نشریه راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی
پیاپی 17 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

 Undoubtedly, the secret of the permanence of Iranian agricultural research and education centers in the field of research, training and development of human resources, moving around the market-oriented and meeting the market demand of the agricultural sector is the technological achievements and capable manpower. The purpose of this study was to achieve strategies and methods to facilitate and accelerate the development of commercialization activities and technological achievements in agricultural research and training centers.

 According to the type of purpose, the research was conducted by survey method and using Questionnaire tool was performed. The statistical population consisted of faculty members of education and research and teachers of the mentioned centers, which was conducted after determining the sample size of 190 people and using relative stratified random sampling method. To confirm the apparent validity of the measurement tool from the perspective of 10 experts in the field of commercialization of research findings and to confirm reliability, Cronbach's alpha test was used.

 The results of Mann-Whitney test showed that there is a significant difference between "average importance of solutions for establishing and institutionalizing the commercialization system" whit "current average implementation" and most of these strategies are not implemented at the appropriate level. Factor analysis also showed that the three main factors "commercialization capabilities of teachers, researchers, students and graduates of technology centers and infrastructures" (with a eigenvalue of 8.75 and a variance of 27.36%)," sociality and interactions of centers with domestic and foreign educational-research institutions" (with a eigenvalue of 6.11 and a percentage of variance of 19.1%) and "Participation in exhibitions and providing entrepreneurship and commercialization consulting" (with a eigenvalue 6.1 and percentage of variance 19.07%), More than 65.5% of the total variance of the strategies for establishing and institutionalizing the commercialization system has explained technological achievements.

 the most important strategies for establishing and institutionalizing the commercialization system and technological achievements of agriculture, Developing the commercialization capabilities of researchers through planning of commercialization, planning educational modules for membership in centers in domestic and foreign scientific and technological associations and unions and planning and implementation projects of development idea (startup) and networking of production to commercialization was evaluated.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate agricultural entrepreneurship competencies on food security of rural households in Mahidasht district, Kermanshah province.

The research is of applied research type and the data collection method is non-experimental and cross-sectional research. The statistical population of the present study is 890 rural households (heads) in Mahidasht district and the sample size has been calculated using the Cochran's formula equal to 268 people. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 9 factors and 42 items and the dependent variable consisted of 5 factors of 24 items, the reliability of which was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of dependent and independent variables. To investigate the causal relationship between variables affecting food security (dependent variable), multiple regression method was used stepwise.

Regression results showed that the risk-taking variable (beta coefficient 0.445); Opportunity identification (beta coefficient 0.347) and variable (beta coefficient 0.144) had the greatest impact on food security.

In this regard, it was suggested that the design of a systematic and purposeful system, monitoring and evaluation in order to implement consumption reform programs and investment in the agricultural sector with the necessary tools to establish food security is absolutely necessary.

Organizational performance is one of the most important structures in achieving organizational goals and also one of the most important structures discussed in managerial research and without a doubt, it is the most important criterion for measuring the success of commercial companies. the existing competitive environment is more competitive than in the past. in such situations, agricultural organizations have to look for new ways to improve performance. in this regard, one of the most appropriate strategies is to focus on choosing the right organizational strategy and organizational knowledge and its proper management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of knowledge management on organizational performance with regard to the mediating role of differentiation strategy in agricultural companies located in Kermanshah Science and Technology Park.

This research is based on the purpose of an applied research, based on data collection, descriptive comparative causal research and in terms of approach or methodology, it is quantitative research. The statistical population of the study was the employees of agricultural companies located in Kermanshah Science and Technology Park, which amounted to 95 people and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 77 people. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and was scored based on the Likert scale. Descriptive statistics techniques in SPSS software and structural equation analysis in Amos software were used to process the data.

The results showed that knowledge management affects organizational performance both directly and indirectly through the mediating variable of differentiation strategy. Knowledge management is one of the important factors affecting organizational performance that the mediating role of differentiation strategy in this regard was also confirmed.

Agricultural organizations if they want to maintain their position and act in a way that leads to survival, development and success, it is necessary to review its performance and select the appropriate organizational strategy and organizational knowledge and manage it properly. an organization that cannot choose the right competitive strategy and develop its skills, knowledge and knowledge and use it to increase productivity, will not be able to develop any of its resources optimally.

 Due to its foreign exchange earnings, creating added values, and other economic aspects, pistachios is one of the most important non-oil product exports of Iran. Traditionally, Iran had had a big share of the global market, yet because of several factors, Iran’s export power has been declined in the last two decades. In the meantime, pistachios have a critical position in Iran’s agricultural economics, hence identification of the factors affecting its export to the global market in the current situation and sustaining global market position as well as studying it as a unique ecosystem and hence presenting a model for such ecosystem becomes momentum. Since the production and processing of pistachios industry in Iran enjoys a huge potential, close attention to it and trying to enter into the global market – bearing in mind that it is a non-oil product-has been the focus of several scholars.

The present study aims to design and develop an international marketing ecosystem for the production and processing of Iran pistachios industry using a qualitative research approach with exploratory nature. The statistical population of this research was three types: (1) competent specialists (experts), (2) farmers and senior as well as middle managers of production and processing of pistachios having some international marketing experience, and (3) university faculties informed in this area of research, having been selected via judgmental - purposeful sampling. The statistical sample of this study includes 7 experts and gardeners producing pistachios, merchants and exporters, and senior managers of pistachios processing and packaging factories, all having some international experience. To recognize the international marketing ecosystem among gardeners, and senior managers of pistachios processing and packaging factories in Iran, systematic grounded theory of Straus and Corbin (including three types of open, axial, and selective coding), with the use of theoretical sampling, several aspects of this ecosystem have been identified. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted in person normally in their workplace, and online as well as via telephone, and the data collected has been analyzed using MAXQDA software.

 In this research, five factors have been identified as international marketing ecosystem players in the production and process of the pistachios, including agriculture, processing, export, product quality, government, and sanctions.

A system's performance depends on its components, yet an important aspect is an interaction among its components. Hence, five factors identified in this research have collective impacts, all together on the successful performance in entering into international markets.

Top organizations choose the best strategies to achieve their goals. They use limited resources to overcome obstacles. It is impossible for any organization to achieve future benefits without having a strategy. The present study presents the best strategy after identifying internal and external factors affecting the sale of shared products of villagers. The purpose of this research is to provide strategies for entrepreneurship development in shared business in rural areas.

The present study is an applied research. The study population includes 100 members of rural cooperatives active in handicrafts and experts and university professors. The SWOT matrix was used for analysis and the QSPM matrix was used for strategy selection. Unstructured questionnaire and field interview were used to collect data.

Based on the research findings, it showed that 11 strengths and 9 weaknesses were identified in the indoor environment and 11 opportunities and 10 threats were identified in the outdoor environment. The most important opportunities include welcoming consumers to the virtual market environment and increasing the growing trend of exports. And one of the most important threats is related to the increase of workers' wages. Internal factors and strengths include the technical capacity of human resources, organizational culture and interpersonal relationships, and weaknesses are related to lack of liquidity and working capital. Also, the results of prioritizing Swot matrix strategies showed that an aggressive strategy with the highest score is the most appropriate strategy for developing entrepreneurship in business and joint ventures in Dasht-e Azadegan. Strategies resulting from the offensive strategy based on the most attractive are creativity and innovation in design, packaging and production of products with 6.86, market expansion strategy through product diversity with 6.23, marketing strategy related to 5.87 and knowledge promotion and skill with 41/5

Based on the findings of this study, the use of creativity and innovation in product design, production and packaging, product diversity, relationship marketing, knowledge promotion and skills training as important incentives for entrepreneurship development and entering foreign markets and exporting products. It has been suggested.

Golestan province, in terms of entrepreneurial geography, has significant advantages and capacities for the production of agricultural products, which has created numerous opportunities for entrepreneurship in the agricultural conversion industry. The development of conversion industries requires attention to technological entrepreneurship ecosystem and the purpose of this study is to design a model of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem in conversion industries of Golestan province.

This research was carried out using a heuristic mixed method in two qualitative and quantitative steps. In a qualitative step of research from library studies, internet searches and interviews with 15 experts in the field of technological entrepreneurship and people who had entrepreneurial experience in this field, the indicators of the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem model in conversion industries including 66 indicators were identified. This section was performed using content analysis method. Then, using fuzzy Delphi method in three rounds, the indicators were evaluated by research experts and finally, 48 indicators were determined for the model. Then, structural-interpretive modeling method in Micmac software was used to design the model.

Structural-interpretive modeling calculations show the variable of technological entrepreneurship performance in conversion industries in the first level, market and technology demand in the second level, entrepreneurial opportunities in conversion industries in the third level, technology networking and human capital development At the fourth level, research and development and entrepreneurial competencies are at the fifth level, entrepreneurial culture at the sixth level, financial and legal support and entrepreneurial infrastructure at the seventh level, and finally the policy-making system at the eighth level, which is the most fundamental element of the model to capacity building of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem in transformation industries. Also by analyzing the influence-dependence power diagram; Independent variables (policy system, entrepreneurial infrastructure, entrepreneurial culture and financial and legal support), dependent (technological entrepreneurial performance, technology market and demand and entrepreneurial opportunities) and mediating (technology networking, human capital development, research and development and entrepreneurial competencies were identified.

Since every entrepreneurial ecosystem has unique dimensions, features and coordinates, so to plan to improve the situation of conversion industries in Golestan province, we need to know the characteristics of technological entrepreneurial ecosystem in this industry. We obtained them in this research. Also, at the end of the research, practical suggestions were presented to improve the status of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem in the conversion industries of Golestan province.

Innovation is one of the factors that drive economic growth and production by improving labor productivity, dynamics in industries, and determining economic success. Science and Technological Parks play an important role in the technological development of a country by significantly increasing economic growth. So, knowledge-based companies are known as one of the main factors for accelerating production and achieving economic resilience goals.

In this study, knowledge-based and agricultural companies located in the Center for Agricultural Technology Development, Natural Resources and Food Industries and Technology Development Center of Gonabad, Neishabour, and Torbat-e Heydarieh have been studied. The method of data collection in this research was by census method and through a questionnaire. The required data of 5 companies were collected via email, 3 companies were collected via telegram, and 39 questionnaires were completed through face-to-face distribution. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The software used in this study was Excel and Stata.

Based on the obtained results, factors such as financial support and business advice were the most important requirements for knowledge-based companies. Also, the most important weaknesses in institutional sectors were lack of financial resources in the financial sector, inability to introduce the product and international marketing in the marketing sector, and lack of proper and timely execution of upstream documents were among the weaknesses in the institutional sector. In contrast, personal capital and product innovation were among the strengths of knowledge-based companies and agricultural technology. Furthermore, the most important threats for these companies were price fluctuations, uncertainty due to foreign currency policies, low level or nonawareness of legal regulations, and long-term process to obtain official permissions. Also, the exclusivity of the product was declared the most important opportunity for companies. The priority of these companies was related to future strategies, export, and focus on foreign markets and attracting investors.

Finally, it is suggested that due to the low efficiency of knowledge-based companies in terms of job creation, the following should be on the agenda: effective entry of universities in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation, drafting an innovation system document, and directing research activities towards knowledge foundations in universities. Also, to increase the employment of agricultural graduates, it is suggested that arrangements be made so that the employment of these people in knowledge-based companies will lead to the establishment of facilities such as providing free insurance coverage for these companies. Knowledge-based companies and agricultural technology need a management-consulting package in the field of marketing and marketing of products, legal and financial products in order to have a stronger presence in the existing space in domestic markets and in the international market.

Ignoring the main drivers affecting the empowerment of rural women, especially in the field of employment and entrepreneurship, always overshadows the employment potentials, entrepreneurial psychological capacities and the real position of women in the socio-cultural and economic development of a rural society. Therefore, improving the empowerment of rural women is a key factor in reducing gender gaps and one of the important pillars of the development of a rural community. In this regard, the purpose of the study in the form of 10 main hypotheses was to analyze the factors affecting the entrepreneurial empowerment of female-headed households in the villages of Sarab County.

This study is a descriptive-analytical research that was conducted by survey method. The statistical population included all female-headed households (N= 6101) in the villages of Sarab County. By multi-stage random sampling method with proportional assignment, 363 people from 18 villages and 5 districts (districts of Razliq, 77 people; Hoomeh, 100 people; Aberghan, 96 people; Ardalan, 46 people and Alan Baraghosh, 43 people) were selected as a statistical sample. To analyze the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used by PLS method with the help of SmartPLS 3.0 and SPSS 22.0 software. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire that used convergent validity (with the help of AVE) and diagnostic validity to evaluate the validity of the research instrument and factor load values, combined reliability (CR) and Cronbach's alpha value were used for the reliability of the research instrument.

The results of structural equation modeling showed that in terms of direct impact on entrepreneurial empowerment of rural women, the factors of employment potential, financial-economic and socio-cultural potentials had a positive and significant effect, respectively; But the effect of psychological factor on entrepreneurial empowerment of rural women was not significant. Also, the most important factors affecting the entrepreneurial empowerment of rural women due to the mediating role of job creation potentials (indirect impact), in order of priority, included psychological, financial-economic and cultural-social factors.

The conceptual model of the research has been able to explain the factors affecting the empowerment of rural women at the desired level. Although the psychological factor did not have a direct and significant effect on the entrepreneurial empowerment of rural women; But due to the mediating variable of job creation potentials, it has the greatest effect (0.131) in comparison with financial-economic and cultural-social variables on empowerment. Promoting psychological empowerment and encouraging rural women through educational programs to improve the psychological capacity of women in employment and entrepreneurship, organizing the conditions for more social and economic participation of rural women in rural development and entrepreneurship programs, strengthening the fund credit schemes, creating local markets with maximum participation of rural women and supporting their entrepreneurial businesses can be effective in improving their empowerment.

 Entrepreneurship is a vital approach to accelerating innovation, developing economic growth, reducing unemployment, maintaining social stability and, indeed, value creation; in such a way that entrepreneurial activity or entrepreneurial behavior has attracted a lot of attention in educational and political systems. Over the past decades, many developing countries, including Iran, have turned to entrepreneurship as a potential underlying solution to various problems facing the country, including; Lack of efficiency in the economy, rising unemployment rate, over-graduation and the inability of the private and public sectors to create jobs for them have received serious attention. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the main purpose of investigating the impact of environmental factors on the entrepreneurial intention among agricultural students at Ilam University.

 In terms of paradigm, this research was quantitative, according to the applied purpose and in data collection and analysis was descriptive-correlation, which was done using structural equation modeling technique. The statistical population of this study included all fourth year undergraduate students of Ilam University (N=160), which using Cochran's formula, 100 of them by stratified random sampling with appropriate assignment (Based on field of study) were selected for the study. The main research tool was questionnaire که, the validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts and convergent validity and its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS21 and LISREL 8.80 software.

 The results showed that the status of entrepreneurial intention among agricultural students of Ilam University was moderate to high. The results showed that the variables of perceived desirability of entrepreneurship, social support, social norms and the entrepreneurship role model had a positive and significant relationship with the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the perceived desirability variable had the greatest effect (β= 0.82) directly and the social norms variable had the least effect (β = 0.06) indirectly. He had the entrepreneurial intention of the students.

 Based on the research findings, it can be said that environmental factors such as social support, social norms and entrepreneurial patterns have an important role in developing the entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students due to the perceived variability of entrepreneurial desirability; Therefore, according to these factors, it is possible to develop the intention and entrepreneurial behavior of students in the agricultural higher education system of the country.

Knowledge-based agriculture is realized in the era of traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. At this stage, on the one hand, the development of agricultural economics requires scientific knowledge and on the other hand, the field of science and technology is still relatively weak, therefore, the process of creating a knowledge-based agricultural economy should be considered a long-term process. The goals of green agriculture development and sustainable agricultural development are exactly synonymous with knowledge-based economics because this knowledge can create decision support systems in various economic fields to create added value. Due to the spread and influence of the internet on the entire population, Startup companies have grown significantly in the last decades. Given that science and technology parks are not very old, studies are few about assessing their performance or units based in them.

Based on this, the present study has examined the competitive performance of 46 technology units located in the incubator of Sari’s township using the presented index in the calculation of the human development index (HDI) by the United Nations. The variables used in the modified index include: technological achievements (scientific and technical), index of economic activity and commercialization of achievements (economically), the index of human resource management (Team work), and the interaction index with the incubator and Technical unites (interaction and synergy).

The results of the study showed that none of the TUs achieved grade A (a high score of 0.75), in other words, the geometric mean of the advantages gained by TUs on each of the axes was not excellent compared to other TUs. Also, the second and third ranks of performance were related to startups in the agricultural sector and, the majority of TUs (58 %) achieved a score between 0.25 to 0.5, which is not very good and even 36 % of TUs achieved less than that range, Based on the results of this study, it revealed that 85 % of TUs on the planning and management of human resources, as well as the economic activities and achievements of achievements in Grade C and D, are achieved, i.e., a score between zero and 0.5. According to the research results, there is not much difference between the average scores of technology units in different sectors of industry, agriculture and services.

Therefore, it is suggested that an empowerment program be defined according to the components of each of the four axes in order to place a larger share of technology units in grades A and B. Also, by holding appropriate training courses and using efficient Mentoring services, the capabilities of TUs can be enhanced through the planning and management of human resources as well as the economic activities and achievements of achievements.

Agriculture is an activity with various risks, including production, trade and financial risks. The instability of the prices of agricultural products as a major problem has always caused concern and distrust of producers and consumers towards the market. Price insurance with price risk coverage, which is the most important market sign and the most important factor in production and sales decisions, is a good way to reduce product price fluctuations in the market. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of price insurance to cover the price risk of farmers in Sari, which reduces the risk of agricultural prices and business stability.

In this study, using field data and interviews with farmers, Features affecting the acceptance of price insurance such as price insurance flexibility for different products and its varieties, the ability to update premiums based on market day price ,and calculate fair premiums based on the index agreed by the insurer and insurance were investigated. For this purpose, Spearman correlation coefficient and structural equations were used for farmers in Sari.

The results showed that between price insurance and price insurance flexibility variables for different varieties and different products, the ability to update the premium based on the market day price and calculate a fair premium based on the index agreed by the insurer and the insurer there is a positive correlation. Also, the correlation between price insurance and the ability to update premiums based on the market price is greater than other effective factors.

According to the results, the flexibility of price insurance on the acceptance of price insurance for different products and its varieties by farmers, the ability to update price insurance on the acceptance of price insurance by farmers and price insurance on a fair premium based The index agreed by the insurer and the insurer of price insurance has an effect on the acceptance of price insurance by farmers. Therefore, the research hypotheses are confirmed.

Agribusinesses that follow conventional approach, due to overuse of off-farm inputs threaten ecosystem services, environmental health and human life. Insisting on the continuation of these type of businesses will threaten the sustainable livelihoods of the rural population, as well as the lives and health of consumers. Therefore, to deal with these threats, the creation and development of organic production businesses is an inevitable necessity.The present study sought to first identify and prioritize the challenges of creating and developing organic wheat production business and then introduce appropriate solutions to remove these obstacles and challenges.

The present study used the Delphi technique to identify and prioritize the barriers and solutions of the creation and development of organic wheat production business. Using snowball sampling, 21 Agriculture-Jahad specialists of Markazi province were selected to participate in two rounds of Delphi technique. The data from the semi-structured interview of the first round were coded using the content analysis and then were compiled as a Likert scale and again provided to the experts for scoring. The coefficient of variation was used to end the Delphi technique and the normalized weight index was used to prioritize the variables.

The results revealed that lack of initial capital, lack of government support for organic wheat production due to the dominance of self-sufficiency policy, improper marketing, insufficient knowledge and skills and low motivation along with long period of transition and lack of insurance coverageas were the most important challenges respectively and the formation of a wheat growers’ cooperative, the payment of low-interest facilities, training and extension, crop insurance and guaranteed purchase along with supplying inputs were the most important solutions respectively.

In short, in this study an economic challenge i.e. insufficient initial capital has been introduced as the first and most important obstacle for creating and developing the organic wheat production business and a policy issue i.e., lack of government support for organic wheat production due to the dominance of self-sufficiency policy has been introduced as the second important obstacle. Other challenges, namely marketing, cognitive and psychological problems, are overshadowed by these two challenges and are in the next ranks. The interesting thing is that given the challenges, a social action, i.e., organizing wheat farmers in the form of a production cooperative, has been introduced as the first and most important solution to address the challenges and reduce their adverse effects. So that other measures such as payment of facilities, holding training and extension courses, insurance, guaranteed purchase of the products and supply of inputs within it and through it will be facilitated, accelerated and implemented.