مجله ادبیات پارسی معاصر
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

AbstractThe recitation of ancient poems in contemporary Persian novels has a different function according to the style of the story and the school of the author; As in postmodern Persian novels, ancient Persian poems have been used to create incoherence, timeliness and change in historical characters. According to this point, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the function and role of the reflection of ancient poems in the novel "The Man of Always Anxiety" by Mohammad Ayoubi by documentary method. The results of the research show that Ayoubi, using this technique in the novel, has created polyphony and by using certain poems from Shahnameh, he has portrayed a helpless and hopeless character of Ferdowsi. Also, the martyrdom of characters such as Bijan to the poetry of Manouchehri and Ferdowsi to the poetry of Hafez and Saadi, has led to a kind of aphorism in the story and the narrative aspect of the novel has been highlighted. Ayoubi has also highlighted issues less important than her life in literary history by selecting marginal poems about Ferdowsi's life.

The structure is the organizing principle on which the basic elements of the text are ultimately interpreted. Thus, literary critics have always paid attention to it. Nevertheless, it seems that despite the researches that are focused on structuralism and the importance of the general structure of poetry, there is no systematic research that deals with the configuration or the general structure of Atashi's Poem. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to use a descriptive-analytical approach to extract the various relationships between the components of a structure. In this research, accordingly, we first provide the theoretical bases of the configuration and relying on such principles as visual symmetry, syntactic symmetry, and nonstructural cohesion, we read Manouchehr Atashi's poem "Vasvaseh" and try to clarify the factors which lead to the special configuration of its general structure. In this research, it is revealed that the poet applies such principles in the configuration of his poetry. That is why, the reader encountering a poetic text, while thinking on the devices available in the text, comes to an understanding of the work

Aesthetic aesthetics is one of the almost new theories in children and adolescent literature and one that is directly related to its past literary criticism, including Bakhtin's Chronotope theory. In this theory, the aesthetic elements of the scene are quoted that have a direct impact on the production of meaning. Therefore, these theories can be considered as a continuation and completion of fruitful theories, including the theories of Gerard Genet, Paul Ricoeur, Grimas and others. In this study, with regard to the theory of Maria Nikolayeva's stage aesthetics and expressing the general characteristics of this theory and its structural features, also referring to the spatial patterns (= house) used in these theories, while giving examples of evidence. From this book, some elements of the aesthetics of the scene in it, the scene in the concept of place in the story of existence by Farhad Hassanzadeh has been studied. The result of this study is that the aesthetic element of the scene is directly related to the production of meaning and is very effective in understanding and receiving the audience, including children and adolescents, and is essential in strengthening their understanding. Hassanzadeh's story of existence also has elements of stage aesthetics that help to produce meaning; the house pattern used in this story is consistent with the Odyssey and Oedipus pattern.

"Dominant" or "dominant element", as one of the main concepts of formalism, is a prominent component of any work of art that affects other components and elements and causes their transformation.One of the most important elements of postmodernism is the recognition of text identity, which has been multiplied due to postponement and lack of fixation of meaning.The text and the author, as the main subjects, always try to present different readings according to the textual nature and identify the unique identity of the tex and recognizethe unique identity of the text. Therefore, it can be said that written identity is one of the characteristics of postmodern fiction.Abu TurabKhosravi is one of the writers who can be considered the postponement and non-establishment of meaning as the most important "dominant element" of his works.It seems that the metanarrative, the subjectivity of the text, the author's dialectic with the characters, the numerous recreations of an event,deviation from logocentrism and instability of meaning are the characteristics of his works.The result of the research shows that in his works, the narrator and the narrative are both influenced by the importance of the text and its subjectivity, which leads to the instability of the signifier and the signified, and consequently to the uncertainty of the meaning.

By studying literary works, the person can identify the cultural and ideological discourses in the community and analyze the culture dominated over various generations and multifarious literary genres. In the current study, the authors have focused on how the ideology expressed in the historical novel titled Ten Ghezelbash according to the Jean Baechler's view point. According to this view point, ideology encompasses fivefold function as "alignment and orientation, justification, denial, positioning, perception and understanding"; Therefore, according to these criteria, we also study how the ideology presented in this novel and we explain some concepts of these functions, in terms of importance, frequency of presence and analysis respectively. Since Hossein Masroor in Ten Ghezelbash has united and depicted the dominant ideologies with explanation of the historical events in the Safavid era, studying study and discovering the hidden ideology in the text can reveal a picture of the cultural and ideological discourse of community in the domain of author's era. The obtained results of the reacher in the study demonstrate that the historical novel of ten Ghezelbash has been written by using an ideological approach in the national-religious domain and religion and government are considered as two important ideological contents in this work.

Give and take, as one of the most common types of debate, explains the dialogue between two people with verses that begin with the verb "said" and its derivatives. Such debates are accompanied by boasting, self-satisfaction, blaming the opponent and convincing the opponent, and usually lead to the victory of one of the parties to the debate. Contemporary poets have used the question and answer method in their romantic and social poems, and more than pride and competition, they have talked and interacted and created a multi-voiced and conversational atmosphere. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the questions that what are the differences between questions and answers in traditional and contemporary sonnets and what are the factors that cause these differences ?, argues that contemporary poetry because The changes resulting from the political and social conditions, and as a result of the change in the views and ideologies of the poets, move towards dialogue, and the purpose of the question and answer in contemporary sonnet is to clarify the subject and reach a common ground, not destruction and victory. On the other hand, it usually ends without judgment and the conclusion is left to the reader.

This paper deals with two narrative poems: "Zohre and Manouchehr" by Iraj Mirza, and "Venus and Adonis" by William Shakespeare. It has been shown that "Zohre and Manouchehr" has been composed based on a complete translated version (perhaps in Frech) of "Venus and Adonis". It has also been discussed that Iraj Mirza has taken a look at an incomplete Persian Translated version of "Venus and Adonis" by Lotf-Ali Souratgar. This paper deals with two narrative poems: "Zohre and Manouchehr" by Iraj Mirza, and "Venus and Adonis" by William Shakespeare. It has been shown that "Zohre and Manouchehr" has been composed based on a complete translated version (perhaps in Frech) of "Venus and Adonis". It has also been discussed that Iraj Mirza has taken a look at an incomplete Persian Translated version of "Venus and Adonis" by Lotf-Ali Souratgar.

Abstract The theory of alienation accepts a fixed point that there is a complete unity between existence and human nature, while if the two are in struggle, existence becomes separate and alien from human nature. Marx's historical materialism, which seeks the reasons of all social portents in material relations and social conditions, sees the cause of this alienation as the contradiction between the forces of production and the relations of production. In this situation, objectivity controls human relationships and stops objectification and mental expansion. In this research, with the method of library study and qualitative analysis of the text, we first found cases of alienation in Saedi's stories, and then, relying on Marx's historical and dialectical materialism, we analyzed why and how its material details. The premise of the article is that in his stories, Saedi sees alienation, as well as metamorphosis, as the product of a conflict between the personalities of people alienated from work, capital, means of production, bureaucracy, division of labor, and the social conditions in which they live and possess.

Important literary currents have historically been identified by their names. The contemporary era has encountered new currents due to events such as: global communication, translation, historical study of literature and awareness of some new literary knowledge. One of these currents is free short poetry, the emergence of which can be considered in Iran under the influence of the above factors, in addition to the modern world of brevity and the taste of the audience. The acceleration of the spread of this trend among contemporary poets caused some scattered opinions and letters to be mixed. Some anonymous or lesser-known poets have also been able to take good steps in the evolution of this current, so much so that at a glance it can be claimed that this current can define itself on a global scale. But the most important damage to the world plan of this movement is the confusion of opinions, the lack of a fixed definition and the literary manifesto. This article tries, while criticizing and analyzing the proposed names, to suggest a new name that includes all sub-categories of this movement, and finally, according to the prominent poems, regardless of the names and fame of the poets, outlines the structure of this type of literature. Provide

One of the most important branches of geographical critique is Michel Colo's theory of horizon structure. horizon It expresses the boundaries of the landscape and reflects the inner states and abstract landscapes of the individual, and in recognizing it, one must pay attention to the "hidden side" of the phenomena. Landscape in Kolo's view is a combination of reality and imagination, and for this reason, each person and each writer has his own view of the space around him. It is a geographical space in which several themes and semantic networks have been created in relation to each other to create a sunset landscape. The purpose of this study is to describe the sunset scene and discover the inner and outer horizons of this poem according to the poet's moods. The research method is descriptive. In the analytical part of the research; By expanding the horizons of the poem, the connection between darkness, death, bell, bird, the sanctity of space and sunset is shown, and each of the hidden and visible aspects of the sunset scene is consolidated and understood in relation to each other.

In one of his Brotherhood letters to Mojtaba Minavi, the Malek-o' Shoara Bahar maintains that in the first Congress of Iranian Writers, his poetry and that of other comrades in the tradition were ignored in the tumult of the new and weightless style and rhyme of the Tudeh Party and the poetry of Nima and Ravahij and the nonsense of young Tabrizi poets. This article seeks to reveal the Bahar’s intention of the phrase "the nonsense of young Tabrizi poets". This congress was held in 1947 and in that year the Democratic sect was established in Azerbaijan. The Tudeh Party, as the organizer of the congress, had invited three members of the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan to the gathering: Seyed Taqi Milani, Ismail Shams and Balash Azaraoglu. Milani recited poems in Persian at this congress. Ismail Shams spoke about Azerbaijani literature and Azraoglu recited poems in Turkish that were apparently warmly applauded by the audience. Bahar took the audience’s support of Azaraoglu's Turkish poems, along with poetry readings by others like Nima and Ravahij as a disrespect to the modernists and the marginalization of literary traditionalism, and laments this in his letter to Minavi. By using the adjective “nonsense”, for young Tabrizi poets, Bahar has expressed his dissatisfaction and opposition towards democratic sect’s political and cultural positions. He has maintained that their performance has been in line with the intentions of congress’s organizers in destroying the national literature of Iran. In this research, an attempt has been made to point out some behind-the-scenes issues in holding the first writers' congress through the library method and data collection. These issues have not been mentioned anywhere so far.

The urban novel is one of the types of fictional literature in which the author tries to use the capacity of urban environments to shape the narrative. In this type of novel, the city is a whole that accommodates other elements such as characters, actions, plans and conflicts, and the urban place loses its neutral state and becomes a meaningful element. Various theories have examined the relationship between the city and the narrative, the most important of which is the view that urban space is the physical manifestation of the modernization process. Different interpretations of "urban novel" caused that in this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, the text of the story "Yousefabad; Thirty-third Street »Sina Dadkhah's work should be examined in order to extract and categorize the techniques used in this work, to obtain the distinguishing components of this type of novel from other novels. In this way, the views of Kevin Lynch, theorist in the field of urban planning, have been used in the division of urban elements. The results show that the use of characters 'spatial memory, referring to the details of urban places in the narrative process, creating harmony between the characters' feelings and places, making sense of place names and reducing the objective aspect and adding to the imaginary aspect of places are the most important techniques of creating urban novels. Tricks that can serve as a model for other writers in creating urban novels.