as the expansion of offshore wind farms in the world and offshore wind turbines to generate electricity, it is significant to consideration the support structures of wind turbines and also to improve their productivity by considering the irregular and accidental conditions of offshore areas. In this study, the efficiency of viscous dampers, that known as one of the passive control methods in vibrations control system of structures as well as offshore platforms, in improving the response of full-height lattice tower for an offshore wind turbine in the time-domain analysis is investigated. For this purpose, several dampers are used diagonally on the platform and also along the legs to determine its best efficiency.

The structure, which is the platform of a 5 MW wind turbine in the North Sea, was modeled using Fast, Abaqus, and Sap2000 software, as well as the Simulink model was used to solve the equations of motion and determine the response of the lattice tower structure, which was considered as a shear model. structural responses were calculated using time-domain analysis and under wave and wind excitations. The Kaimal and Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum were used to apply the wind and wave forces, The wave-induced hydrodynamic forces were calculated based on the airy linear wave theory and the wind-induced aerodynamic forces were calculated based on the blade element momentum theory.

Based on the structure responses in different sea states and considering the condition with a significant wave height of 1.99354 meters and wind speed of 12 meters per second, which has led to the most vibrations in the structure, The results obtained from the responses of the structure equipped with viscous dampers show that if the diagonal brace elements at certain elevations are removed from the structure and the viscous dampers are replaced diagonally, the structure vibrations have not been reduced significantly and the drift of the structure where the viscous damper is located has increased compared to the structure without the damper,so that in one case which equipped with dampers The RMS displacement of the wind turbine Nacelle has increased to 19% compared to structures without dampers, while the results show that considering viscous dampers vertically and along the legs of lattice tower, the wind turbine Nacelle level displacement has been significantly reduced compared to the model without dampers.

Due to the geometry and cantilever behavior of the full-height lattice tower in which the relative displacement of the floors is due to the structure rotation, by viscous dampers placement diagonally in which reduces the rigidity of the platform structure due to the removed brace elements do not have been seen a significant effect on energy dissipation, while by the viscous damper placement along the legs of the structure, a greater effect have been observed on energy dissipation and vibration control of this structure. The use of various types of systems in vibration control to improving the response of the full-height lattice tower structure that support the structure of wind turbine can be investigated in future research.

The present study is the first study aimed at biostratigraphy based on calcareous nannoplankton that has been performed on all succession exposed from the Oligo-Miocene marine deposits (members a to f of the Qom Formation). The studied deposits are located in the middle part of the Central Iran Zone and more precisely in the Navab anticline (northeast of Kashan city), which has a thickness of 417 meters. Due to the location and expansion of all members in this section, it has been a very suitable area for biostratigraphic assessments comparable to world standard models. In this study, a total of 370 microscopic slides prepared from rock samples were studied to the determination of the calcareous nannoplankton and accurately separate world standard biological zones, which led to the identification of 72 species belonging to 18 genera of this valuable group of the planktonic micro-organisms. According to the identified index species, standard nannoplankton biozones of the NP25 and NN1-NN4 were separated from this surface section of the Qom Formation. In addition, the equivalent biozones such as CNO5-6, CNM1- CNM6 as well as zones and subzones CP19b, CN1a, b, c, CN2- CN3, which belonging to the newest biozonation patterns, were also separated in this study. Therefore, based on the geological time value of the separated biozones, the age of late Chattian to late Burdigalian-early Langhian was proposed for the Qom Formation in the Navab anticline section. In this study, for the first time, the important chronostratigraphic boundaries such as the Paleogene-Neogene system boundary (or Chattian-Aquitanian stage boundary) in the upper parts of sub-member "c1", the Aquitanian- Burdigalian stage boundary at the base of member "e" and Burdigalian- Langhian in the upper part of member "f", were disaggregated based on biostratigraphic criteria.

Coral ecosystems, like other natural habitats, are under the influence of global warming. Every year we see the bleaching of corals in different parts of the world. Since the physical parameters of seawater are affected by meteorological phenomena, so in this study using ten-year data of oceanographic buoys, the effect of physical parameters of seawater including water surface temperature, salinity, acidity and electrical conductivity on the phenomenon of bleaching of branching corals in Chabahar Bay was investigated.

For this purpose, the trend of multi-year data of marine parameters was determined by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. In the next step, the Pearson correlation test showed the correlation between seawater parameters and choreographed Zooxanthellae algae color score data as a coral health index produced by the authors during long-term diving operations using the Coral Watch method.

The results of this study showed that among the four parameters: water surface temperature, electrical conductivity, acidity and salinity, the highest correlation and the most effective independent variable in multivariate regression between coral health and seawater parameters is concern to EC.

Due to the insignificance of the increasing trend of water surface temperature in previous years and the existence of a significant negative correlation at the level of 0.01 between the health status of corals and water surface temperature, fortunately, the branching corals of Chabahar Bay have been in good condition. As human and sea pollutants are controlled in the coming years. We will see the survival of this valuable ecosystem.

Considering the existed uncertainty in fuel prices, a good risk management strategy is vital for the shipping companies as the other transport companies which are exposed to the mentioned fluctuations.  In this regards, this article is aimed to calculate the optimum hedging ratio for the ship fuel in terms of minimum risk.

 To account for the non-constant structure of return VAR-CCC model is applied. After the estimation, the spillover and conditional structure of the variances can be analyzed.  These spillovers will be important in the risk calculation of any optional basket consisting two mentioned energy carriers. In the next step, Optimization process is performed by using the Lagrangian multiplier technique. The data are obtained from Bloomberg daily closing price of energy carriers for the spanning 10 years which started from January 2010 and ends to February 2019.

 Results suggested that almost all of parameters were significant at 5% and was in line with the previous findings.

 The risk of ship fuel price fluctuations would be minimize if they hedge 34% of their Ship fuel with holding crude oil future contract.

 The global corona outbreak has had a direct impact on many navigation activities around the world. Maritime navigation is one of the main commercial and economic activities. The purpose of this study is to monitor maritime traffic in the Strategic and International Strait of Hormuz and the port of Pol during the Corona outbreak. In line with the objectives of this research, VV polarization of Sentinel-1 radar images in C band was used. These images were processed in the Google Earth Engine cloud environment to identify and extract marine vehicles, including ships. The results of this study showed that traffic and maritime traffic in the two study areas of the Strait of Hormuz and Bandar Pol in April and May 2020 compared to the same month in 2018 and 2019 has a significant decrease, which has a direct impact on the shipping industry. But with the normalization of the corona situation and the resumption of maritime activities again in 2021, maritime traffic and traffic has increased as in the pre-corona period. In general, this study demonstrates the role of using satellite data, especially artificial aperture radar images, in marine applications and global crisis management, as well as the rapid processing of high-volume radar data in the Google Earth Engine cloud. The outbreak of coronary heart disease (Covid-19) began in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and later spread worldwide. To prevent the spread of Covid disease, many countries imposed restrictions on communities and travel. In Europe, the European Space Agency has also considered the Covid-19 epidemic in reducing air pollution and its indirect effects on the environment. In Europe, the European Space Agency has also paid attention to the Covid-19 epidemic in reducing air pollution and its indirect effects on the environment. Sea transportation is one of the oldest methods of transportation that is used today to transport goods and passengers to other parts of the country, regionally and internationally. For this reason, the monitoring of maritime traffic in any country is of great importance. Iran's geographical location has also been surrounded by the busiest seas from the north and south, as about 30% of the world's maritime transport takes place in the Persian Gulf. During the quarantine period, many countries imposed restrictions. These restrictions also included ports, shipping and sea voyages, disrupting the movement of passengers, crew and preventing ships from entering ports. Ultimately, all of these actions have disrupted maritime traffic. The maritime transport industry has been affected since the outbreak of Covid-19 because many countries closed maritime ports during the quarantine period and banned export and import activities. Today, Syntactic aperture radar (SAR) radar waves are used to detect ships because of their advantages over optical data. Radar waves have the ability to detect objects at sea. Google Earth Engine is one of the most popular geographic data processing systems that is used with free access to users to capture and process images. This platform can process large amounts of data in the shortest possible time, which makes it easy to use geographic time series data. It is one of the Sentinel-1 radar data in the engine inheritance system.

 In the present study, Sentinel-1 time series data in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 with VV polarization were used. In order to process Sentinel-1 data, Google Earth Engine system was used and then the output map in ArcGIS software was converted from TIF format to vector.

 According to the maps created during the corona outbreak in the Strait of Hormuz and the port of Pol, the traffic of ships and marine vehicles has increased in the pre-corona period (2018 and 2019), respectively, but during the corona (2020) due to quarantine conditions and traffic restrictions. Maritime traffic has decreased significantly compared to the previous year. However, in the post-Corona period (2021), due to the normalization of epidemic conditions and the resumption of maritime and shipping activities, the traffic of marine vehicles has increased again.

 In this study, an attempt was made to monitor the shipping industry in the Strait of Hormuz and the port of Pol by using satellite data during the corona outbreak and epidemic. Based on the results, it can be concluded that Sentinel-1 radar data in C-band to manage the maritime crisis in the event of a catastrophic disaster can help advance the goals of the shipping industry in the short to long term. This short-term and long-term advancement requires an instant monitoring system that Google Earth Engine online system has been able to well establish its place in the world of remote sensing

According to research works in the field of law of the sea, the practice of the International tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the effective implementation and consideration of the principles governing high seas and territorial waters during international disputes seems to have remained largely silent. "Norstar" was a Panamanian-flagged oil tanker transporting fuel in the territorial waters of Panama, Spain and Italy, high seas as well. According to Italy, "Norstar" was accused of oil smuggling and tax fraud, and therefore the executive order to seize it was issued by the domestic courts of this state and was implemented by the Spain which ended in the auction of this tanker and the referral of the dispute between Italy and Panama on this issue to ITLOS opened the window to the Court's detailed discussions on the legal aspects of the case. The only research background in this case in Persian is the article "Freedom of the high seas in opposition to the exercise of the jurisdiction of the coastal government based on the case of Norstar in the International tribunal for the Law of the Sea" by Mr. Javad Salehi which is significant from the point of view of the Court's approach to the principle of maritime freedom and provides a principled view of the Court's judgment in this case. However, the present article seeks to examine other legal aspects of this judgment in the discussion of freedom of navigation, judicial and executive powers of coastal states and the Court's competence in this judgment and in comparison with other judgments issued by the Court in similar legal disputes and finally achieving the legal regime of high seas in the jurisprudence of the Court over the past years that From this point of view, no background can be found for it in Persian and English languages.

The present article has been written in a descriptive-analytical method using library, document and internet resources and with a major focus on the jurisprudence of the International tribunal for the law of the seas.

The offshore crimes affect the internal security of countries. This situation in connection with ships without a flag, with an expedient flag, without documents or with forged documents will cause License to enter the ship and inspect it. But the right to freedom of navigation is also an inalienable principle of the law of the sea, which interacts with the international order. This is a reason for concern for coastal and port states in terms of their jurisdiction and so this topic requires further scrutiny. In a 2019 ruling on the Norstar case, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea discussed some important doctrines with a view to examining their potential impact on the coastal state's jurisdiction over foreign ships. The main question of this paper is what is the Court's approach in this regard and to what extent will it affect the performance of the police force and the security of the coastal and port states party to the Convention on the Law of the Sea in the future?

The silence of international documents related to refueling of ships does not seem to mean a ban on this activity, but it is considered one of the permitted uses of these waters; this will directly affect the performance and competence of the coastal and port police in dealing with actions such as maritime smuggling.

In this research, taxonomic study and species identification in the gnus Pontella, collected from five stations during an annual period at coastal/estuarine northern waters of Bushehr were done, and two congeneric species in the genus of Pontella Dana, 1846 including Pontella danae var. ceylonica and Pontella investigatoris were first identified/described from Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Also Pontella danae var. ceylonica was recognized on the basis of female specimens, and Pontella investigatoris was known on the basis of male specimens, and a co-occurrence of one male (P investigatoris ) and 2 female at the most samples was accounted. Based on the result of dbRDA, the most important and effective environmental parameters on dispersion pattern of P. investigatoris were salinity and depth, and the most important and effective environmental parameters on dispersion pattern of P. danae var. ceylonica were depth, salinity, transparency depth, respectively. Consequently the results of this study demonstrated that two congeneric identified species are marine, have a tendency to offshore waters.

The study was conducted to determine the concentrations of some elements and heavy metals including aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, strontium, silicon, arsenic, antimony, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, iron and zinc in edible (muscles, gonads) and non-edible tissues (Liver, kidney, skin) of the Caspian Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) caught from the Caspian Sea in Guilan Province. 65 fish were collected from 3 fishing regions e.g. Astara, Anzali and Kiashahr from 2017-2018. Digestion process followed standard method procedures. Samples were digested and concentration of elements was measured by ICP-OES Perkin Elmer Optima 8300 atomic absorption spectrometer using standard Australian Geostats solution. Mean concentrations of Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sb, Si, Sr, and Zn were 1.007, 0.3, 0.33, 2.21, 12.78, 0.57, 0.78, 1.26, 1.97 and 11.5 μg/g respectively. Concentrations of Cd, Co, Mo, Ni and Pb were not detectable. Iron, showed significant difference in various tissues (p <0.05), but other metals did not differ significantly between tissues (p <0.05). Metal selective index (MSI) was Fe> Zn> Cu> Sr> Si> Al> Sb> Mn> Cr> As. Comparison of metal concentration with international standards showed that muscles of Rutilus rutilus caspicus is healthy for consumption. However, if metal contamination of the Caspian Sea is not managed, there is high potential for metals concentration exceed the safe levels. National and provincial decision makers, especially the Environmental Protection Organization (EPO), should invest more resources and control over industrial and agricultural activities, as main paths for pollutants entering the Caspian Sea. Severe and appropriate measures should be taken to make them comply with environmental standards.

 Coastal physical vulnerability studies were first conducted by Gornitz in 1991 on the west coast of the Atlantic Ocean, and have since been studied extensively in other parts of the world. In this article, determining the severity of physical vulnerability of Sefidrood delta coast, identifying coastal landforms and how they deform over time are the main objectives of the research.

 By using the results of field monitoring, interpreting the results of remote sensing studies and digital changes of coastlines in the GIS environment, and by studying the effective criteria in the physical vulnerability of coasts such as: coast slope, type of coastal sediments, type of coastal landforms, rates Coastal line changes, physical vulnerability of Sefidrood delta coast were calculated.

 In The results show that the degree of physical vulnerability of Sefidrood delta coast varies in different regions. Areas leading to the western and eastern estuaries of Sefidrud River have the highest physical vulnerability and with increasing distance from the estuary to the west and east, the degree of physical vulnerability gradually decreases. Erosive coastal landforms in the area adjacent to the Sefidrood estuary have been formed as erosive terraces and sand spits have formed in the western and eastern extremities of the Sefidrud delta. 

 The Sefidrood delta is affected by the erosive forces of the Caspian Sea, and the high volume of sedimentation of sandy materials produced by the Sefidrood River under the influence of coastal currents has the ability to create sedimentary landforms such as sand spits in coastal area. Achieving a physical vulnerability map of the White River Delta provides the conditions for making the right decisions in the integrated coastal zone management, and this method can be used for other coastal areas.

Since the 1980s, ocean fertilization has attracted much attention among various methods of climate engineering. Some foreign researchers have examined ocean fertilization from environmental, legal, and commercial perspectives. since 2007, as the London Convention / Protocol regulates ocean fertilization, and then with the adoption of the 2013 Amendment to the London Protocol on this technology, Legal research in this area has been Increased. Although the ocean fertilization process has not yet been widely operated and remains at a limited experimental level, but legal research has been written specifically to examine the conventional position of this technology. The present article aims to explore ocean fertilization technology as one of the methods to deal with global warming, to examine its potential environmental benefits and challenges, and to examine the approach of the principles of international environmental law to this challenging technology.

Data collection of this research is library method and the procedure is descriptive analytical; Accordingly, after describing the process of ocean fertilization, it is most important environmental consequences have been studied, and finally, how international environmental law has dealt with this emerging technology has been analysed and Finally, we analyze this emerging technology in the context of the principles of international environmental law.

By strengthening the biological pump of the ocean, ocean fertilization as one of the new ways to deal with climate change, seeks to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean and ultimately deal with global warming. Countering global warming, increasing of the fish resources, promote marine scientific research and the carbon trade have been cited as potential benefits of ocean fertilization, but in addition to these benefits, the possibility of environmental problems such as ocean acidification, toxic algal blooms and anoxia is not out of the question. The transboundary environmental effects of ocean fertilization — whether in the internal waters It is a testament to the need to intervene of international environmental law to regulate this technology and its consequences. Therefore, in the present article, we intend to examine the role of the principles of international environmental law in responding to issues arising from the ocean fertilization and its regulation and elimination of its treaty gaps.

The ocean fertilization can be described as a double edged sword that on the one hand is able to overcome one of the most important environmental challenges of the present age, namely global warming and consequently climate change, and on the other hand is the cause of marine environmental damage. First of all, the findings of the present paper show that, there is insufficient scientific certainty about the environmental consequences of ocean fertilization, and further studies and experiments are needed to achieve scientific certainty. Second, a review of international treaties that have addressed this technology directly or indirectly shows that the Biodiversity Conventions, the London Convention / Protocol, have severely restricted ocean fertilization, citing scientific uncertainty and the need for a precautionary approach. But they face criticism such as non-global participation and an absolutely negative attitude. And Third, in the circumstances mentioned, the application of the principles of international environmental law to fill existing gaps and complete treaty documents can be very helpful.