دو ماهنامه بررسی های بازرگانی
سال بیستم شماره 112 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1401)

Non-oil export development is one of the policy priorities in countries dependent on oil exports to achieve balanced and comprehensive development. However, the development of non-oil exports depends on the growth of the private sector and the growth of the private sector is also possible through both the transfer of assets and public corporations to the private sector (privatization) and the removal of barriers to private sector activity (improving the business environment). But, empirical evidence has shown that privatization does not result without improving the business environment. Hence, economists emphasize that improving the business environment is prior to privatization. In this regard, the present study has tried to determine the impact of Business space on market share of non-oil export in developing selected countries during the period 2008-2019. From the three indicators, Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export were used as an alternative to the business environment. Eventually, the research model using panel data and the generalized method of moments estimated and results showed that the impact of Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export on market share of non-oil export is negative and meaningful. Also, the effect of controlling variables including per capita production, real exchange rate and openness on market share of non-oil exports is positive and significant

Increasing researches, interests of researchers and industrial managers in the field of supply chain and environment, has necessitated the study of green supply chain network systems. In the present study, first, by reviewing the research literature and interviewing the experts in the ceramic tile industry, the factors affecting the success of the green supply chain were identified and the dynamical analysis of the problem was performed by using the systems dynamics method. For this purpose, available and documented information and expert opinions during the 10-year period simulation have been used. Systems dynamics is a powerful tool for modeling complex structures such as supply chain networks and provides useful information about the interaction of key system parameters. The developed model is implemented with VENSIM software and the impact of different policies is simulated and analyzed. The results indicate that strengthening factors of human resource skills, supervising the implementation of green rules and regulations, and suppliers will directly increase the success of green supply chain management; In the meantime, supervising the implementation of laws and regulations is known as the most effective factor. On the other hand, the variable order for green production is very important for the survival of green supply chain. This model and its accompanying simulation can be used as a practical decision support system for decision makers and managers of organizations so that they can make the best decisions according to their environmental or company conditions.

The purpose of this research is to discover the structures and dimensions of market orientation in order to design and introduce an indigenous model and a specific market orientation approach for Iranian knowledge-based companies. The approach of this research is qualitative and exploratory type and includes studying documents, reviewing theoretical literature, conducting library studies and interviewing experts and owners of knowledge-based companies in Iran and have been used from capabilities of Groudnded Theory (GT) method and MAXQDA 2020 software to advance the research.  With managers of 12 production type one of knowledge-based companies were conducted deep, semi -structured and semi-regular interviews which were selected from a statistical population of 352 member companies, as purposive sampling or criterion based sampling. The substantive, theoretical and core codes of these interviews have been extracted in the process of open, axial and selective coding. Since all research studies are based on a theoretical framework, conceptual model or mind map that explains the research variables and the causal relationships between them, the present research uses a pragmatic theoretical lens and a pluralistic approach to show that there is an interactive link between the construct market orientation and structures of market turbulence, technological turbulence and the competition intensity as a antecedents of market orientation and also with the business performance as a consequence of market orientation. This study tries to identify a pattern of market orientation for Iranian knowledge-based companies for the first time in order to adapt this companies to the dynamic and non-static essence of the era of cross-competitive challenge. Based on the research findings, the market orientation construct in the indigenous model of Iranian knowledge-based companies has the dimensions of customer orientation, Competitor Orientation, Inter-functional Coordination, Future Orientation, Innovation Orientation and Learning Orientation.

Environmental complexity in the present age can threaten the survival of organizations. Sustainability in such situations is an essential issue for most small and medium-sized companies. One of the ways to deal with such situations is the concept of organizational resilience.  The purpose of this study is to provide a model for developing organizational resilience capacity in small and medium enterprises. Therefore, after identifying and classifying the resilience development indicators of small and medium organizations in the research literature, we provided an interpretive structural questionnaire to 8 academic experts and managers of small and medium industries to evaluate it using the Interpretive Structural Modelling method. Finally, the designed model was classified into four levels. The results showed that some factors affecting the capacity of organizational resilience development such as shared vision, organizational knowledge management, human resource empowerment and flexible organic structure can be considered as soft and behavioral aspects of organizational resilience capacity development; on the other hand, other factors such as technology, financial resources, alliance and outsourcing and resource redundancy can be considered as organizational and difficult (resource-oriented) aspects in the development of organizational resilience, which in general, they can provide the ground for production and supply agility, as well as innovation and creativity and the use of environmental opportunities and organizational flexibility, and increase organizational resilience capacity.

The holy religion of Islam, which had appearance more than 14 centuries ago and today has attracted more than one billion followers and believers, has set rules and regulations for all aspects of human life (such as: business and economic activities, and claims) and believe that as the last divine religion has a solution for all human problems, in all periods and ages. However, despite all this, the Islamic marketing approach has not been able to guide the business as it should. This research supply a mind map of the Islamic marketing variables based on a three-step process: content analysis (identifying the most important indicators of Islamic marketing), interactive management analysis (extracting variables) and fuzzy cognitive mapping (identifying the relationships between variables). The methodology of this research is descriptive and exploratory based on a mixed approach. The statistical population of this research is in three stages, respectively including: documents and experts familiar with the subject. According to the results, the function of Islamic marketing is based on three main categories: internal factors, external factors and spiritual factors, that each of them includes several variables. In this regard, the role of spiritual factors is very important and is considered the main mediator in the interaction between internal and external factors.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the quality of the relationship in online business on customer engagement in different stages of the relationship life cycle. For this purpose, users of online transportation services in the city of Urmia were selected as a statistical population and 600 customers participated in the research by completing a questionnaire. Convenience sampling method was use to select the statistical sample. The research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling technique and AMOS software. Findings showed that the quality of online relationship has a positive effect on all four dimensions of customer engagement value (lifetime value, impact value, customer knowledge value and customer referral value). Also, the effect of online relationship quality on customer lifetime value and the value of impact at different stages of the relationship life cycle are different.

Cooperative businesses are an important part of the economy of countries and are important factors in creating wealth, entrepreneurship and job creation. Because of the importance of these businesses in entrepreneurship development, policymakers have designated institutions to facilitate their start-up and growth. One of the most important institutions is the Omid Entrepreneurship Fundation, which is responsible for providing part of the capital required for this type of business. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of banking services provided to businesses in the cooperative sector. To achieve the goal, a service quality evaluation questionnaire was used which includes 22 items. The statistical population of the study also includes cooperative business entrepreneurs in Khorasan Razavi province in 2017, whose number according to the latest census is 6920 units. Sampling was done in a multi-stage method and a questionnaire was distributed among 370 entrepreneurs applying or receiving facilities from this fund in six cities of Khorasan Razavi province. To measure the quality of services, the gap between the expected services and the received services was measured and the hypotheses were tested. The results indicate a gap between perceived and expected services in all aspects of service quality. At the end of the research, in accordance with the results, suggestions were provided to improve service delivery in this section.

During the preliminary negotiations for concluding commercial contracts, it is possible that one of the parties does not content to the negotiations with the other party and at the same time, discuss the desired commercial contract with other persons; because parallel negotiations make it possible to obtain goods and services with more desirability. Acceptance and application of the principle of freedom of contract in the legal system of different countries requires that, in principle, a person who has conducted parallel negotiations not be held responsible. However, in some cases, the parallel negotiator may be held liable under the rules of the contractual or non-contractual liability. If in the preliminary negotiations, one or both parties have undertaken not to negotiate in parallel with the third party for a certain period of time, the non-fulfillment of this obligation will result a contractual liability. In the absence of such an obligation, fault in parallel negotiations can result non-contractual liability. Both types of liability, which are explicitly accepted in the law of some countries, such as France and Britain, are, as the case may be, compatible with the rules and principles governing contractual and non-contractual liability in Iranian law.