Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Jun 2015

Biological products, especially proteins, have numerous applications including prevention, diagnosis, and treating diseases. Advances in biotechnology in recent years have opened up many ways to manufacture these products in large scales. To engineer biopharmaceuticals, often pro and/or eukaryotic sustainable resources are used. Selection of the cellular factory depends on the type and application of protein needed. In this review, we explore current resources used to produce biologics, examine these resources critically for their biological output, and finally highlight impact of using sustainable resources in modern medicine

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common disease. This review focuses on the management strategies for patients with this disease. We review the initial and maintenance therapy of GERD. We also review different management of recurrent and refractory GERD.

Platelet-rich growth factors have attracted attentions of scientists and clinical practitioners who are involved in wound healing and regenerative medicine extensively, according to their unprecedented potential of promoting and catalyzing healing process. Platelet-rich growth factors are cost-benefit, available and are more stable than recombinant human growth factors. These appealing characteristics have converted PRGF to one of the popular candidate for treatment of variety of wounds. According to these valuable properties, we decided to formulate and assess the effect of different excipients on the stability of such valuable protein based formulations. Different excipients have been chosen according to their effectiveness on the stability of proteins and their application in the other similar formulations. The stabilizing effect of excipients was evaluated by measuring heat-induced aggregation of growth factors by turbidimetric assay. Glycerol, glycine and dextrose were chosen as stabilizing excipient for these formulations. The results show that dextrose has more stabilizing effect on prevention of heat induced aggregation of the platelet lysate growth factors than glycerol and glycine. All of the formulations also contained antioxidant, chelating agents, preservative and carbopol 934 in order to form appropriate gel

Thymus is one of the most important members of Lamiaceae family. Aerial parts of the plant have been widely used in medicine. It has been reported that most of these effects are related to phenolic compounds especially thymol and carvacrol in Thymus essential oil.In this study, aerial parts of Thymus daenensis and Thymus lancifolius were collected from Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad. Essential oil of aerial parts of these plants was gained by hydrodistillation method and the chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography/ Mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major components of the essential oil of Thymus daenensis were thymol (39.91%), carvacrol (29.93%), linalool (5.55%), caryophyllene (3.5%) and geraniol (3.09%), whereas the major components of the essential oil of Thymus lancifolius were: carvacrol (25.55%), thymol (20.79%), linalool (16.8%), α- terpineol(6.34%), borneol (4.00%), caryophyllene (3.98%), p-cymene (3.38%) and cis-linalool oxide (3.21%). Linalool was reported as another major component in Thymus lancifolius.

Medication errors have serious consequences for patients, their families and care givers. Reduction of these faults by care givers such as nurses can increase the safety of patients. The goal of study was to assess the rate and etiology of medication error in pediatric and medical wards. This cross-sectional-analytic study is done on 101 registered nurses who had the duty of drug administration in medical pediatric and adults’ wards. Data was collected by a questionnaire including demographic information, self report faults, etiology of medication error and researcher observations. The results showed that nurses’ faults in pediatric wards were 51/6% and in adults wards were 47/4%. The most common faults in adults wards were later or sooner drug administration (48/6%), and administration of drugs without prescription and administering wrong drugs were the most common medication errors in pediatric wards (each one 49/2%). According to researchers’ observations, the medication error rate of 57/9% was rated low in adults wards and the rate of 69/4% in pediatric wards was rated moderate. The most frequent medication errors in both adults and pediatric wards were that nurses didn’t explain the reason and type of drug they were going to administer to patients. Independent T-test showed a significant change in faults observations in pediatric wards (p=0.000) and in adults wards (p=0.000). Several studies have shown medication errors all over the world, especially in pediatric wards. However, by designing a suitable report system and use a multi disciplinary approach, we can be reduced the occurrence of medication errors and its negative consequences.Keyword: Etiology,Teaching hospital,Pharmcological error, Medication errors, Nurse.

The essential oil, isolated by hydrodistillation from fresh flowers of Spartium junceum L. collected from medicinal plant garden in Shiraz faculty of pharmacy, near Shiraz, Fars, Iran, was investigated by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The GC/MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of 30 constituents, of which Linalool (26.18%), Tetradecanoic acid (22.83%), Camphor (13.50%), and Dodecanoic acid (13.09%) were the major, constituting altogether almost 75.60% of total composition. This is the first report of linalool as a major compound in S. junceum oil composition.For studying of 18S rRNA gene, genomic DNA content was extracted and PCR procedure was done. Sequence similarity searches were done using NCBI database and CLC sequence viewer software. The result of PCR blasted with other sequenced genes in NCBI showed 98 % similarity to the 18S small subunit rRNA of Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) and Phaseoleae environmental samples of Elev and Amb clones. The phylogenetic relationships among 71 previously reported sequences of ribosomal encoding genes from plants and this novel sequence was investigated too.

Nitroimidazole derivatives such as Metronidazole (MTZ) have been used as anti- protozoa and anti-anaerobic bacteria. In this study several compounds of MTZ derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against Giardia lamblia cyst. Firs MTZ were reacted with several alkyl halide to obtain O-alkyl MTZ derivatives, then products were purified and their chemical structures were confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis (1HNMR and Mass). In order to biological      evaluation all compounds were investigated against 25 Giardia samples isolated from giarfdiasis patients. Results showed compound 2a had the most activity on cyst of Giardia in comparison with MTZ.

Antioxidants are compounds that obstruct the oxidation of macromolecules in the body. In general, there are two categories of antioxidants, natural and synthetic. Recently, interest has been increased considerably for obtaining new natural antioxidants. In this study, the scavenging of free radicals such as DPPH, NO and OH by Hypericum helianthemoides extract was evaluated. Also, the antioxidant properties of this extract were evaluated by FRAP, FTC methods and determination phenolic compounds. The plant was collected from north of Fars Province and plant extraction was obtained using ethanol. In DPPH radical scavenging, different concentrations of the Hypericum extract were added to DPPH radical. In hydroxyl radical scavenging, Fenton reaction mixture, TCA and TBA were mixed with Hypericum extract. In nitric radical scavenging, nitropruside was mixed with Hypericum extract and then sulphanilic acid, naphthylene diamine were added. In determination of phenolic compounds, Folin-ciocalteu and sodium carbonate were added to Hypericum extract. In DPPH radical scavenging, the IC50 of Hypericum extract (309.35±6.5µg/ml) was higher than the antioxidant standards, BHT (IC50=81.9±2.6 µg/ml) and quercetin (IC50=60.04±6.48 µg/ml). The highest scavenging of hydroxyl radicals was observed in Hypericum extract (70.3±0.8%, 125 µg/ml). In gallic acid it was (73.8±3.3%). In 200 µg/ml of Hypericum extract scavenged NO radical (85.2±2.7%). In FRAP method, the IC50 of this extract was 109.7±10.5 µg/ml. In FTC method, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by Hypericum extract, BHT and ascorbic acid were 59.2±2.2, 66.9±0.15, 64.06±0.02 respectively. Total phenol of the plant extract was 3±0.4 mg/g.