فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 43 (بهار 1401)

According to development texts, villagers have been at a low level in terms of social and economic conditions in recent decades. On this basis, one of the most important strategies proposed for the sustainability and development of environmental - ecological, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions of rural settlements is to pay attention to the category of entrepreneurship in its different dimensions. In this regard, entrepreneurship in rural areas means using creativity and innovation in agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Given that most villagers do not have access to agricultural land. Therefore, they cannot be entirely dependent on the benefits of agriculture; Therefore, it is necessary to create new activities in their agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, in order to diversify the job opportunities for rural youth, in order to Through creativity and innovation, they identify economic opportunities and turn them into new ideas. And by combining different factors of production, to create a new way of economic activity that leads to positive spatial changes in rural settlements. In other words, entrepreneurship, as an engine of development and transformation of socio-economic dimensions has an important role in the spatial distribution of agricultural and non-agricultural activities and as a result the spatial evolution of rural settlements. Therefore, entrepreneurial actions and activities in the geographical space have many environmental, ecological, social, economic and physical effects. Suppose we pay attention to the potential and capabilities of rural stakeholders to improve the index.  Entrepreneurship processes can provide the necessary basis for rural settlements' sustainability and socio-economic balance at the local and regional levels.

The present study was conducted to examine the role of empowerment of rural stakeholders on entrepreneurship and spatial developments in rural settlements of Tarom city. In this quantitative and descriptive-analytical study, data were collected by a questionnaire. The study's statistical population includes 95 villages in Tarom city, which according to the 2016 census, has 36,817 people and is equivalent to 11,412 households. In this study, 37 villages were randomly selected to determine the random sample size to complete the questionnaire at the village level.

The empowerment of rural stakeholders primarily influences entrepreneurship development. Because empowerment process by changing knowledge, skills, attitudes of the stakeholders, strengthening and flourishing capacities and inner talents, improving their behavior, and perceiving the benefits of entrepreneurship development cause a more significant involvement in rural entrepreneurship.On this basis, the present study was conducted to examine the position of empowerment of rural stakeholders on entrepreneurship and spatial developments in rural settlements of Tarom city. In order to achieve this goal, the thematic literature and research background were reviewed, and finally, the theoretical framework of the research was presented. In this regard, five hypotheses were tested based on the assumed relationships in the sample. In the first hypothesis, the relationship between rural stakeholder empowerment indicators and entrepreneurship was assessed. The results indicate a significant relationship between the total indicators of rural stakeholder empowerment and entrepreneurship in the study area. But, the significance of the relationship between empowerment and entrepreneurship is due to the low weighted average of the indicators. In other words, the lack of attention to empowerment facilitators has led to rural stakeholders not being able to participate in the entrepreneurial process. In the second to fifth hypotheses, the relationship between the effective category of entrepreneurship and the Impressive category of spatial changes in rural settlements was tested. The results showed a significant relationship between both effective and Impressive categories. So, despite being significant, the study's findings indicate the low level of entrepreneurship in the environmental - ecological, social and cultural, economic, and physical dimensions of rural settlements in the study area.

The findings showed that the effect of stakeholder empowerment on entrepreneurship and spatial development of rural settlements in the study area is in a downward trend. In other words, the lack of attention to improving the indicators of the method and the sense of empowerment has caused the rural stakeholders to have less participation in the entrepreneurial process. As a result, there has been no change in rural settlements' environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic, and physical dimensions. On this basis, entrepreneurship in the field of unstable space and lack of attention to the priorities and tendencies of rural stakeholders has challenged the improvement of space dimensions, as it has destroyed the sustainable opportunities of material and immaterial resources in terms of social and economic functions. Therefore, paying attention to the indicators of the method and the sense of empowerment of rural stakeholders such as education and awareness-raising, entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, the delegation of power and authority, access to resources, significance, competence, impact and trust and confidence in order to improve their participation in the entrepreneurial process in line with the spatial evolution of rural settlements are considered necessary.

The growing trend of population and urbanization and the emergence of numerous economic, social and environmental problems on the one hand and inefficient methods of management and control of urban development, to solve these problems and bottlenecks on the other hand, has created unhealthy cities. Undoubtedly, one of the main causes of such disorders and instabilities is managerial challenges.In Iran, urban management has been influenced by the government for reasons such as centralism, exogenousness of urban programs and plans, rent economy and oil-based, and has constantly moved away from systematic and integrated management and turned to sectoral management, as well as the urbanization process. And the issues that arise from it are backward and trapped in top-down views and attitudes. This procedure exists in all organizations and urban management departments of the country's cities, and Ahvaz Municipality is no exception to this rule. This study aims to comprehensively review the background and views of researchers who have worked in this field, to assess the level of satisfaction of Ahvaz citizens with the performance of urban management in Ahvaz municipality based on indicators of good urban governance to determine the role Recognize the performance of city managers in a scientific way on citizen satisfaction. Therefore, the research question is: What are the most important governance indicators affecting the performance of urban management in Ahvaz? What is the role of governance indicators on managers' performance satisfaction?

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. Data collection in this study is documentary and field studies and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. Research indicators are counted from theoretical foundations and studies. The statistical population included the citizens of Ahvaz. According to the latest census, the statistical population is 1184788 people, which is considered as a sample size using the Cochran's formula and a simple random method of 384 people. To assess the validity of the extracted indicators, face validity was used. For this purpose, a questionnaire in which the research indicators were designed was provided to 30 participants. For reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used. The test results obtained with a coefficient of 0.763 indicate the reliability and reliability of the questionnaire. In order to analyze the data and answer the research question, SPSS software and structural equation method and pls model were used.

The reliability of the indicators, convergent validity and divergent validity were used to measure the fit of the measurement model. Cronbach's alpha values ​​for all indices are greater than 0.7 and indicate acceptable reliability. Combined reliability criterion is another evaluation criterion for determining the reliability of structures in the partial least squares method. Given that a value above 0.7 is acceptable for this criterion, it can be concluded that the value of all indicators is acceptable and the proper fit of the measurement models is confirmed. Regarding the indicators of the present study, the values ​​of divergent validity criteria in the first row of the column of each index are higher than other values ​​obtained for the same index and the mean value of variance extracted for the index is above 0.5 and is acceptable. Therefore, divergent validity of indicators is also acceptable. In the present study, the coefficient of determination (R2) has been used to evaluate the structural model. The coefficient of determination for the indicators of consensus, efficiency, participation, justice, equality and transparency has been obtained with 0.577, 0.342, 0.538, 0.707, 0.677. This means that 0.577 percent of the changes in consensus and 0.342 percent of the changes in efficiency and 0.5388 of participation and 0.707 of justice and equality and finally 0.677 of transparency by other components of the model Structurally defined. This index is not calculated for exogenous components (in this study, the index of accountability and legality). The study of path coefficients shows that among the obtained coefficients, the effect of efficiency and effectiveness on governance with the coefficient of 0.839 has the highest score and indicates that it has the highest impact on the formation of governance. The orbital law index with a coefficient of 0.791 is in second place in terms of influencing the formation of governance. Participation with a coefficient of 0.770 of the third degree has the effect on the formation of governance and consensus index with 0.728, accountability index with 0.696, accountability index with 0.678, transparency index with 0.637 And the index of justice and equality with 0.604 have an effect on the occupation of governance, respectively. Finally, good governance with a coefficient of 0.745 will affect the performance of city managers.

The performance of urban management and its application in the level of management satisfaction can be evaluated by measuring the indicators of good urban governance such as participation, transparency, responsibility, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, rule of law, justice and equality, consensus. Achieving these principles can be used as a communication mechanism between citizens and managers and the organization's appropriate response to citizens and clients and ultimately satisfaction with the performance of city managers. Therefore, it can be said that one of the important components in improving the performance of urban management is to achieve citizen satisfaction.
The results of the study of path coefficients show that among the obtained coefficients, the effect of efficiency and effectiveness on governance with the coefficient of 0.839 has the highest score and indicates that it has the highest impact on the formation of governance.

The role of nutrition in health and increasing efficiency of humans, and also, human learning has been proven in extensive global research; Therefore, achieving food security is of particular importance among the priorities of each country's development goals. Food security is one of the indicators of quality of life and has a broad concept that is determined by the interaction of a set of biological, economic, social, agricultural and physical factors. Humans need an environment in which to live in peace, and rural settlements have experienced many environmental, ecological, social, cultural, economic, and physical-spatial problems over the past three decades, such as declining incomes and employment, migration, lack of services, and infrastructure facilities which cause instabilities in these settlements. Instability in the geographical areas of developing countries is far greater than in developed countries. The reason is rooted in the economic and social poverty of these societies. Poverty is one of the most important and fundamental issues in the field of rural development. The issue of reducing poverty and creating a higher level of income and employment is one of the most important and key issues in rural development. The changes that have taken place in the form and content of human life throughout history indicate the existence of development. One of the alternative strategies that can lead to the development of this community and complement other development strategies in these areas is the development of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is an essential element in poverty alleviation and reducing migration, creating social welfare, preserving the characteristics of traditional culture, preserving traditional contexts, creating job opportunities alongside agricultural and livestock activities in rural areas. In general, tourism leads to the economic development of the local community and improves the quality of life in rural areas. Therefore, in recent years, the importance of the tourism industry as a way to reduce rural poverty, especially in developing countries, has been considered by policymakers. Therefore, in this study, the impact of sustainable tourism on the food security of rural households is examined, and it is expected that the results will be used by the economic planners of the countries. Important questions in this regard include: What is the relationship between food security and sustainable rural tourism in the study area?2. Which dimension of sustainable tourism has the greatest impact on the food security of rural households?

The statistical population of the present study consists of households of rural target villages, rural managers of the city, experts and elites. According to the Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, this city has 10 tourist target villages. In 2016, 10 target villages for tourism had 3038 households with a population of 11174 members. Using the Cochran's formula, the number of samples which is required to complete the 380 household questionnaire was calculated. In the present study, the method of data collection as a library and questionnaire, for analysis of information from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test and path analysis), and for calculating food security, both methods of food insecurity scale and the calorie standard are used. On a food insecurity scale, questions do not directly address nutritional quality, but cover the household's understanding of changes in food quality, regardless of the actual food composition. In this model, household food security is measured by food security score. Thus, questions in 18 sections, which include a specific set of experiences, characteristics, and behavioral patterns that may occur in a family with food insecurity, are assessed from the households.

Following the research and to analyze the effects of sustainable tourism on the food security of rural households, Pearson correlation test has been used. The results show that the most influential indicator between food security and sustainable tourism indicators is economic stability in the village. Test results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between food security and sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism increases employment and income generation, which contributes to economic stability in the region. After the economic sustainability index in sustainable tourism, the social sustainability index has the greatest impact on food security, and the social sustainability index creates food security by making changes in people's attitudes and customs regarding food consumption. At this step of the research, using three sustainable tourism indicators, the effects of sustainable tourism on food security in the study area have been analyzed.

To analyze the path, first a regression was obtained between the dependent variable (food security) and the independent variable (sustainable tourism indicators) and in the rest of the steps, each with the highest beta (BETA) was assumed to be the dependent variable and the other variables were assumed to be the independent variable. At this step, food security is considered as a dependent variable and sustainable tourism indicators are also considered as independent variables. According to the results of the path analysis test, the economic stability index has the highest beta (0.425), which indicates the most effective dimension of sustainable tourism in food security. As a result, the study of the effects of sustainable tourism on food security in the studied villages also shows a higher impact of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism than other dimensions.

The growing trend of population and urbanization and the emergence of numerous economic, social and environmental problems on the one hand and inefficient methods of management and control of urban development, to solve these problems and bottlenecks on the other hand, has created unhealthy cities. Undoubtedly, one of the main causes of such disorders and instabilities is managerial challenges.In Iran, urban management has been influenced by the government for reasons such as centralism, exogenousness of urban programs and plans, rent economy and oil-based, and has constantly moved away from systematic and integrated management and turned to sectoral management, as well as the urbanization process. And the issues that arise from it are backward and trapped in top-down views and attitudes. This procedure exists in all organizations and urban management departments of the country's cities, and Ahvaz Municipality is no exception to this rule. This study aims to comprehensively review the background and views of researchers who have worked in this field, to assess the level of satisfaction of Ahvaz citizens with the performance of urban management in Ahvaz municipality based on indicators of good urban governance to determine the role Recognize the performance of city managers in a scientific way on citizen satisfaction. Therefore, the research question is: What are the most important governance indicators affecting the performance of urban management in Ahvaz? What is the role of governance indicators on managers' performance satisfaction?

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. Data collection in this study is documentary and field studies and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. Research indicators are counted from theoretical foundations and studies. The statistical population included the citizens of Ahvaz. According to the latest census, the statistical population is 1184788 people, which is considered as a sample size using the Cochran's formula and a simple random method of 384 people. To assess the validity of the extracted indicators, face validity was used. For this purpose, a questionnaire in which the research indicators were designed was provided to 30 participants. For reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used. The test results obtained with a coefficient of 0.763 indicate the reliability and reliability of the questionnaire. In order to analyze the data and answer the research question, SPSS software and structural equation method and pls model were used.

The reliability of the indicators, convergent validity and divergent validity were used to measure the fit of the measurement model. Cronbach's alpha values ​​for all indices are greater than 0.7 and indicate acceptable reliability. Combined reliability criterion is another evaluation criterion for determining the reliability of structures in the partial least squares method. Given that a value above 0.7 is acceptable for this criterion, it can be concluded that the value of all indicators is acceptable and the proper fit of the measurement models is confirmed. Regarding the indicators of the present study, the values ​​of divergent validity criteria in the first row of the column of each index are higher than other values ​​obtained for the same index and the mean value of variance extracted for the index is above 0.5 and is acceptable. Therefore, divergent validity of indicators is also acceptable. In the present study, the coefficient of determination (R2) has been used to evaluate the structural model. The coefficient of determination for the indicators of consensus, efficiency, participation, justice, equality and transparency has been obtained with 0.577, 0.342, 0.538, 0.707, 0.677. This means that 0.577 percent of the changes in consensus and 0.342 percent of the changes in efficiency and 0.5388 of participation and 0.707 of justice and equality and finally 0.677 of transparency by other components of the model Structurally defined. This index is not calculated for exogenous components (in this study, the index of accountability and legality). The study of path coefficients shows that among the obtained coefficients, the effect of efficiency and effectiveness on governance with the coefficient of 0.839 has the highest score and indicates that it has the highest impact on the formation of governance. The orbital law index with a coefficient of 0.791 is in second place in terms of influencing the formation of governance. Participation with a coefficient of 0.770 of the third degree has the effect on the formation of governance and consensus index with 0.728, accountability index with 0.696, accountability index with 0.678, transparency index with 0.637 And the index of justice and equality with 0.604 have an effect on the occupation of governance, respectively. Finally, good governance with a coefficient of 0.745 will affect the performance of city managers.

The performance of urban management and its application in the level of management satisfaction can be evaluated by measuring the indicators of good urban governance such as participation, transparency, responsibility, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, rule of law, justice and equality, consensus. Achieving these principles can be used as a communication mechanism between citizens and managers and the organization's appropriate response to citizens and clients and ultimately satisfaction with the performance of city managers. Therefore, it can be said that one of the important components in improving the performance of urban management is to achieve citizen satisfaction.The results of the study of path coefficients show that among the obtained coefficients, the effect of efficiency and effectiveness on governance with the coefficient of 0.839 has the highest score and indicates that it has the highest impact on the formation of governance.

Urban areas where half the world's population lives are prone to multiple disasters. Today, globally, there are dramatic changes in attitudes toward unforeseen events; so, the prevailing view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience to disasters. According to this view, risk reduction programs should seek to create and strengthen the characteristics of resilient communities and also pay attention to the concept of resilience in the accident management chain. Going from the physical to resilience perspective, the need for a comprehensive, holistic framework and system that combines different aspects of the city with less visible but effective aspects (human behavior) creates economic, social, physical, and institutional dimensions for the issue of resilience. Moreover, special and sensitive urban centers are among the areas that are considered as vital arteries due to the complex structure of urban life and the dependence of urban society on them, and as a result, the issue of their vulnerability and resilience is very important. Because any failure in it leads to many problems for urban society, reduces the quality of life, and ultimately fails in development goals. One of the challenges of urban management in the District 11 of ​​Tehran is the resilience of special, vital and sensitive centers. Therefore, it is necessary to take steps to achieve resilience in the region and these important centers based on components and indicators of resilience and respond properly to the needs of citizens to protect the region from possible crises and its vulnerability. In order to achieve development and reduction of sustainability. Accordingly, and considering the necessity of the subject, the present study seeks to identify the components and indicators of resilience, rank them and finally, prioritize the areas of Tehran's District 11 in terms of having components and indicators. Therefore, the main research question is as follows:- What is the current situation of vital and sensitive special centers in the District 11 of Tehran in terms of resilience indicators?

The present research is in the field of descriptive-analytical study in terms of content and method and applied in terms of purpose. Field and library methods have been used to collect and prepare the required information. The statistical population of this study includes a group of experts and experts in the field of geography and urban planning that available methods selected 20 people. Indices were distributed among the statistical sample in a questionnaire, which had a five-point Likert scale. Formal validity was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire, and the reliability estimate was calculated with Cronbach's alpha. The obtained alpha coefficient is equal to 0.832, which indicates good internal cohesion and high reliability. The SWARA multi-criteria weighting method was employed to analyze the obtained information and evaluate the degree of importance of each indicator. Also, WASPAS method has been exerted to determine the extent of benefit of each area of the study area.

According to the data analysis, the most important physical-environmental components with a final coefficient of 0.5551, social with a coefficient of 0.2523, economic with a coefficient of 0.1262, and institutional-managerial with a coefficient of 0.064, respectively. The above studies show that focusing on the components by considering their priority will lead to the realization of resilience in the study area. Because by looking at the results, we will find that the effect of these components (either directly or indirectly) has a significant role in determining the status of the study area in terms of resilience. The status of the four areas of District 11 of Tehran among the components studied in the present study shows that area 2, with a total score of 23.2, is in the first place, and it can be acknowledged that this area is in a better position than other areas in terms of resilience indicators. Following, area 3, with a score of 67.22, is in the second rank, and area 1 with a score of 22.35 and area 4 with a score of 22.22 are in the third and fourth ranks. As the results of the WASPAS method show, the scores of the regions are close to each other. In general, all the areas have almost the same situation, and their differences are insignificant.

Natural and human hazards are one of the serious and worrying challenges that today's cities face in pursuing population expansion and urban boundaries more than ever before. In such a world, urban areas are the winners who, by carefully identifying and analyzing their current situation, take steps to achieve the most resilience, which is one of the new  approaches in urban management. Accordingly, the present study sought to identify the components and indicators of urban resilience, rank them and finally, prioritize areas in the District 11 of Tehran in terms of urban resilience components. In this regard, with library studies, four components and 13 indicators were identified. In the following steps, using experts' opinions and experts, the components and indicators were ranked, and finally, the areas were prioritized using SWARA and WASPAS methods. As the analysis of the findings showed, it is necessary that in the first place, the relevant authorities review and reform the existing management structures in order to achieve resilience components with emphasis on the physical-environmental dimension, which has the highest score in terms of importance among professionals, in area 4 of District 11 (according to the lowest score). This indicates the need to establish integrated management of  institutions in the region and at the national level. Therefore, according to the issues and research findings, it can be said that in order to improve the resilience of District 11 of Tehran, which is one of the most important districts of the city and the country, it is essential to establish the basis for the realization of physical-environmental, social, economic and institutional-managerial components.

Rural housing is one of the most important parts of the infrastructure development of the country, which is not only a shelter but also a source of social and economic security for the society. In housing, basic human needs are met, and through this, it has affected the quality of human life. Nowadays, the demand for suitable housing is growing. Due to the many physical problems of rural housing from the past to the present and considering that the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution has seriously engaged in strengthening rural housing since 2005, however, most rural areas suffer from lack of adequate and high-quality housing. Reinforcement and renovation of residential areas, including rural areas, play an important role in preventing casualties and loss of life and property, especially in encountering earthquakes. An important part of rural housing problems is due to the lack of necessary asset and funds for this. The use of low-durability materials, especially non-compliance with technical regulations in the construction of housing, plays an important role in this case. According to the 2006 census, 54.1% of the dwellings in rural areas are still made of low-durable and semi-durable materials. Statistics show that most villagers live in old residential units that are not durable and their construction style is old. According to experts, the occurrence of successive earthquakes and locating parts of our country on dangerous faults and the fear and anxiety of the consequences of natural disasters have caused the people of cities and villages to try to strengthen or improve their homes. Since Isfahan province is located in the fault line, the issue of reinforcement of houses is of great importance and attention, especially in rural areas. According to housing experts and Construction Engineering, many villagers do not cooperate and try to apply their tastes without noticing and knowing the principles of building resilience. What are the proceedings of rural development agencies for the strengthening of rural housing? What is the level of public acceptance for receiving facilities to strengthen the resilience of rural housing.

The method of conducting studies in this research is descriptive-analytical and field study. The statistical population is the villages in Eastern and Western Bandpey District of Babol County. To measure the reliability of the research instrument (questionnaire), Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, which was obtained as 0.76 for the studied variables. The studied statistical population was rural households living in the mentioned districts, among which the number of samples was determined based on Cochran formula, 220 households. Then, according to the population of each village, their shares were determined for the distribution of questionnaires which was distributed as simple random sampling, to measure and analyze data some descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and mean, and inferential statistics such as correlation coefficients (Chi-Square, Spearman, and Phi) in the SPSS software environment were used.

Considering that housing is the most important physical elements of villages, strengthening and rehabilitation are very important in preventing casualties and financial losses, especially against unpredictable disasters. Most of the villagers live in old and low-durable houses that are not durable enough, and even many new homes are unprincipled in construction and do not follow technical principles and rules. The results of correlation analysis show that lack of a valid guarantor, low income, high-interest rates on loans and administrative bureaucracy are the most important challenges in obtaining loans for home renovation. Furthermore, observance of technical principles, supervision of constructions and granting low-interest loans are related to the principled construction of rural housing up to 99% confidence level. The results of linear regression also show that there is a significant relationship between the quality of housing and low income of villagers and the inability to repay up to 99% confidence level.

In addition, the values allocated to each of the items examined in Friedman test indicate the importance of each of them. So that there is a significant difference between them. Also, the statistical results confirm the significant relationship between the role of officials and managers in construction to reduce housing poverty. Therefore, it is necessary and unavoidable to take measures to institutionalize the culture of housing resilience by officials and managers and to encourage and persuade villagers to pay more attention to this important issue.

                                                                  
Rural tourism is one of the types of tourism that is related to many other patterns of tourism, but its special feature is the establishment in rural areas. The preservation of rural areas in order to exploit geographical spaces in the process of national development depends on diversification and the spread of new forms of activities along with agricultural activities and the adoption of effective strategies for rural development. Rural tourism has two important aspects, one as a global activity and the other in terms of changing it in regional development policies and local tourism as a powerful tool, an undeniable role in shaping and shaping the environment. It surrounds and can direct the flow of work and social, economic, cultural and economic activities, and in the meantime, with rational planning and management, bring huge profits to cities and governments. Community-based tourism is used as a tool to protect the natural, cultural and social resources of communities. A community style that contributes and encourages cultural and natural conservation while creating opportunities to improve the standard of living of the community. This type of tourism provides the potential to create entrepreneurial opportunities for people with diverse backgrounds, skills and experiences, including rural communities, especially women.

Data collection tools in this study included library studies to collect information related to research literature and then field research through observation and questionnaires. According to the study, the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.921. The validity of the research was also examined qualitatively using the views of critics and experts. In this study, in order to investigate the factors affecting sociology in the study area, four dimensions of social, economic, environmental and management have been used. Also, in order to analyze and analyze the desired indicators and to zoning the community-based living conditions, the Kriging and Hotspot method of intermediation is used. In other words, the method of data analysis is based on spatial statistics.

 Spatial analysis in the form of kriging and hotspot is used to examine the social status of community-based. Spatial distribution in the form of kriging, the state of community-based tourism indicates the distribution of results in a west-east direction. In the western part of Gilan province, which includes the cities of Talesh, Rezvanshahr, the situation is better. On the other hand, Anzali city in the center and also Langrood, Rudsar and Rudbar have relatively favorable conditions in terms of community-based tourism and this is itself. The main reason for the growth and income of rural people, the existence of tourism facilities and infrastructure in rural areas, is to benefit more from the village that has been created economically, comprehensive local satisfaction with the tourism situation, creation and local work by the community. Local, the existence of agricultural products, development in the village, increasing the investment of local people and institutions in treatment and tourism services, environmental management by local residents, the existence of participation and social cohesion among residents.

The result was that for the distribution and social status of the community-oriented west-east, the situation in the western cities of Gilan province is much better and better than other areas, as well as areas in the center of the city of Foumin and help. . Bandar Anzali and in the east, the cities of Rudsar and Langrud are paying more attention to the situation. Finally, using the hotspot method (hot spots), the unequal situation of community-based tourism in the region was investigated, which indicates the neutrality of most villages in the province, only a limited number of villages in the west of Gilan province (Talesh city) and in cities. Are located. Bandar Anzali, Rasht and Siahkal were favorable conditions and cold spots are prevalent in the villages of Astana Ashrafieh and Shaft.

The religion of Islam, as a worldview, introduces principles and values to its followers and calls on its people to follow it, in which citizens are considered the most important element of the city and determine the manifestation and construction of the city. This is a kind of indication of urban planning policy. So, an Islamic city is meaningless without a religious world and without the people to whom it belongs. And the Islamic nature of the city indicates that this place should be a manifestation of Islamic values. Thus, all Islamic orders and laws have influenced the construction of cities and given them a special identity that is different from other cities in the world. But today, the physical structure of the Muslim urban space has suffered from confusion, multiplicity, and imitation of Western patterns, and it is difficult to find the characteristics of an Islamic city in it. And they have distanced themselves from Islamic guidelines, mainly as a result of the spread of foreign culture. Therefore, recognizing each of the components and criteria for building a genuine Islamic city and adapting it to existing cities can lead to re-reading and revitalization of Islamic cities. Ardabil is one of the cities which has shown the manifestation of many elements and components of the Islamic city.  Therefore, investigating the degree of compatibility of components and elements of Ardabil urban areas with the indicators and criteria of the original Islamic city in the framework of intellectual, behavioral, and objective requires appropriate and transparent research. This study seeks to achieve the extent to which the urban areas of Ardabil have been able to meet the criteria of the original Islamic city in their spatial planning policies.

In this regard, a combination of two descriptive-analytical methods was used to achieve the desired result. Documentary (library) and field (citizen questionnaire collection) methods have been used to collect data. First, the indicators and components of the original Islamic city were identified. Then in the next stage, criteria were identified for each indicator. Finally, for each of the criteria, the total number of which reached 21 primary criteria, about 3-4 items for each criterion were developed using a LIKERT scale (five options). A total of 80 research questions were prepared for intellectual, ideological, practical, and behavioral aspects. Expert opinions were used for the validity of the questionnaire, and CRONBACH'S alpha coefficient was used for reliability. The statistical population was the citizens of Ardabil. The statistical sample size was 383 people using Cochran's sampling formula by stratified sampling method from five Districts of Ardabil based on a simple random method without replacement. And the sample size is a function of distance measurement between the ages of 15 to 65 years.

Based on the indicators involved in the emergence and realization of the original Islamic city in the urban areas of Ardabil, the QI value indicates that Districts 1, 2, 5, 3, and 4 were ranked, respectively. According to this model, the closer the Q figures are to one, the more adaptable the urban areas of Ardabil will be to the criteria of the original Islamic city, and the better the urban space planning policy will be. Based on the final findings, the main gap is between District 1 and other ones. That is, the urban areas of Ardabil can be classified into two levels according to the indicators involved in the emergence and realization of the original Islamic city. The first level is District 1. The Second level is Districts 2, 3, 4, and 5. However, it can be stated that District 1 with the rank of 1 is in the best situation and District 4 with the rank of 5 is in the worst situation.

In the process of model analysis, the current situation of each urban area of Ardabil was evaluated and matched with 21 criteria, and the overall results indicate that the Islamic city of Ardabil has a near-average situation with an average (Qi 0.43062). Based on the results of the WASPAS model, District 1 of Ardabil city by achieving 17 out of 21 criteria with Qi 0.59393, was able to obtain the closest and first rank of compatibility of components and elements of the original Islamic city. District 2 of Ardabil city was ranked second with the implementation of 9 criteria out of a total of 21 major criteria of the original Islamic city (Qi 0.4258). District 5 of Ardabil city achieved the third rank compared to other urban areas by fulfilling 12 criteria and with the figure (Qi 0.4099). District 3 of Ardabil took the fourth place (Qi 0.3978) by fulfilling 14 criteria. Finally, District 4 of Ardabil, with adaptability and the realization of 5 criteria out of a total of 21 criteria of the original Islamic city, has gained the fifth rank with the number (Qi / 0.3803), which is the farthest distance. Thus, in spatial planning policies, this region needs more effective planning and organization based on the criteria of the original Islamic city. However, all districts have shortcomings until they reach the desired goal.

Empowerment with emphasis on social actions is one of the influential approaches in promoting and organizing informal settlements that require the involvement of all stakeholders as well as the establishment of facilitation offices within these settlements in order to achieve the desired goals realistically. Given the subject's importance, the present study's purpose is to present a model of empowerment of informal settlements in the Tabriz metropolis area based on a partnership and facilitation approach. The informal settlement has been one of the problems of the Tabriz metropolis since 1340 because of the black spot in the Tabriz city. In the metropolis of Tabriz, immigrants have managed to build a living place, working and socializing informally. People who have not been integrated into the city for some reason have inevitably chosen to live on the outskirts of cities and informal lands. This way of living in Tabriz is increasing rapidly. The most important of these textures are parts of the north of the city (Beheshti, Seylab, Idelo), northwest of the city (Tabriz Grand Park), south of the city (end of Maralan and Taleghani streets), and southwestern part of the city (Akhmaqaye neighborhood). They show that they are expanding rapidly with their mechanism. The area of this type of settlements in Tabriz is 400 hectares, with a population of over 450,000. The flats of these settlements have given the Tabriz metropolitan figure a bad view of the palace through tasteful and bohemian structures. Their main features are the setting up of some inappropriate lands with steep slopes and very irregular topography. Complete irregularities in the communication network, narrow passageways, extraordinarily small pieces and lack of urban facilities and non-residential uses and physical disruption to the main city are characteristics of the informal settlement areas of the Tabriz metropolis. Adverse landscape, low levels of public health, lack of formal employment and adequate income, the existence of small sub-cultures, population density, lack of educational and welfare facilities, low levels of literacy and education, addiction, cultural consequences, housing confidence in natural disasters, development of negative environmental impacts, and lagging in sustainable development are the major problems of these settlements.

The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature, which for data analysis has been used of structural equation analysis model in Amos software. The statistical population of the study also includes citizens of informal settlements and managers, officials and experts on urban issues, as well as academic elites, which the sample size of citizens based on Cochran's formula is 384 people. Due to the uncertainty of the statistical population of managers and elites, Cohen's formula at 95% confidence level was used to determine the sample size and the statistical sample size was estimated 100 people.

The formation of economic and spatial dichotomy, especially after the land reform, has increased the process of urbanization and consolidated numerous problems, including poverty, homelessness and homelessness, and the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the Tabriz metropolis. These settlements comprise about one-third of the population of the Tabriz metropolitan area that experiences adverse conditions in various social, economic, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions. In order to organize and enhance these settlements and empower them in different dimensions, there is a need to have a good understanding of the existing situation and mobilize all stakeholders and take advantage of indigenous-local facilities. Based on the results of the data analysis and research data, it can be said that institutional capacity building, institutional synergy and socialism emphasize the flexibility of urban management, emphasis on new attitudes, reliance on relativism, cognitive deliberation, and targeted deliberation, improving public attitudes. The establishment of local institutions, inter-institutional interaction and participation, adoption of diverse approaches in the management system, strengthening of local-local mechanisms and utilization of public involvement in the regulation and control of resources are essential prerequisites for achieving participation and facilitation. Participation and facilitation also enhance local community confidence and self-reliance in resolving local problems, empowering people and NGOs, organizing local communities to address their problems and issues, and improving public confidence and responsibility. Together, promote people's outreach to social neighborhoods and interact with urban actors, improve residents' social relationships, engage people in planning decision making, enhance local development knowledge and skills, and analyze community mobilization. Local, increase knowledge and skills and frame The Local Development Authority (LEA) team needs assessment and prioritization and enhances the local development agency's knowledge, skills, and capabilities on defining, implementing, and evaluating interventions and plans for empowering informal settlements in the Tabriz metropolitan area.

The findings of the study indicate that the most impact on participation and facilitation approach is related to institutional capacity building with a coefficient of 0.81. After that, institutional synergy and socialism were respectively coefficients of 0.62 and 0.57. The results also show that participation and facilitation can enhance local community confidence and self-reliance in resolving local problems, empowering people and nongovernmental organizations, organizing local communities to address their problems and issues, and improving public trust and authorities have a key role to play in empowerment the informal settlements of the Tabriz metropolis.

Kurdistan province is one of the border provinces of the country with a large border population. The natural and morphological conditions of the villages, along with the distance from the center and the lack of economic diversity, have created a difficult living situation for the border villages of this province. The study area is the villages of Khavomirabad and Zarivar rural districts in the west of Marivan county, one of the ten counties of Kurdistan province at the zero point of the border with Iraq. The distance from the center and the low efficiency of agricultural production have led to the spread of poverty, unemployment and migration along with an increase in the tendency to informal activities (trafficking) in the region. At the same time, the geographical location and the similarity of cultural and social conditions with the people across the border have created a favorable situation for the creation of a border market. Due to this high potential of the region in cross-border trade, along with the official customs of Bashmaq, in 1390, border markets for the villagers of these villages were established to reduce informal activities, improve livelihood, and slow down the rural-urban migration rate. Now, after eleven years of activity of these markets, the field situation shows the lack of favorable impact and the quality and low performance of the markets in the process of development and deprivation in the region. This matter is the main problem of the current research that tries to find and explain the research problem.

The present quantitative-qualitative research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. In this research, the documentary method in the theoretical section and the survey method based on interviews and the distribution of questionnaires in the field section have been used to collect information. According to the comprehensive approach of the research, an attempt was made to identify the problems and weaknesses of the market from all stakeholders. Therefore, the two groups of villagers as the main stakeholders and officials related to the establishment and management of the market were interviewed using the non-probable snowball sampling method. In order to collect information, in addition to group discussion, semi-structured interviews were used. Then, through analysis, the interviews using the fundamental theory technique; Extracted and in the form of a questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale, the degree of agreement of rural residents with them was assessed. The statistical population of this study consists of heads of households in the villages of western rural areas (Khavomirabad and Zarivar) in Marivan county. Due to the size of the region and the difficulty of access, 20% of all villages were selected as sample villages by lottery method and questionnaires were distributed by village classification method and simple random sampling among heads of households to determine the sample size first, from the formula Cochran and then using the correction method from among 5223 households, 360 households were selected to distribute the questionnaires.Marivan county is one of the ten counties of Kurdistan province in the west of the province. This county has six villages; two villages, Khavomirabad and Zarivar, are in the vicinity of Iraq. Khavomirabad village has 11407 thousand people and 2736 households, and Zarivar village has 2486 households and 9733 thousand people.

The findings show the aggregation of the research variables into five main factors, which had the most significant impact on the lack of favorable influence of the market. In total, these factors explain 82% of the variances, which shows that the factor analysis is satisfactory.The first factor is the most critical in explaining the unsuccessful performance of the market by explaining 33.2% of variances and loading 20 indicators. Eighteen indicators of this factor are related to the view and performance of managers and development planners of the region and market management officials; so, this factor can be called "management failures". 20.2 variances explain the second factor, and the accumulation of 10 indicators in itself is the second important and effective factor in the unsuccessful performance of the market. Of the ten indicators this factor accumulated, eight are related to the lack or absence of services and accommodation and welfare facilities. Therefore, this factor can be called "weakness in services, facilities and amenities and accommodation in the market". The third factor explaining 11.7 variances and loading ten indicators is the third important factor explaining the market failure. Nine out of ten indicators uploaded in this factor are related to the shortcomings of the villagers' participation, activities and views. Therefore, this factor can be called "weakness in the participation and cooperation of local people". The fourth factor is formed by explaining 9.82% of the variances and loading six indicators. The factor is the "low quality of rural development in the region", and the fifth factor includes 7.7 total variance and four indicators. Three of four indicators indicate the weakness and inappropriateness of market location, so this factor can be called the "inappropriate location" of the market.

Summarizing the problems identified through factor analysis in five main factors showed that in addition to internal factors and inadequacies of the market such as weakness and lack of services, infrastructure and accommodation and welfare facilities, managerial inadequacies, inappropriate location, external factors, such as the low level of rural development in the region and the weakness in the participation and cooperation of local people have also contributed to such a situation. Among these, management failures had the highest number of loaded indices and the highest amount of explained variance.The results of the path analysis test showed that the factor of inappropriate location has the most direct impact, the factor of managerial failure has the most indirect impact, and in general, managerial failures have the greatest impact on poor market performance.