نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 20 (زمستان 1400)

Hazrat Hamza is one of the prominent figures in the history of Islam who has played a significant role in the establishment and spread of Islam. The annual pilgrimage of the Holy Prophet from him and the continuation of this tradition by Hazrat Zahra and some other prominent figures of the beginning of Islam, caused the Foghaha of the sects to recommend a pilgrimage to Hamzah. The beliefs and customs of Muslims are remarkable in his pilgrimage. His status with the people of Medina was such that they dedicated special days of the week and year to his pilgrimage, especially the his Ziarat Rajabiyya, who was famous and popular. He had a high position in the beliefs of Muslims, which is manifested in blessings and recourse. The construction of a mosque on his tomb for at least ten centuries, Bituteh in Uhud, the detailed holding of Rajabiyah celebrations, Nativity and recitation of the body to Uhud for burial in his vicinity are other social effects of the tomb of Hazrat Hamzah. In a word, the people of Medina had customs and habits towards Hazrat Hamza, along with Shiite roots, which have not been reported in Baqiya, and all this indicates his high status among Muslims.

The recognition of the Shiite religion in the Safavid period led to the gradual spread of Shiite religious customs, especially the ceremonies related to the martyrdom and birth of the Imams (AS) and Shiite holidays. Religious mourning, especially the mourning of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (AS) and his companions, was most evident in these rituals and ceremonies. Although there are reports of this issue in the historical sources of the Safavid period, the travelogues of European tourists are considered as suitable examples for research due to their more attention and, of course, their shortcomings and mistakes. The diversity and differences, along with their obvious mistakes on this subject, along with the representation of purely vulgar opinions and even their combination with their personal opinions, have led to the review and critique of this ceremony, despite the reflection of this ceremony in their reports. These reports should be considered as the purpose of this study. Accordingly, the main question of the research is how the mourning ceremonies of Imam Hussein (AS) and Ashura are reflected in the travelogues of European tourists in Safavid Iran? The findings of the research, which have been done by library study method and based on the translated travelogues of these tourists and by descriptive-analytical method, show that they are an incomplete drawing without a correct understanding of the nature of Imam's uprising. Hussein (AS) and the philosophy of holding mourning ceremonies for Imam Hussein (AS) and Ashura.

History and hadith are two basic sciences, intertwined and influential in understanding religious teachings. The Qur'an and hadiths, as the two main sources of understanding religion, contain many historical reports, so that, it is not possible to understand many correct historical narrations (Revayat) without referring to them. The stories of the prophets, the past tribes and many events have reached us in the light of the revelation (Vahy) and the words of the infallibles. Historical books developed as independent knowledge gradually and went beyond the realm of the Qur'an and Hadith. This valuable knowledge came to the aid of understanding the hadith and distinguishing the true narrations from the false ones and became a source for the critique of hadiths. The year of the narrators' death and birth, the time of natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, events such as war and peace, and other historical reports became the basis for identifying authentic narrations and removing invalid narrations and resolving contradictions between hadiths. Comparing hadiths with history along with key criteria such as presentation on the Qur'an and Sunnah, consensus (Ejma), reason (Aql), definite scientific findings, etc. is considered as an independent criterion alone which should be examined by observing the rules and preserving the maximum protection of the hadith.

Sayyid Qutb, as one of the most influential intellectual figures in the contemporary Islamic world, has had a great impact on the trend of contemporary Islamism towards violence. The present article seeks to answer the question, what implications does the thought of Sayyid Qutb process, which is based on the fact that the process of violence has increased in the Islamic world? In Sayyid Qutb's later thought, there are concepts and propositions that have a high capacity for violence and in some cases explicitly call for the use of coercive means to advance goals. His famous work "Ma'alem fi al-Tariq" is an example of his works which, according to Sayyid Qutb, will teach them how to act in the current situation, as a motto for the privileged minority! In the study and analysis of Qutb's thought, many works have emerged that mostly induce a positive aspect to his thoughts and a critical aspect to his thought is few. Therefore, the present article tries to retrieve the thought of Seyyed Qutb with a critical approach in the framework and method of signification, which is reflected in the issue of increasing violence in the Islamic world. The semantic approach in the study of Seyyed Qutb's thought is the distinguishing feature of this article with similar examples that have been written in a critical way to Seyyed Qutb's thought. The result of this approach shows a tangible understanding of the thought of Sayyid Qutb, which, for example, has found a real manifestation in violent Islamic individuals and currents.

Double-shell facades are physical and spatial patterns in the world of Islamic architecture. This architectural element, has been formed over years as a result of historical wisdom, taken different forms in each region, depending on climate, geography and local technologies, and the accepted special local name. Since, Mashrebiyeh is a comprehensive term for double-shell facades in the past architecture of many Islamic countries, this research examines the double-shell facades from the perspective of the physical and spatial pattern of the Mashrebiyeh. Generally, in the past, these elements were in the form of lattice panels against the main facade windows which were functional. Additionally, it not only controls the amount of light and brightness, but also, allows the wind to enter within the space. Over time, with the emergence of new technologies, these indigenous patterns have also changed in many parts of the Islamic world, and taken different shape in accordance with the new needs of users and building utility. This study, by examining the different dimensions of the physical and spatial elements of Mashrebiyeh in the Islamic world, extracts the design criteria of this double-shell facades and how their contemporary analyzes are comparatively assessed with the past and contemporary examples. In this research, focusing on the double-shell facades examples in contemporary architecture; ten examples were selected and then the components influencing in the design of double-shell walls, such as; the location, function, type, visual attraction and technology execution which have played an effective role in creating contemporary double-shell facades were analyzed. The research is based on qualitative and descriptive-analytical method and the information collected is based on library document.

In ancient Persian poetry in different periods from Ferdowsi Shahnameh to contemporary poetry, the name of Hazrat Hamza (AS) has been mentioned repeatedly and shows his place in the Islamic culture of Persian speaking people and the prevalence of the stories of Hazrat Hamza (AS) in the expression of people in this part of Islamic civilizations in different eras. In the ancient heritage of Persian poetry, the name of Hazrat Hamza (AS), like ancient Persian myths such as Rostam and other heroes of the Shahnameh, has been a symbol of strength and courage on the battlefield and the taste of mystical poets in creating beautiful mystical stories about his personality and relating his prowess to his knowledge, discernment and progress during the stages of demeanor, has made him a unique personality in Persian literature. Hazrat Hamza (AS) and his epics and bravery and the story of his martyrdom have been told in various genres in Persian literature, which is mentioned in Persian poetry in the form of praise, mythical and epic poems, mystical and historical poems. The oldest Persian poems about Hazrat Hamza express his bravery and heroism, and the latest poems have the aspect of mourning. A large part of Persian poems about Hazrat Hamza PBUH offers a mystical interpretation of the events of his martyrdom. Sanai Ghaznavi, as the beginning of mystical poetry, has the first mystical verses about him and the most detailed works of Persian poetry about Hazrat Hamza PBUH are in the mystical form of Rumi Balkhi. In the form of epics, the first poems about him are mentioned in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, but his epic myth has been very prevalent in Persian poetry and prose, as well as in Persian culture.

The study of the situation of Shiites in various scientific, cultural, social, political and economic fields has always been of interest to researchers and the study of Shiite social life and their interactions during the presence of the Imams (as) has been more important due to direct contact with the Imam and its role model. This article aims to get acquainted with how Shiites are influential and their role in the social changes of the society of the time of Imam Baqir (as) (purpose) Using descriptive-analytical method, it seeks to find an answer to the question: what were the most important social currents of Shiites in the era of Imam Baqir (as)? (Question) Considering the role of different factors in the behavior of Shiites and on the other hand differences in their thought and practice, the existence of different social currents and different performance among Shiites was not far from expectation. (Hypothesis) The social current of Keysaniyeh, the esoteric current of Jabir bin Yazid Ja'fi, the revolutionary current being formed by Zaydiyya, along with the current of followers of Imam Baqir (as) can be considered as the main social currents of the Shiites of this period. Of course, one should not be unaware of the deviant flow of grains, which had a great impact on presenting a negative image of the Shiites. (Achievement)

Tawashi was called Khajeh slaves whose services were used in harems or military and national affairs. In the era of the Mamalik Egypt, along with the importation of many Mamluks, a large number of Khajeh slaves entered Egypt. In addition to the usual services, the Tawashi community was also responsible for the education of the Mamluks, and the education of the Mamluks was in charge of Tawashi at all stages of the Tabaqs or military schools.The Mamluks in the Rasm al-Ketabeh, which were mainly reading and writing, and some religious sciences, learned the techniques of shooting, spearheading, swordsmanship, and equestrian training from teachers and Tawashi professors, and eventually as a Muslim cavalry warrior they were under the control of the Mamluk government.This descriptive-analytical and library-based article tries to answer the question of what has been the role and position of the Tawashi community in the education system of the countries? Answer As a result, it was found that the Tawashi community, as teachers and professors, played a key role in the education of the Mamluks of Egypt, the Tawashi had great respect and influence, and their leaders were prominent and noble.

Muhammad Rasoolellah, directed by Mustafa Akkad, is the first movie about the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) which, 45 years after its first release in England, is still one of the best and is of course one of the few films about the era of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). Due to some limitations, Akkad decided to make the film without showing the face of the Prophet and some of his companions. He chose the character of Hamza as the first character in the film and according to the author, he used him in different scenes of the film to portray the Prophet. In this article, after presenting some historical justifications at the points of common ground between the Prophet and Hamza, which have made him the best option for Akkad to take the lead role in the film the author seeks to analyze the characteristics of Hamza's character in film “Muhammad the Messenger of God”.

Urban planning and architecture express a nation’s culture and beliefs. In different historical periods in the West and the East, a great number of Urban and architectural Works have been created. One of the most brilliant periods of Iran is the Safavid era. Establishment of Safavid had been coincided with the Renaissance, when Europe had emerged from the Middle Ages and had begun its scientific, literary and artistic progress. However, two historical periods were simultaneous, had a lot of obvious differences in urban architectural works. Thus, this article tries to compare the Isfahan school in urban planning, which is the Safavid Utopia, with its contemporary era in Europe (Renaissance). The research uses qualitative method and descriptive-interpretive analyzes of different texts. The results show that the ideology of these two schools has had profound effects on their urban architectural works. Safavid government created Isfahan school relying on mystical concepts and Shiite ideology. They tried to establish harmony and balance in urban spaces. While Renaissance urbanism is the symbol of the domination of materialism. The Renaissance utopia is the product of imposing mental order on nature.