show that the Imam's actions in the face of Ma'mun's pretense can be analyzed in the form of "non-constructive", "revealing", "insightful" and "expedient" actions, which is the last type of Imam's action governing the previous three actions. All the actions of the Imam are performed in the circle of "divine providence". The ruling spirit of the Imam's actions is "guidance", which is both for the individual and for the general Islamic society, and this is the fundamental difference between the Islamic approach and other approaches. The Imam not only considers the guidance of Ma'mun as a hypocrite, but in this regard he does not hesitate to provide advice and guidance in the interests of the Islamic society and even to reform his government.

Service and serving is one of the valuable topics that have been addressed in mystical sources as serving the elders and benefiting from the existence of the guide and the intended to the most perfect of them, namely the guardian of God and the perfect man.In this research, an attempt has been made to explain the truth of service and its degrees with a mystical approach by a descriptive-analytical method, and its behavioral functions in Infallible holy shrine (PBUH) have been clarified.Servant, Employee and how Pretending to be a servant are the degrees of service in mysticism, among which "servant" is the beloved of the servant and is close to Hazrat Haq Jalal.According to this research, serving the "servant" in the course of mystical behavior with the help of the infallible (PBUH) in the position of a perfect human being and at his holy shrine can lead to his annihilation in Guest or infallible to survive after annihilation and arrest and guidance of the people. The explanation of these matters must be in components such as the perfect man, knowledge of his position, obedience…

The enmity of Wahhabism with the Ahl al-Bayt of infallibility and purity is something that is not hidden from anyone. Ibn Taymiyyah, as the main flag bearer of this sect, has always tried to deny the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and make them look like ordinary human beings. With the same approach of denigrating and denying the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), he raises doubts about the scientific position of Imam Reza (AS) against Islam and believes that the Shiites have exaggerated his position. Claims such as "Imam Reza (AS) is not known", "Imam Reza (AS) did not narrate the narration", "Imam Reza (AS) did not narrate from him" and "Imam Reza (AS) did not narrate in Sahah Setah" by Ibn Taymiyyah It has been narrated to deny the high position of Imam Reza (as). In the present study, in a descriptive-analytical manner and with a critical approach, while examining the sayings of Sunni elders and citing narrations in Sunni hadith and commentary books, Ibn Taymiyyah's claims are answered. In the end, it is concluded that Ibn Taymiyyah's claims about the position of Imam Reza (as) are nothing more than a fallacy and are inconsistent with the views of other Sunni thinkers.

The burial of the late Imam by the Infallible Imam is one of the topics that has been considered in Shiite jurisprudential theological thought. In this article, a descriptive-analytical method compares the beliefs of the two schools of Qom and Baghdad in this regard. Examining the approach and perspective of the two schools of Qom and Baghdad, it becomes clear that the school of Qom, by worshiping and adhering to the narrations, recognizes the equipping of the deceased by the next infallible as a definite, unchangeable, trans-temporal and trans-spatial rule. However, the theologians of the Baghdad school, unlike the hadith jurists of the Qom school, not only show the narrations regarding the equipping of the infallibles in the field of individual news; Rather, they do not accept the The Baghdad school, while accepting the priority of equipping the infallible with the next infallible, has not elevated it to a degree of certainty until there are obstacles and restrictions for the living Imam in equipping the deceased Imam certainty and immutability of this issue as an indisputable theological rule of jurisprudence. Remain committed to this rule. The school of theologians and scholars does not believe in equipping Imam Hussein, Imam Kazem and Imam Reza (as) with the next infallible. It is also understood from historical reports that Imam Reza 's uncle Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq was in charge of equipping him.

Political education is one of the concepts that plays a key role in shaping the frameworks of Islamic government and characterizing the type of action of society. Political education is a process that begins with non-political affairs and then moves on to simpler areas. In Islamic thought and the behavioral patterns of the Imams (as), the social education of man and society has always been of great importance. Infallible Imams, through social education and civic education (political education), have always explained religious teachings in the individual and governmental spheres and have trained human beings of Islamic culture and identity. In Imam Reza's (pbuh) political thought, the concept of civic education or political education is basically related to empowering the Muslim community in order to raise awareness and raise their level of insight to understand the existing trends. In this regard, the main question of the present study is what the meaning of political education in the thought of Imam Reza is (Pbuh) and what are its components? According to the research findings in the behavioral model of Imam Reza (Pbuh), political education basically means modern Islamic nation-building and civilization-building and has its own components and characteristics, such as right orientation, justice, freedom of expression, honor and respect. Audience and awareness of the time is one of the most important features of political education in their thought and behavior pattern. Based on this, the above research will take a descriptive-analytical approach to answer the main question.

Undoubtedly, each school offers a special way of life based on its worldview and considers the formation of its desired society in adherence to those norms. Can the norms, ideal characteristics and principles of social behaviors expected of a Muslim be extracted and explained systematically from the speech and behavior of Imam Reza (AS)? To answer the above question, the present article first begins with the speeches and Has collected the behaviors of Imam Reza (AS) in a library method and then organized it in a descriptive and analytical manner. The findings of this study show that the following eight basic points have been mostly considered and emphasized by him: 1. Learning and teaching 2. Honoring committed poets 3. Protecting the brotherhood of faith 4. Speak clearly 5. Loving others 6. Generosity and charity 7. Concealment of charity and avoidance of humiliation 8. Wise forgiveness of the crimes of others. And because Imam Reza (AS) was fully adorned with the mentioned social behaviors, he attracted general and special friendship and became "aaccepted" of others.

The pilgrimage of Imam Reza (AS) was mentioned in some narrations as the reason for the forgiveness of the pilgrim's sins.At first glance, the concept of the above narrations, with the content of many authentic verses and narrations that bind the salvation of human beings to having faith, righteous deeds, adherence and obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt; Is in conflict.This article, with a critical approach and descriptive-analytical method, seeks to provide a correct concept and resolve the conflict between the narrations of the forgiveness of pilgrim sins and some verses and narrations.The author showed in this research that: With the concentration of great sin, after enduring hardships (according to the amount of sin) in the world, at the time of death, purgatory and doom are forgiven, and if the effects of sin are not erased, he is placed in the first floor of hell and is forgiven through the intercession of Ahl al-Bayt; And a conflict between the concept of the narrations of the pilgrimage of Imam Reza (AS) who considers the pilgrim's forgiveness as one of his functions With the content of religious texts that have tied the forgiveness and salvation of human beings to having faith, righteous deeds and adherence to the Ahl al-Bayt; does not have.