Journal of Nano Structures
Volume:12 Issue: 3, Summer 2022

A sensitive, rapid, and portable optical sensor for the determination of gluten is fabricated. The sensing probe is composed of gold nanoparticles encapsulated into hyper branched polycitric acid modified silica nanoparticles Si-g-PCA/AuNPs. Portability is imposed by stabilizing the as-prepared sensing probe on the triacetyl cellulose membrane as a solid substrate. The sensing probe’s synthesis and immobilization were thoroughly investigated by using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques including FT-IR, UV-vis, SEM, EDX, AFM, and BET analysis. The as-prepared sensor showed an increment at 530 nm in the presence of various concentrations of gluten. Effective parameters, including pH and response time on the sensor response, are precisely optimized, and a linear range from 49.50 to 370.37 µgmL-1 is obtained for gluten determination. The present sensor was successfully applied for gluten detection into gluten-free bread as a real sample. Moreover, the sensor showed multi-usage capability in which sensing characteristics could be recovered in the presence of 55% ethanol.

Copper and zinc phthalocyanines (CuPc and ZnPc) were deposited onto glass slides and platinum-interdigitated electrodes using spin coating technique to investigate the optical properties and sensing capability towards some odorants. The optical properties have been studied using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. The red shift in the absorption band in case of thin films indicated that phthalocyanines tend to make aggregation of dimer and trimmer in comparison to solution where only monomers exist. Energy gap calculations, utilizing Tauc plot, show that the CuPc and ZnPc having band gaps of   3.87 ev and 3.93 ev respectively and the transition of charge carriers is direct transition. Detection of some gases has been carried out using resistive based sensor measurements. ZnPc has shown no obvious behavior towards chloroform, dimethylformamide and nitrogen dioxide gases, while CuPc was selective to nitrogen dioxide gas and shown very high sensitivity and reversibility. The response and recovery times of copper phthalocyanine thin film due 100 ppm nitrogen dioxide were 20 and 142.6 sec respectively.

Due to the widespread use of antibiotics in geese, water contamination by antibiotics has become a major problem. Photocatalyst semiconductors can play an important role in removing these pollutants from the aquatic environment by using sunlight. In this work, ZnO/Co3O4 nanocomposites as a new magnetic semiconductor is introduced to remove the antibiotics azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. First, the nanocomposite is synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method. Then, the crystalline and morphological properties of the prepared nanocomposite are identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods. Also, the magnetic properties of the sample are analyzed by vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) technique. Because the photocatalytic properties of semiconductors directly depend on their optical properties and energy gap, the optical properties of the prepared nanocomposite are fully studied by the UV method. Photocatalytic results showed that the prepared nanocomposite could significantly remove antibiotics from the waste water. The prepared nanocomposite was able to degradation 84.5 % and 71.7% of ciprofloxacin and azithromycin in 80 minutes under visible light respectively.

In this study, an effective approach for the preparation of functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through grafting with PDA (phenylenediamine) and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) by in situ oxidation polymerization method was demonstrated successfully. To this purpose, first, the carboxylated MWNCTs (MWNCTs–COOH) after treatment with pristine MWCNTs were obtained with a compound of 3:1 (v/v) HNO3 and H2SO4. Then, MCNTs-CO-NH-Ph by treated MWCNTs-COOH with aniline, DCC, and DMAP were produced. Following that, the ring of aniline was nitrated by means H2SO4 and HNO3. To synthesize MCNTs-PDA, the nitro group was reduced to the amine group with HCl in ethanol. Finally, MWCNTs-PDA was functionalized by in situ oxidation polymerization with PMMA to afford MWCNTs-g-(PDA-g-PMMA). The resulting functionalized MWCNTs (Oxidation, decrease, and coupling) were demonstrated by FT-IR spectroscopy, and morphology attachment of PDA and PMMA onto MWCNTs surfaces was confirmed by SEM, TEM, and AFM. Thermal particularities of grafted polymers onto MWCNTs surfaces were studied using TGA and DSC analysis. The prepared MWCNTs-g-(PDA-g-PMMA) can be used as an improvement for polymeric (nano-) composites owing to the excellent properties of MWCNTs in addition to their adaptability with polymeric materials after functionalization processes.

Because of its unique features, including optical, magnetic, and crystalline properties, CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles have gotten a lot of interest in photocatalytic process. In this work, CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles is applied to effective removal of Reactive Violet 5 as a water organic pollutant. For this purpose, the CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles is fabricated by a hydrothermal method at 170 °C for 12 h. Then, the crystalline structure, shape and size of the prepared CoFe2O4 nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods. The performance of any photocatalyst depends on optical band gap energy of photocatalyst. So, the optical properties of the prepared CoFe2O4 nanoparticles are investigated by the UV-Vis spectroscopy. The optical band gap of CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (2.41 eV) lead to excellent photocatalytic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The obtained results showed that the prepared CoFe2O4 nanoparticles could effectively degrade Reactive Violet 5. The 76.4% of Reactive Violet 5 was degraded in 75 minutes under visible light irradiation.

In this work, we used ZnS-Ni/coco Ac nanocomposite as a cheap adsorbent for the elimination of Crystal Violet (CV) dye from an aqueous medium by an ultrasound-based adsorption method. First ZnS-Ni nanoparticles were synthesized by using the microwave-assisted co-precipitation method. These nanoparticles were then stabilized on activated carbons derived from coconut shells. The ZnS-Ni/coco AC composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmitted electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). WE used response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) to study the effects of four various parameters including dye concentration, the amount of adsorbent, sonication time and pH on the process of adsorption. The optimal condition for removal of CV up to 98.96% was achieved for pH=6.31, 0.023 g of adsorbent for 16.06 mg/L dye concentration and sonication time of 5 minutes. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were fitted with the Langmuir monolayer isotherm model (qmax=178.57 mg/g and R2= 0.9925) and like pseudo-second-order kinetics mechanism (R2=0.9994)

This study demonstrates a preparation of a nanocarrier for drug delivery system which based on combining two natural materials shellac (SH) and chitosan (CH). The chitosan shellac NPs (SH-CH NPs) was loaded with ciprofloxacin drug to enhance its anticancer and antibacterial activity. The shellac – chitosan NPs (SH-CH NPs) size was measured using DLS and its size was58.8nm ± 3.4, while the morphology of the nano compound was identified using FESEM, TEM techniques. We diagnosed SH-CH NP synthesis by FTIR, HNMR and DSC techniques. The results of MTT test showed a high inhibition rate of 55.45% for A375 melanoma cells, and a low inhibition rate for normal cells (HFF) range (8.51%-32.93%)when incubated with Cipro-SH-CH NPs. Also, the results reinforced the possibility of using ciprofloxacin loaded on chitosan – shellac NPs as a promising nanocarrier with low cytotoxicity, and high activity as an antibacterial with a diameter of 40 mm with both type of positively and negatively charged bacteria.

In this work thermal stability and flame-retardancy of epoxy polymer have been considered. Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were fabricated using ultra-sonic waves and these nanoparticles with modified carbon nanotubes were added to epoxy resin. In order to study size and morphology of the produced samples scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was studied. Also for better investigation of shape, particle and nanotubes size transmission electron microscope (TEM) was applied. X-ray diffraction pattern illustrate phase of the nickel ferrite product, Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) confirm purity and bonds in the compound. Thermal gravimetric analysis approve improving thermal stability of the product in the presence of modified carbon nano tubes.  Also UL-94 test confirm increasing flame retardancy of the product by addition of nickel ferrite nanoparticles. This magnetic char as a barrier decrease reaching of oxygen, flame and heating to the protected under side polymer.

In this work, CuO/CeO2 nancomposite was prepared via hydrothermal route. The product was prepared under 12 h and 150 oC. The shape, size, and crystalline structure have been investigated through using various techniques such as the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The magnetic properties of prepared nanocomposites were studied via vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). Consequently, acid violet and rhodamine B dyes were applied for investigation the photocatalytic activity of prepared CuO/CeO2 nanocomposite. Results showed that Acid violet and rhodamine B were photo-decolorization under UV irradiation after 120 minutes with 95.8 % and 88.2% respectively. This excellent performance was due to the suitable band structure of synthesized CuO/CeO2 nanocomposites which led to depress the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes with increased the acidity of CeO2 after incorporation it with CuO in the crystal lattice. This work introduces new nanocomposites for decolorization of organic pollutants from wastewater.

The single electron transistor (SET) is nanoscale device that can be utilized in future integrated circuits. It contains three electrodes and one island that is located between them. The island material impacts on SET performance. Therefore graphene with unique properties is selected for the island material with compressive stress and tensile strain imposed on it. In this paper, an appropriate mathematical model is derived for the device current taking the impact of compressive stress and tensile strain on the graphene nanoribbon (GNR) island into account. Moreover, the impact of numbers of atoms along the GNR length and applied gate voltage are investigated and the obtained I-V curves are compared together. Furthermore, the SETs island are designed and their band structures are plotted and then their band gaps are calculated. The charge stability diagrams of SET with compressive stress and tensile strain are plotted and analyzed. Their coulomb diamond areas and coulomb blockade ranges are compared together. Finally, GNR SET with better operation is defined.

In this work, nanocomposite films (SiO2-TiO2 / silan-cellulose acetate) fabricated by thermal spray coating method on heated glass substrates at 70 Celsius Degree. The adding (0, 10:1, 10:2, 10:3, 10:4) of (SiO2:TiO2) weight ratio was increased the water contact angle. The films have a good adhesion with glass substrates. All specimens have hydrophobic property. The process of preparing the hydrophobic composites was simulated, in addition to the simulation of the structural properties. The simulation was carried out using Gaussian program by employing Gauss view studio using density functional theory. The experimental results were compared with the simulation results, and they were of excellent agreement. The simulation results helped in analyzing and interpreting the practical results in a comprehensive manner. It can be concluded that the contact angles that content TiO2 nanoparticles of the films were greater than that of the pure film. The optimal value of weight ratio was at the ratio 10: 3 with a contact angle equal to 156.2, so the films acquired the super hydrophobic surfaces. Moreover, it can be concluded that the simulation was able to analyze the surface property of the composite and the reason for it having a hydrophobic property.

In this study, cobalt, nickel, and copper ferrites nanoparticles were first synthesized using the ultrasonic method. In the next step, the nanoparticles were subjected to various analyzes such as X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR) to ensure their proper properties. In the next step, nanoparticles were added to the epoxy resin to make a polymer-based nanocomposite. Then, according to ASTM D638 standard, the samples were stretched and the results were compared with pure polymer. The results showed that the nanoparticles were made with a fine and uniform structure and high purity. The tensile test results showed that by adding these nanoparticles to the epoxy resin, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the toughness of the nanocomposites improved compared to the pure polymer. The highest ultimate tensile strength was obtained in nanocomposites made of nickel ferrite nanoparticles whereas the highest toughness was obtained in composites made of copper ferrite nanoparticles.

Nanomaterials are interesting candidates as heterogeneous catalysts for different organic reactions. In this research SiO2 nanoparticles was applied for synthesis of some new 2-chloro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carbaaldehyde (1) through vilsmeier – haack cyclization of N-(pyridine-2-yl)acetamide has been reported and transformation to new chalcones containing morpholine ring from reaction of 2-morpholine-3-formyl-1,8-naphthyridine (2) and 2-aminoacetophenone to produce E-3-(2-morpholino-1,8-naphthyridine-3-yl)-1-(4-aminophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (3) through Claisen-Schmidt reaction by used (Nano silicon dioxide imidazolidin sulfite propyl silyl trifloroacetate) as catalyst . which on treatment with N-chloroacetyl-4,6-diphenyl pyrimidinyl amine (4) gave compound (5). Compound (3) treated chloro acetyl arylamine (4) in presence of small amount of carbonate in DMF gave compound (6). The structures of the final compounds were confirmed by IR and 1HNMR. These compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria using dilution procedure showed activity against the bacteria under study; 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives boost the fluoroquinolone antibiotics’ efficiency against multi-resistant bacteria, and therefore appealing prospects for development of treatments against bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains.

Iron-cobalt and iron-cobalt-indium nanowires were fabricated with a diameter of 32 nm. Iron-cobalt and iron-cobalt-indium alloy nanowire arrays were grown using AC electrodeposition into nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Anodic aluminum oxide template with a diameter of 32 nm and a distance between holes of 100 nm was made as a template by using the two-step anodizing method of aluminum foil and using oxalic acid. The effect of adding indium impurities on the magnetic properties of iron-cobalt nanowires was studied. Indium impurities with different amounts were added to iron-cobalt nanowires by varying the concentrations of indium ions in the electrocoagulation solution. The results showed that the coercivity of iron-cobalt nanowires were reduced by adding indium impurity as a nonmagnetic material from 1854 Oe to 801 Oe by adding 0.05M In-ions in the electrochemical bath during electrodeposition. The crystalline structure of the nanowires was concentration dependent and change of bcc structure of COFe to amorphous and then cubic structure of Indium. The broadening of the spectrum along the Hc axis of FORC analysis shows that the magnetization reversal in domain of nanowires is diverse and on the other hand the interaction of the adjacent nanowires in the template is low.

In this work, TiO2 nanoparticles with graphite are used to coat duplex stainless steel (DSS) using the negative electrodeposition technique to protect it from corrosion. The anticorrosion performance of nanoparticle coatings that comprised a proper quantity of graphite particles was investigated using an open circuit potential and a potentiodynamic technique in a 1 M H2SO4 solution saturated with carbon dioxide. The corrosion rate of the DSS sample was lower when it was coated with TiO2/graphite than when it was uncoated, and the potential for corrosion increased from - 0.450 V for the uncoated DSS surface to - 0.410 V for the saturated calomel when it was coated with TiO2/graphite. Electrochemical studies discovered that TiO2/graphite coated DSS corrosion in sulfuric acid media had excellent protective qualities, with an effectiveness of 77.74 % when the current density was 0.957 milliamps per centimeter squared. It has been established by the findings of this study that duplex stainless steel can be protected against corrosion in acidic conditions by the application of protective coating layers. The surface morphology of TiO2/graphite coating has demonstrated that it may withstand an acid attack due to its high adherence to the surface sample. X-ray diffraction was used to improve the accuracy of measurements for determining and researching the composition of the alloy surface's protective layer.

The employment of greener-reducing extracts for ZnONPs biosynthesis is a facile, simple, and eco-friendly approach than physical and chemical synthesis. The present study was designed to the synthesis of ZnONPs for the first time using the Lavandula angustifolia leaf extract. The techniques like UV-Visible spectroscopy, PXRD, FESEM, EDAX, and FTIR were used to characterize the ZnONPs. In dose dependent manner from 80mg/L to 160mg/L, the ZnONPs were exposed to dengue-causing vector A. albopictus for 24 hours. The UV-Vis absorption peak was found at 346 nm confirmed the biosynthesis of ZnONPs. FESEM results showed the ZnONPs were formed in aggregates with truncated octahedron morphology. The average particle size was found to be 74.58 nm. The PXRD analysis showed the ZnONPs were crystalline in nature. FTIR analysis showed the presence of different functional groups like phenolics, alcohols, and amines were involved in ZnONPs synthesis. The ZnONPs showed significant mosquito larvicidal activity after being treated with fourth instar larvae of A. albopictus. After 24h exposure the ZnONPs showed 100% mortality at a concentration of 160mg/L with LC50 value at 118mg/L and LC90 at 135mg/L respectively. Based on these results, we strongly recommend the truncated octahedron-shaped L. angustifolia ZnONPs could act as a potent biomedical agent against mosquito-borne diseases and pest management.

This study explores a new facile method of obtaining plant extract using a atmospheric pressure and a way of producing Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using the pulsed laser ablation(PLA) in distilled water. A 532 nm Nd:YAG laser at varying energies (500, 700, and 900 mJ) was used to prepare Ag NPs. Cinnamon bark extract was prepared by using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet in cinnamon bark and distilled water mixture with exposure times, (5 and 10 min). The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles and Cinnamon bark extract were verified using X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) , Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of Ag NPs and a mixture (Ag NPs with Cinnamon extract) were evaluated for NPs obtained by PLA using different laser energy in distilled water, on the Gram-negative isolate (Escherichia coli).The results and images of inhibition zone diameter showed that the NPs have synergistic effects on the studied bacteria it increase with the increases of laser energy. A significant improvement in the bacterial inhibition of silver nanoparticles after mixing them with cinnamon bark extract.

In this study, the thermo-physical properties and thermal performance of Al2O3 nanoparticles were experimentally investigated in water-based fluid and ethylene glycol, and nanoparticles were produced by PNC1k-C device by electric explosion method. In order to measure the thermal conductivity, diameter and viscosity of the obtained nano-fluids, hot wire method (KD2-Pro device), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Ostwald viscometer ASTM D445-06 were used respectively. The temperature range of the experiments was between 20 degrees to 50 degrees. The results showed that adding 1% by weight of sodium dodecyl gasoline sulfonate (SDBS) to Al2O3 + H2O stabilizes this nano-fluid for 22 days. In this case, the zeta potential is 37.7 mv, which indicates good nano-fluid stability. The results showed that with increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles in the base fluid, the thermal conductivity, density, steam pressure and slope of the heating curve increase and the surface tension decreases. With increasing temperature, thermal conductivity and specific heat of water increased and density, viscosity and specific heat of nano-fluid decreased with different volume fractions. Also, with increasing the diameter of nanoparticles, the thermal conductivity decreased and the surface tension of the nano-fluid increased. The stronger the thermal properties of the base fluid, the greater the effect on the thermal conductivity of the nano-fluid. The obtained practical thermal conductivity coefficient was compared with the values of the prediction models of this coefficient. Based on the regression obtained for the calculated experimental results (R = 0.99), this value is consistent with the Timofeeva model.

The achievement of high-efficiency water/oil separation has massive meaning for maintaining environment and diminishing economic losses, but there is as yet some challenge. In this study, the oil-water mixture is separated with simple and low cost quantum dots metal for the first time by use of one-step Nano porous activated carbon (AC)/ Tungsten disulfide (WS2) quantum dots (QDs) stainless still mesh (SSM) as a super hydrophobic and petroleum-based substrate. Nano porous AC/WS2 QDs was synthesized and characterized by various XRD, FTIR, SEM/Map, TEM, BET-BJH, PL and CA techniques. The results show that the solvent type is also effective in the amount of its separation from oil. The effect of water-to-solvent ratio and pH was investigated. Based on the results of petrol with a water-to-solvent ratio of 40/20 at pH=7 and at a time of 14 seconds, 99.99% was separated by Nano porous AC/WS2 QDs/SSM with flux over 6000 L m−2 h−1. in order to investigate the effect of solvent of different water and solvent ratios, volumetric ratios of 20/20, 20/40 and 40/20 were examined as a mixture at pH=7. The results showed that the AC/WS2 QDs/SSM the repeatability cycle is 25 times and its duration to 30 seconds. The results of kinetic studies showed that the Pseudo second order kinetic model was in good agreement with the experimental data.

The nanomaterials field has been promising in recent decades due to its prospective biological applications that may assist overcome many medical difficulties by regulating numerous illnesses. However, there are restrictions on how these materials might perform against microbes including bacteria and viruses. Therefore. This research aims to investigate the nano synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) using Streptococcus thermophilus, evaluate their characteristics, and analyze their antimicrobial efficiency against pathogenic bacteria associated with diabetic foot, Aeromonas hydrophila and Citrobacter freundii. By adding precursors to Streptococcus thermophilus cell-free supernatant, chitosan nanoparticles were produced. The solution's hue shift showed the production of chitosan NPs. UV-Visible spectrophotometry was utilized to characterize Streptococcus thermophilus' production of chitosan NPs with an absorption peak at 280nm. SEM examination indicated spherical, homogeneous, 29-51nm particles. EDS tests of biogenic chitosan indicated 33.31 % carbon, 10.24 % nitrogen, 50.55 % oxygen, 5.34% phosphate, and 0.55% chloride. Biogenic chitosan NPs were measured using XRD at 20°-26°. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was utilized to determine the size, shape (spherical), dispersal (homogenous), and elemental analysis of nanoparticles. Biogenic chitosan NPs inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila and Citrobacter freundii. Biogenic chitosan NPs at 100, 200, and 400 ug/ml inhibited both tested microorganisms. Biogenic chitosan NPs showed growing antibiofilm activity. DPPH lowers biogenic chitosan nanoparticle activity.

In this work, a simple and low cost modified hydrothermal method was used to prepare CuO-ZnO nanostructures. The innovation of this work is to modify hydrothermal method by flowing nitrogen gas during the reaction. Structural, morphological, optical, and chemical species of grown crystals were studied using the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy HRTEM, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). Specifically, XRD analysis shows that the sample has hexagonal structure with no phases of impurity indicating the Zn ions have been effectively integrated into the standard CuO crystal structure. The parameters of the lattice, the length of the unit cell and the crystallite size were determined from the XRD pattern of the CuO-ZnO sample and it was noticed that the crystallite size ranged from 17 nm to 26 nm. The SEM micrographs of the sample CuO-ZnO revealed that the prepared sample exhibited nanorods-like structure. The XPS spectrum proved the presence of Cu+2 and Zn+2 elemental forms. It is also observed that the XPS spectrum was free from other peaks related to impurities which indicating that the prepared sample was pure. The optical characterization recorded that the energy gap was around 2.51 eV while PL spectrum showed blue and red orange emissions originated from CuO- ZnO nanostructures.

Inverse spinel nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4 (or) NiO.Fe2O3) like- broccoli shape was manufactured as a brown nanoparticle. The NiFe2O4 preparation is done in the presence of the mixture of precursor salts in a ratio (2:1) of the iron ion with nickel ion prior to the presence of a nonpolar surfactant (hexamine). Hexamine acts as a capping agent before adding ammonia to solution; template and stabilizer via growth and storage of its powder. The solvothermal technique aided the precipitation route by using ethanol solvent at 180°C for 90 minutes to depress the defect in the prepared nanoparticle. The XRD data revealed that the NiFe2O4 peaks were wide and had a modest mean crystal size (20.13 nm). The broccoli-like NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with homogenous agglomerations were investigated using SEM- EDX analysis. The particle size is found to be 30.67 nm composing 100% of Ni, Fe, and O atoms. The - FT-IR analysis exhibited the positions of the tetrahedral site for (Fe3+-O2-) and octahedral site peaks for (Ni2+- O2-), and proved the type of NiFe2O4 is an inverse spinal structure. The NiFe2O4 has been owned as an excellent optical property with a small indirect band gap value (2.05 eV). Following this fact, this spinal can be used as a photocatalyst. The best photo-decolorization of this dye took place at pH 7 as a pseudo-first order with efficiency (98 %). This photoreaction is fast, endothermic and non-spontaneous. Negative entropy value refers to the products in this dye decolorization being more regular than the reactant (dye) structure.

Radiotherapy has a profound impact on ovarian function, leading to depletion of the primordial follicle reserve, premature amenorrhea, and loss of fertility during or shortly after completion of irradiation. The radioprotectors are compounds that can reduce the effects of ionizing radiation (IR). Stabilized selenium nanoparticles and extracts, including rosemary, demonstrated high antioxidant activity. The aim of this study is the evaluation of rosemary extract and selenium nanoparticles ability to scavenge free radicals. After rosemary extract was prepared, nanoparticles were made in their presence, and then CHO cells were cultured in vitro. They were then divided into different groups and treated with different concentrations of nanoparticles and rosemary, and irradiated with ionizing radiation at doses of 0.5, 1, and 2. Finally, the survival rate was measured by MTT assay. The results of the MTT test showed that the effect of radiation protection on nanoparticles is close to rosemary. Furthermore, the protective effect of the two is not significantly different from each other (P>0.05). Contrary to expectations, nanoparticles did not show a synergistic effect compared to rosemary.

The advent of antifungal agents’ resistance has sparked the creation of more effective medications and innovative methods for treating a variety of fungal infections. Due to its biodegradability, lack of cytotoxicity, and reactive surface that may be modified with biocompatible coatings, chitosan-coated iron oxide Fe3O4 nanoparticles (CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs) have received a lot of attention. The authors were prompted to research whether CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs would be useful against fungal infections brought on by Candida species after learning about the different medical applications of CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction were used in this study to characterize CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs. The objective of this investigation was to compare the antifungal efficacy of CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs to several Candida spp. against fluconazole (FLC). The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration) values of CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs varied from 59 to 475 g/ml and 475 to 950 g/ml, respectively. Both the MFC and MIC of FLC were found to be in the range of 61–486 g/ml and 15–119 g/ml, respectively. According to the growth inhibition value, CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs were most effective against Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis species. The results demonstrated that all of the tested Candida spp. could not develop when exposed to the CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs.

Self-healing and anti-corrosion nanocomposites were synthesized using polyurethane nanocapsules loading with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) as an anti-corrosion agent. Polyurethane nanocapsules were synthesized using toluene diisocyanate and propanediol interfacial polymerization in an emulsion solution. The resulting nanocapsules were characterized using FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The polyurethane nanocapsules were added to a silane hybrid sol-gel coating, and the coating structure, anti-corrosion, and self-healing performance of the obtained coatings were evaluated using electrochemical and accelerated standard tests. SEM results indicate a uniform dispersion of PU nanocapsules and successful particle synthesis. The size of the nanoparticles was below 100 nm. The mechanical performance of the self-healing coating layer was analyzed by a pull-off adhesion test to determine compatibility with a commercially-available resin epoxy topcoat system. Meanwhile, a long-term 3000-hour salt spray and 4200-hour cyclic UV test were used to determine the self-healing coating’s durability under extreme environments. EIS results showed that polyurethane nanocapsules improve the coatings’ active corrosion protection. A pull-off test was also performed on the samples, indicating the coatings’ good surface adhesion.

Candida albicans (C. albicans) colonization of denture soft lining materials can cause clinical issues and material deterioration. Given their antibacterial qualities, of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) have generated interest for usage in biomedical applications. This research intended to determine how adding MgONPs to a soft heat-cured acrylic resin denture liner influenced its water sorption, solubility, antifungal activity, and color modification. Moreover, assessing the quantity of MgO released. Soft denture liner was infused with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of MgONPs. A total of 200 specimens have been prepped and separated into four groups based on the test that will be run. The antifungal effects of a composite material comprised of a soft liner and MgONPs were determined using a viable count of C. albicans in combination with a disk-diffusion method (DDM). Using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), researchers could determine the amount of MgO released by synthetic saliva. The findings of the measurements of the color change, shear bond strength, solubility, and water sorption have been statistically examined. When compared to the control group, all experimental groups displayed a highly significant decline in C. albicans colony forming units. No inhibition zone surrounded any test specimens utilized in any of the tested groups. The incorporation of MgONPs aids in producing a soft denture liner with antifungal properties. In addition to decreasing water sorption, this addition also raised the material’s opacity while having no effect on the shear bond strength.

In this study, a green process for the synthesis of Mn and Cu oxides in chitosan membranes is reported. The process consists of two steps: (1) synthesis of Mn/Mn2O3 nano/microstructures in the presence of onion via hydrothermal method, (2) synthesis of Mn/Cu/O/chitosan nanocomposites using chitosan, CuO powder, and Mn/Mn2O3 prepared in the first step. The SEM images showed formation of the bundles of spherical Mn/Cu/O/chitosan nanocomposites. The XRD patterns confirmed the formation of the nanocomposites. The problem of water pollution is of a great concern and adsorption is one of the most efficient techniques for removing the pollution from the solvent phase. The nanocomposites synthesized in this work can help us to solve the waste disposal problem. They are effective adsorbents for MB and phenol removal from aqueous solution. In UV-Vis spectra, the intensity of peaks of MB and phenol are decreased after their adsorption on the surface of the nanocomposite.

Due of its potent antibacterial effect, nanosilver is among the most commonly used nanomaterials. As a result of this, there is a growing concern regarding the potential adverse effects of these nanoparticles due to the rising likelihood that humans may be exposed to nanosilver. In this research, we studied the possible cutaneous toxicity of silver nanoparticles in rats. The statistical population of this study consisted of 30 adult male Swiss albino rats (100-150g). They were acquired from animal farm of the Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), Cairo, Egypt. For this experiment, they were split into the treatment and control groups (n = 15) at random. Anesthetics were administered to all animals, and the backs were shaved around the spinal column in the nanosilver group and the control group, respectively. The sterile bandages of rats were then moistened with distilled water (in control) or a volume of 55µl of 15µg/ml of nanosilver solution (in treatment) before being adhered to the skin with cloth glue. The bandages were removed after 4 and 8 days, and standard kits were used to determine the serum levels of two groups of rats’ aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). BUN, AST, and ALT levels in the treatment group over the experiment periods were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). According to the results of this study, 15µg/ml nanosilver (45nm) absorbed through the skin can cause renal toxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats.

Photocatalyst process as a green method can help significantly remove water pollutants. In his regard, various nanostructures can be applied as a photocatalyst for photodegradation of different dyes. In his work, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs), and zinc oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposites (ZnO/NiO nanocomposites) were synthesized through facile and simple co-precipitation route. The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was applied as a capping agent for controlling of particle size. The crystallinity and morphological properties of prepared products were studied via X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The optical band gaps of prepared ZnO NPs, NiO NPs, ZnO/NiO nanocomposites were calculated 3.16 eV, 3.43 eV, and 2.94 eV via UV-Vis-assisted plotting of the (αhν)² versus photon energy (hν). The obtained products applied as photocatalyst material for phodegradation of acid violet and rhodamine B (RhB). Also, catalyst dosage (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 g) as an important parameter choose to investigate in the designed photocatalytic process. It is found that prepared ZnO NPs, NiO NPs, and ZnO/NiO nanocomposites shows excellent photocatalytic activity, although ZnO/NiO nanocomposites provided better removal (93.8%) compared to ZnO NPs (86.1%) and NiO NPs (81.5%) toward acid violet. The same trend was observed for rhodamine B. The results confirm that 0.06 g is the optimum dosage of catalyst.

The most prevalent issue that can contribute to persistent mucosal inflammation is the development of microorganisms and fungi, particularly Candida Albicans (C. albicans), on soft denture lining material. The objective of the current study is to identify the inhibitory effect of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) on C. albicans in heat-cured acrylic-based soft lining material and the quantity of zirconium ions (Zr) released by the composite of soft liner and ZrO2NPs. Soft denture liners made of acrylic were given varied ratios of ZrO2NPs. According to the test that will be conducted, 200 samples were separated into two groups (experimental and control). The soft liner/ZrO2NPs composite’s antifungal activity was evaluated utilizing two techniques over three distinct time periods (disk-diffusion test and viable count of C. albicans). Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to measure the amount of Zr emitted in synthetic saliva over two separate time periods. The strength of the soft liner’s shear bond to the denture base material made of acrylic was evaluated using an Instron testing equipment. Compared to the control group, there was a highly significant drop in C. albicans colony forming units in the experimental groups (1.5% and 2% ZrO2NPs). Once ZrO2NPs were added to soft liners at a rate of 2%, the shear bonding strength’s mean value increased in a manner that was highly significant. As a result of this research, ZrO2NPs could be incorporated into acrylic-based soft denture lining materials to give them antifungal qualities, which lower the risk of developing denture-induced stomatitis.