فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 45 (ربیع 2022)

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of the text which poses barriers to capturing its true sense. It helps discover underlying discourse and latent layers of meanings. CDA differs from discourse analysis in terms of its methodology of examination. It is not pure examination of text or discourse within the textual framework. Boshra albostani, a renowned contemporary Iraqi poetess with a prominent poetic status. The distinctive linguistic structures of her poems have captured the attention of researchers. Employing Laclau and Mouffe approach, this research attempts to examine Al Bostani’s Ode of “Andalusian wounds of Iraq”. As one of her notable works, this ode signals a civilizational attitude as it was composed during years of Iraq’s occupation. The theme of resistance is the centralsignifier of this work while betrayal and handing the keys to the country to outsiders form other signifiers around which other secondary signifiers are articulated. Chain of Equivalence takes shape to breaks the discourse of others. In an ideological foray, it attempts to unveil the actual, consistence identity of the other party. Here, the poet relies on an inspiring, dynamic poetic language to enchantingly portray the exposition of the actual identity of the other party.

For the analysis of a literary text, there are several critical approaches, each of which approaches the text from a particular angle, and it is the text that invites the critic to choose the method of critique; Because each text, although it can be examined in different ways, but it is more consistent with the method than the others. Stylistics is an intra-textual method that focuses on the structure of the text, the text being both a tool and a goal. Numerous perspectives on stylistics eventually lead to the text, which consists of levels. The three levels of phonetics, composition and semantics are the most important, although other categories can be encountered. Stylistics as a branch of linguistics that considers language as a systematic set of signs and relations, defines the text as a systematic structure consisting of related components. The results of the stylistic study of Nizar's poetry indicate that the poet's choices are implied in three levels of the text and have an aesthetic burden. The stylistic features of the poem as well as the type of the poet's attitude can be seen in the choice of letters and the rhythm of the poem, the types of sentences and semantic domains, as well as in the use of the mythical symbol.

Polyphonic narrative is a new type of narrative used by some postmodernist literary historians in the late 1970s to the last decade. In this type of literature, the author uses several narrators for narration and avoids the use of a single narrator.Yusuf Al-Qa'id(1944), a prominent Egyptian novelist, has used this method in some of his novels to demonstrate his approach to innovation. The purpose of this article is to examine the functions of polyphonic narration in the novel "War on the Land of Egypt ". It is important to examine this approach in order to identify novels that are modeled on practices appropriate to the age of democracy and civilization; The methods that have been used in conjunction with the development of societies as well as their social and political transformation to convey effective functions to the Arabic reader. The findings indicate that this narrative method is used in the novel to induce three basic functions, namely,dramatic and thematic struggle, explanation and communityization of events and subjects, creating equality, and establishing equal dialogue among fictional characters.I Yusuf al-Qa'id has chosen this narrative style for his narrative plot and through it he intends to reject with this new kind of monotheism and tyranny in the narration and presentation of ideas so that all the characters are equally Be present in the arena of narration, and on the other hand, the reader should be aware of the crisis of democracy and equality in the Arab society in a tangible and realistic way.

Comparative Study in Elegies of Andalusia and the Arabic EastAbstract Lamentation of cities in Arabic literature means crying over cities that have been ruined following wars and seditions or all kinds of natural disasters. This kind of lamentation always in Andalusia and the Arabic East has been one of the most important poetic goals, because has been consistent to the song of political events and transformations, and has reread the events. This research using descriptive-analytical method is seeking for introduction of some of these elegies, and review of the contents existing in the poets of both regions and explaining the common and distinction points of them. According to the findings of this research, there are deep commonalities in the thoughts of Andalusian and the Arabic East poets that its origin is sociopolitical status. On the other side, upon study on the lamentation of cities, it is observed that description of civil, glory and prosperity of cities before destruction, implies on the compassion and regret over the loss of blessings and religious emotion including the common themes in the lamentation of poems of these two lands. Yet, there are differences between them, for example in the elegies of Andalusia against Arabic East elegies, we observe supplication and passion and longing for the homeland. Altogether, it is said diversity of contents in the poems of Andalusians is deeper and more effective, although in this issue, the Easterners have priority.

(Based on the theory of conceptual metaphors by George Likoff and Mark Johnson)Contemporary achievements of linguistics indicate that language, in addition to conveying referential themes, reflects cognitive themes and induces mental themes. Based on this, cognitive semantists have conducted studies in this field and have proposed theories that can be referred to the theory of conceptual metaphors of George Lycoff and Mark Johnson. The present article has been written with the aim of comparatively examining the conceptual metaphor of direction in the first three volumes of Mahmoud Dolatabadi's key novel and the four novels (Al-Bayda, Al-Askari Al-Aswad, Al-Haram and Al-Aib) by Yusuf Idris. The research method is comparative and data collection, which is based on the American school in the comparison and analysis of data. Analysis of 125 examples of conceptual metaphors of direction in the form of 23 mapping names, which were extracted from the aforementioned works of two writers, concluded that the similarities between conceptual metaphors based on human understanding of "direction" between the two languages are far greater than There are differences. On the other hand, the differences between the two writers indicate the influence of culture on the construction of conceptual metaphors. According to Likoff and Johnson's views on the foundations of directional conceptual metaphors, frequencies indicate that in the works of the two writers, conceptualizations are based on top-down spatial orientations, mostly on a physical basis, and in other directions, conceptualizations. Also on a physical basis;

In Persian literature, the word hero is mostly used in its classical sense in epic stories, and the anti-hero is used as the opposite of the main character of the story. And it is the encounter of opposing characters that shapes the narrative. Wolfgang Iser,,a German theorician who developed a theory for reading literary texts in the second half of the twentieth century, took a special look at the action of characters and intra-textual elements in the narrative. By shifting the focus of literary studies from author to reader, he turned to the methods of reading the text and believed that with a different reading of the literary work, the elements within the text would also change. In this descriptive and analytical method, we deal with the features of characters, anti-hero and heroism in the play "Death of Yazdgerd" by Bahram Beizai. Our aim in this study is to look as a perspective of the reader-centered Iser which character considers the hero and which the anti-hero. The results of this study show that the protagonist and the anti-hero paid for the ellipse do not necessarily follow the author's beliefs from the reader's point of view, and all the characters in the work can be of heroism or anti-heroism.