نشریه فضای زیست
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The desert arid climate (Bwhs) is one of the hottest and driest climatic regions in the world and paying attention to its climatic features in architecture and landscape design can be the effective role in modifying the environmental conditions of this region. Many scholars believe that traditional architecture of Iran has responded to many environmental obstacles for millennia. The Persian garden, as a symbol and paradigm of historical landscape, has had many climatic design strategies in the hot and arid desert land of the Central Plateau of Iran, which include decreasing the temperature, increasing humidity and controlling hot and dusty winds. In the country that contains the large areas of the hot and arid deserts, gardens as the microclimates play the key roles in modifying environmental conditions and meeting the comfort of residents. Utilizing of natural materials, applying the appropriate methods in irrigation and planting systems and using the water and plants in order to create passive cooling strategies in these gardens, the Persian garden has unique features that distinguish it from the gardens of other nations. Climatic criteria in the three main systems of Persian garden design such as, water supply and irrigation, planting and building construction include the respect for the ecosystem and its protection, improving living conditions and optimizing energy consumption. Thus, the use of climatic design strategies in the architecture of natural and built elements of the Persian garden, in landscape and urban green spaces design can create environmental comfort. In order to achieve climatic principles and strategies in architecture and urban design, the present study tries to find the appropriate climatic strategies in landscape design by using the experiences of the Persian garden architecture in hot and arid desert regions to be able to adapt to the current needs of society and create pleasant environment.This paper concentrates to compare the characteristics of Dolatabad and Fin gardens that located in hot and arid desert cities of Yazd and Kashan with the climatic features of these areas. While studying the natural (water and plants) and built (pavilions) elements of these gardens and comparing them with each other, the effects of these patterns on the local climate are analyzed. The main purpose of the present paper is to apply climatic patterns in the design of gardens in hot and arid regions and the hypothesis of this research is as follows:"Climatic characteristics are the effective factors in the creation of Dolatabad and Fin gardens in hot and arid desert climate (BWhs)."The selected research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical, which according to the type of research, study and data collection are the combination of these two qualitative and quantitative methods. In the analysis and inference phase, it is qualitative and the hypothesis of this research is proved through the data of grounded theory retrieved from the data of selected gardens and analyzing them.Data are collected in two parts that included library studies and document analysis of Dolatabad and Fin gardens from the physical aspects. These gardens are selected by sampling method, which are analyzed based on compliance with climatic conditions that are the criteria for measurement in this study. Finally, the design principles of the selected gardens are compared and evaluated comparatively based on climate design strategies in qualitative and quantitative methods.In general, the research is carried out in five main steps as follows:-Climatic characteristics and objectives in hot and arid regions-Climatic strategies in garden design in hot and arid regions.- Criteria and process of sampling and selection of studied gardens- The compliance of selected gardens (Dolatabad and Fin) with climatic conditions of hot and arid desert areas (BWhs).- A Comparative study between selected gardens (Dolatabad and Fin) and climatic design approach in hot and arid desert areas.A comparative study of the characteristics of these gardens with the factors of the local climate and with each other with a climatic approach shows that the design principles of the gardens of Dolatabad and Fin are in accordance with the climatic conditions of hot and arid desert regions (BWhs). The similarities and differences of climates in local scale have led to similarities and differences between these two gardens.

The pattern of arrangement of residential blocks regarding the quality of navigation for the residents is one of the most important components in designing residential environments. The reason of studying in-between space is the significance of its design in increasing the residents navigating quality. In some contemporary residential patterns, some of features of in-between spaces have been omitted or, if existing, don’t have an appropriate spatial quality. Navigation in In- between space of the residential environment is of the great importance subject. Significant components are effective in enhancing the optimal quality of routing.Therefore, creating environmental backgrounds has a great significance for increasing the navigating quality in residential settings in-between spaces, since it causes the audiences route readability and as a result raises the spatial quality. This study showed that studying the factors effective on navigating quality from audiences' viewpoint and in the after residence stage may yield effective findings for promotion of planning and design of the residential blocks in-between spaces. After residence evaluation depends on the study of effective factors organization which is the accurate recognition of these factors and their effectiveness in navigating from the residents' viewpoint. In this paper, based on performed studies, the components effective on the audience-oriented navigation were identified and classified in three environmental, human and visual domains. This study evaluates the factors effective in designing in-between space and the relation between them regarding navigation. The history of the subject of the relation of inside and outside space has a close relation with the topics discussed in the domain of environmental psychology and behavioral sciences. The need to such debates in the housing ground and relating to what people want their houses was revealed after the failure of some residential projects constructed in 1950s and 1960s.Comparing the obtained parameters the relations between the components of visual perception may be studied regarding the study's objective. For more clarification of the problem, the objects of the study are mentioned as follows: 1- Finding the factors effective on navigation and environmental perception 2- Finding the relation between the components effective in navigation For finding the environmental-human and visual factors, at first field study of the residential complexes in in-between space was performed, then regarding the studied theoretical fundamentals, a table of these factors was prepared.At first, the mentioned components were scrutinized with the content analysis and then were assessed in three residential complexes with structured observation checklist and questionnaire with 90-person statistical population. The questionnaire was codified in three sections based on the components. Data analysis was performed with the aim of finding the significance and relation of the components with each other with SPSS Version 26 software and using Friedman test. The results of study show that from the residents' perception perspective, the balance between three environmental, visual and human components leads to creation of a more optimal space for navigation. These factors were categorized in three groups. It should be mentioned that the components extraction was performed from the research literature and based on the observational checklist and taking notes. Based on Friedman test, the components priority based on their influence rate according to the findings includes respectively visual component, human component and environmental componentAlso, regarding Freidman test, the environmental variable components in the order of significance includes: Form, stimulus of light, color, knot, sequence, spatial, road, contrast, edge, mark Ranking of human variables of components includes: social liveliness, readability, security, control and supervision, availability, pedestrian orientation Ranking of visual variable components includes environment, area, concentration and compression, centuriation, occlusion This study seeks to prove the balance among environmental, human and visual components and finally suggests the designers of this domain to extract a checklist of all effective items resulting from these three components in pre-residence design and their relation with each other. Also, the relation between these variables was extracted based on triple variables. The result of the study shows that the balance between three components may aid the audience in selecting their path. Also, the results of the study helps the designers for creating a framework based on effective factors to be utilized in pre-residence design due to lack of access to environmental user.

The speed of scientific progress, especially in the field of new technologies in the construction industry on the one hand and the need to reduce the consumption of non-renewable energy on the other hand, the use of a huge God-given source of sunlight has become a necessity for human survival. In this research, in the first place, the quality of daylight in one of the old buildings of the Faculty of Architecture, University of Tehran is examined; Then, the effect of dynamic canopies on improving the lighting quality of the interior of the building is evaluated.

The methodology and design process begins with the simulation of the building model using the Rhino/Grass Hopper computational design software and the use of the Climate Studio plugin. This plugin is a building energy parametric simulation software that according to the time and weather conditions of Tehran, daylight, glare and energy consumption indicators of the current state of the building is examined, then assuming the installation of a dynamic canopy, simulation And the indicators are analyzed again. Climate Studio plugin provides results according to the lead standard with easy use and super analysis speed.

Research findings show that it is necessary to use canopies to prevent glare indoors most of the year. Also, the effect of dynamic canopies in controlling the intensity of radiation and glare and setting the conditions in an acceptable range of brightness and temperature, is fully observed.

The results show the adjustment of daylight and the conditions in the range of visual comfort and optimal energy consumption at any time of operation due to the adaptability of the canopy to climatic conditions intelligently, which is explained in detail in the research text.The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of daylight and visual comfort in the architecture studio building of the University of Tehran Fine Arts Campus in Tehran. First, building plans were drawn using computational software. To study the level of visual comfort and proper distribution of daylight in indoor spaces, Climate Studio plugin was used to analyze, analyze and simulate daylight. Using the technique of folding plates and determining the movement method and placing the canopy in front of the building facade and openings, we prepared the simulation preparations. The analysis was then repeated for the presence of a dynamic sample canopy; To find out to what extent the presence of canopies affects daylight indicators. One of the most important results for the Instant Light Index is excessive radiation intensity, especially in December. Due to this result, it is necessary to use curtains or awnings to prevent glare in most cases. Given the north orientation of the classrooms, there is no disturbing glare, and its range is due to the radius of the rays reflected from the environment near the windows. East and west do not use the opening and consequently no annoying light enters the building. The main light shines from the south to the studios and has the greatest effect on changes in the intensity and quality of light in this area. Considering the need to use daylight in educational environments and the potential of Tehran climate in providing sufficient light, the results show that in this climate, adaptable canopies can effectively distribute daylight and increase visual comfort. This conclusion does not in any way reduce the excellent efficiency of the architecture studio building of Tehran Fine Arts Campus and the designers' attention to the presence of daylight in its educational space and confirms the correctness of its operation. However, to adjust the amount of interior lighting and adaptability to natural climatic changes in the environment, the use of smart awnings is a very valuable solution for designers. The advantages of folding panels and the use of new technologies in the facades of buildings, in addition to beauty, fulfill the human desire to preserve their environment and make the most of renewable energy. Climate Studio plugin is an energy simulation plugin and surely in future research, we will explain the role of daylight in the optimal energy consumption in the architecture studio building and prove the correctness of its designers' performance.

Based on the idea of the nature of order, Christopher Alexander studies all the phenomena of the universe under the two headings of living structures and non-living structures, and examines and recognizes the pattern of living structures according to fifteen fundamental characteristics. He accepts modern architecture. does not have and finds living structures in native architecture. In the meantime, Man Made Cave architecture is an example of native architecture that has responded appropriately to the needs of humans in relation to themselves, society, social structures, geographical location, climate, events and nature. Based on this, the current research aims to explain the common points between architecture and Alexander's theory and their comparison with each other, a more appropriate field for benefiting from the experience of past architects and understanding the intelligence used in these works and adapting it to the native. It provided the needs and necessities of Iran's architecture today in the direction of continuity for the future. Therefore, in terms of purpose, this research is classified as fundamental and in the category of qualitative research, and in terms of method, it is classified as an action-research based on library studies and field-survey observations, which The generalizability of the theory has been carried out in Isfahan province and purposefully in 6 underground cities. The findings of the research show that these collections are relatively applicable to fifteen characteristics, but of these fifteen characteristics, the role of different scales, strong centers, boundaries, ambiguity and deep coherence, contrast, degree Classification, heterogeneity, simplicity and inner peace and inseparability in localization are very large and impressive and the role of alternating repetition, definite space, good shape, local symmetry, echo and empty space is less.

Today, one of the problems that has plagued architectural and urban spaces is the issue of vitality. Vitality is one of the basic needs of cities that with the development of urbanization and social harms, its importance is increasing day by day. The increasing development of cities, the increase in population and the need for more housing have led to the demolition of houses and their conversion into high-rise buildings and residential complexes. In Iran, along with the growing trend of urbanization, the policy of mass production of housing in the form of housing complexes as one of the ways to respond to housing needs has expanded rapidly. For this reason, in recent decades in Iran, the pattern of housing production has changed and the need to create mass housing has reduced the quality and desirability of designs. The design of today's residential complexes has caused problems for the individual and social life of the residents due to the lack of attention to human needs and the lack of psychological consequences. Among the psychological needs of human beings in urban spaces and residential complexes is the need to live in a lively and high quality environment. Vitality is an urban keyword that speaks of the dynamism and vibrancy of space in various economic, social, physical and cultural dimensions. There is a close relationship between the quality of spaces and environments outside buildings and the activities that take place in them. Since the level of vitality of people is directly related to improving their quality of life, so its very important to address this issue. The main problem in this study is the non-response of the environment to the psychological needs of citizens, which has caused the existing spaces to face dissatisfaction of residents, which causes only places to be built without considering the needs of users whose public spaces do not meet residents' satisfaction. And have created unsafe and unpleasant environments for them. The main question of the research is to what extent the functional, social, cultural and environmental indicators of open and semi-open spaces affect the sense of vitality of the residents of residential complexes. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate how and to what extent the functional, social, cultural and environmental components of open and semi-open spaces increase the sense of vitality of the residents of residential complexes in Rasht. The research method is combined research (quantitative, qualitative). In the first stage (qualitative method) by studying the research literature and research background, effective factors on life were extracted. At this stage, in order to achieve the desired result and select the most important micro-criteria, the criteria were categorized and compiled in the form of a questionnaire with 5 architects and urban planning specialists (faculty members) to score each of the criteria and select the most important The micro-criteria were surveyed by a closed-ended questionnaire from the lowest (1) to the highest score (5) for each micro-criterion and analyzed by Spss22 software and Friedman ranking test and the most important micro-criteria affecting vitality were extracted. Then, 5 other architects and urban planners were interviewed in the form of a questionnaire. Minority meta-criteria were removed and some common meta-criteria were merged. Finally, the most important components affecting vitality were developed. In the next step (quantitative method), the required data were collected by survey method and through a researcher-made closed-ended questionnaire from the residents of three residential complexes of Pardisan, Cactus and Lakanshahr in Rasht. Residential marked. Sampling was performed using Morgan table. In the next step, with the Pearson test, the correctness of the research hypotheses is analyzed and evaluated. The results of field studies show that there is a significant relationship between the functional, social, cultural and environmental components of this study and the vitality of the residents of the complex. Environmental activity, social activities, recreational activities, attendance, social adjustment, identity, sensory richness, cultural interactions, environmental cleanliness, harmony with nature and comfort. . Finally, according to the research, it is possible to suggest recommendations and solutions in the field of architectural design to improve the vitality of residents in open and semi-open spaces of residential complexes, which is presented in a table in the result section.

It's obvious that crime is a general society concern. There are two main logic in crime investigations. The first set of research is based on physical characteristics such as different kinds of land use. This approach is derived from Jin Jacobs and then improved by using CPTED(Crime Prevention Through environmental design) and its strategies which previously had been discussed by Oskar Neman via protect's spaces. Second set of studies are related to quarters inhabitants' social characteristics, such as neighborhood, taking responsibilities, have a feeling of belongings to a place, social capital, cultural patterns and other variables that have been among a wide range of focused social factors in this research. Many fields of studies by considering some concepts, compare summary of netted problems. Historically, safety is perceived as an important factor in social life of every society. We can state that, city expansion and safety are two linked compartments that are followed by city sustainability, in a manner that the absence of one would cause some problems for the others and might bring obstacles for it. During recent decades, Civil researchers became vigilant about the role of architecture and city construction via making decisions and policies to create a desirable place and found some defensible theories of preventing crime by crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and environmental crime identification. Evidences shows that researches about the linkage between environment and behavior are very rampant. Nevertheless, hypothesis and processes of CPTED have been poorly tested. Sari city, reaches Mazandaran Sea from north and it reaches Alborz range of mountain from south, according to 2016 census, it's population was 347,402 people and the rate of population growth till 2026 is equal to 1.9 %. In this study, by various inhabitants' behavioral variables such as place ownership and realm protection, the sense of crowd and lack of control on environment, and anatomical variables with subsets such as place ownership, defensive privacy according to CPTED subsystems, by explicating safe habitable places in Sari city we try to figure out how can we adjust them to CPTED characteristics? Cities are sustainable and Complicated economic and social systems that deteriorate if their imbalances, such as security, are not controlled. It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents (isolation, affinity, tolerance and anonymity) on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security. One of the newest approaches to urban security is Crime prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED). It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security.Given the success of the CPTED model in different parts of the world, it is hoped that according to the hypotheses, by explaining the patterns of safe residential environments in the city, it can be adapted to CPTED characteristics and the relationship between physical environment characteristics and behavioral characteristics of residents in residential spaces. The present study, which is a descriptive and exploratory research methodology with a quantitative research approach, evaluates the components of CPTED under the hypothesis that in the course of the research, documentary and library methodology was first used to systematically review the relevant resources to identify the main CPTED criteria. Physical and social cognition of Tabarestan neighborhood through the distribution of a questionnaire extracted from the components of residents' behavioral patterns and characteristics of the physical environment, purposefully and the analysis of qualitative data, the degree of importance of each criterion was evaluated to aim to examine the relationship between physical environment and residents' behavior Determinants in designing a safe urban environment and using descriptive statistics in GOF certification, using factor analysis model, using inferential statistics through the criterion of research hypotheses and using Kolmogorov-Smrinov test using analysis of 384 questionnaires in the present model of G-years for 98 and 99 It was calculated that it shows a strong overall fit of the model, all research hypotheses are confirmed and conclude the presentation of the CPTED conceptual model with challenges in generations of this concept.

Dwelling settelments in each domains are formed according to their climates, cultures, and also historical events of area. It is clearly that the first experience of human is layout from his residental being living. According to this notion some parameters as same as identity, collective memory, quality of life and so on are the most important charactrist of life style in architectural spaces. This paper is an account of studing of traditional- vernacular houses in Kerala using the frameworks of Typo- Morphology and vernacular architecture. This research yielded eight general types of residential buildings with regard to structural, spatial arrangements and their nature of development and culture. Rectangular hall with veranda or porch turns out to be the basic form for the more elaborated design. The study also yield a glimpse of the living culture and the characteristic feature of the vernacular and traditional architecture. This study confirms the existence of different spaces of courtyard houses according to their culture and vernacular climate events. Using a very old pattern in the central courtyard housing construction and are substantially different in Indiavis being used is a very old pattern in traditional Indian houses, and consequently used in different Indian cities. Residential spaces also utilizes in various syncretic round the courtyards. measures have formed .around the yard. The central courtyard space (environment), yield a glimpse of responding to respond to the problems that the climate of each region according to the aesthetic and functional requirements, in harmonies with its climatic patterns.consistent with the climate of your bed is formed. The central courtyard with intertwined and integrated structure, appropriate responses to the both mortal material and spiritual life of the people to be lost.According to climatic patterns, courtyards also confirms both synthetic and syncretic phenomenology characters of usres in the best accumulated. manipulating the environment, gave the maximum benefit to the users. Assess the appropriateness of the central courtyard of the house, played an essential major role in determining the amount of radiant energy absorbed at different levels of visual and thermal comfort conditions for residents, in being living of the yard and play. To achieve this goal, seven samples of traditional houses in the cities of Aleppo and Damascus in India is has been studied. Elements include physical factors in the formation of the house, such as the influence of climatic causes factors, social and cultural factors causes. The findings showed that determined the correlation between the geometry of the central courtyard, the house special orientation with respect to the climate and the influence of Arab culture on the formation of the central courtyard, have a significant role. based on documents and vouchers from the historical city center of India, every home has usual two parts. One has been built and surrounded by atmosphere and the other open space. With regard to the hot and dry climate India, A part of the activities related to the residence time in suitable years in open space. Role despite being phenomenon of the climatic and environmental conditions in the formation the open houses completely obvious, cultural factors as well as the main cause of informant the courtyard is forward. The aim of this research in the first place with the structure of the houses and traditional India study space structure And in then second feature is a kind of cathedral and diagrams for the yard and their relations in the home . Based on this, seven home study which in historical center of Kerala and after Comparing the main elements and Secondary Houses of culture, climatic and kinship structure to index the results i got: One of the characteristics of nationalism within prominent houses and structure of the family is important and the most great room, The royal family is devoted . in case of need to another room, room is built behind the quid room. guest room always is near entrance. Portico, entrance of the transverse and hierarchy with direct are cause of confidentiality.Human interaction and the subject of much attention in the past century, scientists have been different. Historical background - cultural and social relations - economic, environmental, always in the context of human settlements have been able to shape.

Today, in most metropolises and large cities, the growth and development of high-rise buildings is evident and has left many positive and negative effects. The widespread impact of these buildings on the body and space of today's cities is undeniable, as it has caused high-rise buildings to be reviewed by experts in various fields. High-rise buildings in today's cities have always been one of the most influential aspects of urban landscapes, and the symbolic, aesthetic, identity, and readability aspects of the environment are among the dimensions to be considered in their role in the urban landscape. In recent decades, the vertical growth of cities has been increasingly studied and buildings act as a single complex that serves and receives. High-rise construction has been used to exploit downtown lands and to produce and pay attention to urban economy. While most decisions in our country for this type of building are made without regard to this. Construction of high-rise buildings, limited to authorized or special areas for high-rise construction in some sub-zones of land use in Tehran and subject to permission in terms of earthquake zoning studies and related rules and regulations and permitted environmental zones whose location and permitted uses: 2000 Detailed plan zoning is specified and refined. The development of cities in the present century to respond to problems such as population growth, public demand for life and work has increased attention to vertical expansion. A high-rise residential complex is a way to respond to the prevailing conditions. These residential complexes have advantages and disadvantages in their structure and many of them have formed their spatial structure based on the existing rules and regulations and the main structure of the spatial structure has been in them. To control the spatial structure, it is necessary to control all the forces in each building, which requires recognizing the elements and components of the spatial structure, which has not yet been explained and reviewed. As a result of this research, the criteria have been formed by examining and prioritizing the criteria according to the extent of their factor contribution in the formation of high-rise buildings. The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative nesting. In the qualitative stage, the interview was used to collect information and the questionnaire was used in the quantitative stage. The software used is in the quantitative part of JMP and in the qualitative part of ATLASTI. The results show that the most impact belongs to; Criteria for height restriction on the distance between the elements with the amount (1.000), criteria for spatial restriction on the components of the unit with the amount (1.000), criteria for fire extinguishing on the components of the unit with the amount (0.982), criteria of elevator on the texture with the amount ( 1.000), but the least effective include the criteria of height restriction with physical continuity (0.388), the criteria of spatial restriction with texture (0.514), the criteria of elevator on the physical connection with the amount (0.356) and the criteria of fire extinguishing Form with value (0.246), exit criteria with unit components with value (0.401), criteria of physical structure on readability with value (0.213), physical coherence and criteria of energy consumption and saving with physical coherence with value ( 0.388), the criteria for the placement of vehicles with physical differences with the value of (0.255) and the criteria of protrusion on the spatial zoning with the value of (0.262).In recent decades, the vertical growth of cities has been increasingly studied and buildings act as a single complex that serves and receives. High-rise construction has been used to exploit downtown lands and to produce and pay attention to the urban economy. Impress. Due to the lack of localization and mere emphasis on some aspects of the spatial structure, the rules have caused some parts to remain rigid and inattention to other parts in the design of the spatial structure. In various researches, the effect of different groups of criteria on the elements of spatial structure has not been discussed and analyzed. To control the spatial structure, it is necessary to control all the forces in each building, which requires recognizing the elements and components of the spatial structure, which has not yet been explained and reviewed.