فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 64 (بهار 1401)

The present study is descriptive-analytical and includes library studies, field visits, interviews with managers and collecting citizens' views through questionnaires and surveys as well as analysis of documents in the Parks and Historic Green Spaces Organization of Tehran Municipality and the District Municipality. 7 Tehran and objective and field studies that a questionnaire was used to ask these topics and the amount of information, knowledge and how the relationship between research variables. According to the sample size and by choosing the largest park in terms of area in each area, the parks of Shahid Tavakoli from District 1, Duqat from District 2, Baharshiraz from District 3, Shahid Monfredniaki from District 4 and the Palace Museum from District 5 were referred to 77 questionnaires were distributed. In order to analyze the data, the results of the questionnaire were divided into two parts, and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Findings showed that the obtained correlation coefficient of satisfaction with urban management with shading trees, fruit trees, visual beauty, water creek, traditional buildings with Iranian-Islamic architecture and finally with Iranian-Islamic pattern in green space at the level of 0.01 with 99% significant شد. Based on the findings, the correlation coefficient of mental health in green space with shade trees, fruit trees, visual beauty, water creek, traditional buildings with Iranian-Islamic architecture and finally with the Iranian-Islamic pattern in green space at the level of 0.01 with 99% confidence Became meaningful.

Norway has implemented resources using three separate government bodies: the government to administer policy, a regulatory body to establish oversight, and technical and industrial expertise. Norway's success in hydrocarbon management prompted the development of institutions to consider whether Norway's example of separate government practices should be recommended for other oil-producing countries. Examining the country that has widely used different methods in this area, we concluded that the separation is not a prerequisite for the development of oil fields. Countries that have implemented segregation of functions are characterized by strong political competition and greater institutional capacity. Leaders who are not challenged, are capable of delivering political and commercial regulatory action using the same institution. Until such capacity is developed, countries with active political competition but limited institutional capacity have greater challenges in‌ improving the oil sector. Domain control that is not possible but segregation of functions is often difficult to implement.

In the early years of the monarchy of Pahlavi and the implementation of the imitation reform of Reza Khan, the story of the story, the novel and novel novelty were more exquisite, But to Tridge and with the detection of deficiencies and shortcomings of these reforms in this period, the literature and literary type of the novel became a tool for criticizing the situation of that time. Reza Shah in this era, which experienced the country of tradition to modernity, tried to formate political, social, economic, economic, and educational areas of the country with the formation of a powerful and strong state and Western countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the historical social events of Pahlavi events in the works of Fictionali Ahmad, which has been done by library and analytical method. The result of the research shows that the amendment measures of the Pahlavi kingdom in different areas of the country resulted in various effects and reactions. Among the literary texts, especially the novel, due to its particular structure and characteristics, this situation reflects this situation. In this perspective, the works of Fictionalities Al-Ahmad well reflected the social, political and cultural situation of this period.

Islamic studies, how and when it was formed, are still debated among scholars. The role ofthe Christian church in the formation of Islamic studies in Andalusia. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the Christian church, its goals and motives in the emergence of Islamic studies in Andalusia. The research method in this study is descriptive sources and analytical reference. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical. The result of research indicate that The conquest of Andalusia marked the beginning of a new era of change in the social system of the Iberian Peninsula. relation between the Muslims and the Messiahs in the following centuries, the influence of Islamic culture and civilization on the religious and social life of Andalusian Christians raised church concern. Stopping Islam progress against Christianity puts knowledge of Islam on church agenda. With the conquest of Toledo and the emergence of the translation movement under the supervision of Priests, Islamic studies were formed.

Social classification is a type of social segregation in which social hierarchies and situations are important. With the advent of Karl Marx, the term class took on a special meaning and became one of the fundamental concepts in the contemporary social sciences. Examining the historical developments and social movements in the last few centuries, In Iran and after the Islamic Revolution and the establishment of the structure of the Islamic Republic, following changes in the main areas of society (political, economic, social and cultural) in the field of classes, some changes occurred. The purpose of this article is to explain the position of the middle class in the socio-political developments of Iran after the Islamic Revolution until 2013. The purpose of this article is to explain the position and role of the middle class in the political and social developments in Iran.Examining the position and function of social forces in political and social developments as well as its impact on the legitimacy of the ruling structure is one of the basic issues in political sociology.. The results of the research show that the middle class is known as the main class in the socio-political developments of Iran, which uses components such as the class accompanying the ideology of the system, trying to transition to democracy in Iran, strengthening political participation , strengthening relations with Influential groups and parties in the political arena and strengthening the political culture has been able to play an important role in legitimizing the ruling structure.

Mythical themes are common and recurring in different societies. These themes are called archetypes and are found in mythological narratives around the world. The myth of the creation of the Mashi and Mashiane is no exception. Since myth and history are intertwined, some of the mysteries of history can be obtained by analyzing the archetypes in the myth of creation and its adaptation to other narratives of creation. The present study is an analytical research based on library data. The purpose of this study is to study and analyze the archetypes of creation in the Mashi and Mashiane myth by adapting its examples in the myths of other societies, to better understand this myth. The results indicate that in the myth of the creation of the Mashi and Mashiane the role-playing role of archetypes such as; The first giant, god-like human, the first pair, the mother earth, the body plant and the reproductive plant, etc. are observed.The research method is descriptive, analytical based on library data

After the Iranian society became acquainted with Western modernity, various currents and groups tried to change the status and rights of women through various methods, including the publication of newspapers and magazines. In this article, we tried to examine the discourse of Iranshahr magazine towards women. Thus, the main question of the present official is what was the approach of Iranshahr magazine's discourse to the category of women and what effect did it have on the discourse of the first Pahlavi government towards women? The findings of this study show that the governors of Iranshahr in the context of the transition of Iranian society from the Qajar government to the first Pahlavi government considered the transformation of women and their progress as one of the manifestations of the modern nation government and in Reza Shah's modern plans and reforms They focused on the important issues and provided solutions such as inclusive education and training of women, enacting laws to change the rights and status of women, combating the status and traditional views about women and also following the example of Western nations in some cases to improve the status. As one of the pioneering magazines in addressing the issue of women, they had a significant impact on the thoughts and views of Iranians on the rights and status of women and led to effective steps in the evolution of society and government towards women in the first Pahlavi period.Keywords: Discourse, Iranshahr, Women, Progress, Freedom.

"History of the Ajam Sultans" is the work of Waqar Shirazi, who in the period of literary return, following the example of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, reads Roza al-Safa, and Bahram ibn Farhad's Chaharchaman civilization was written. This book deals with the four periods of Pishdadian, Kianian, Parthian and Sassanid. In this work, the author tries to bring his written language closer to the ancient Iranian style and revive it. Therefore, he did not use Arabic words and instead used some more descriptive words. The purpose of this article is to study the "naming and etymology" of some historical names in the "History of Ajam Sultans" and the dignity of Shirazi. This article has been done in a library method and in a descriptive-analytical manner. The result of the research shows that the author has used a consistent procedure in writing the book throughout the book and while classifying the periods, he has also mentioned the etymology of the periods and kings.Keywords: History of Ajam Sultans, Shirazi Dignity, Naming, Etymology

The rise of the Safavids is one of the most important events and a turning point in the history of Shiism and Iran. The Safavids were able to form the first powerful national Shiite state in Iran. The establishment of this Shiite and national government provoked the reaction of domestic opposition and foreign enemies. The suppression of internal opposition and foreign enemies led to the dominance of militaristic thinking, especially in the first half of this period, as one of the main features of the Safavid rule. Therefore, how the kings and high-ranking commanders of the war managed to lead the military and civilian forces was very important. This military nature led the Safavid government to focus on military thinking, in other words on the application of military tactics, to repair its structures according to the capabilities and inability of the two Ottoman and Uzbek governments in the form of changing traditional military patterns and designing a hybrid model based on nervous structure. Examining the history of military wars in the Safavid era, the role and impact of this military model on the military successes of the Safavid Corps is clearly visible. This study, while analyzing the military tactics of that particular period in the first half of that era, examines this military model

In Iran's history, king succession has been marked an important issue. Often when a king was weak or dead, contenders emerged for taking power. Occasionally, despite the powerful king, there were conspiracies among the influential courtiers. In the Safavid era, the lack of a codified law caused various forces, especially the Ghezelbash heads and court women, to be involved in the succession process; they were trying to choose the king in their own interests. The question of this study is what role did the influential courtiers play in selecting the king's successor? Before Shah Abbas I, the Ghezelbash played large-scale roles in the succession issue. In post-Shah Abbas I reign, however, influential women played the most important role. This descriptive-analytical study examines the role of influential courtiers in the king succession. Findings showed that the Ghezelbash and court women played large-scale roles in the king succession in the Safavid era.

The intellectual current of the Sheikhs, who are also known as supporters of the school of the first caliphs, is one of the most important currents of thought during the reign of Imam Ali (AS), which is the result of the thought and behavior of the first caliphs during 25 years of caliphate. The main question of this research is what was the strategy of Imam Ali (AS) against this current of thought, which requires understanding the nature and characteristics of the ideas of this current and its objective manifestations in society. Providing a method and a logical basis for the Imam's approach to this current of thought with emphasis on the historical and social conditions of society is one of the objectives of this study, which shows the complete nobility of the Imam over the society of his time. To answer this question, a descriptive historical method is used along with the content analysis of the texts, because it is a kind of historical research that is done based on tradition and history and also considers the issues of flow and cognition of society. The hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that Imam Ali (AS) at the beginning of the government could not explicitly criticize the Sheikhin school due to the influence of Sheikhin's thought in the Islamic society. However, the findings of this study show that in the second half of his rule,

Among the cities of the Arabian Peninsula, Yathrib has a good living situation compared to other cities due to its favorable geographical conditions. However, the rivalry between the Jews and the Aws and Khazraj on the one hand and the internal challenges between the Aws and the Khazraj on the other, had faced the people of this land with deep intellectual, cultural and political challenges. To be able to save them from the current situation was one of the aspirations of both groups. The central question of the present study is what internal factors led to the invitation of the people of Yathrib from the Prophet to emigrate to this city? The hypothesis is that the political challenges to gaining the presidency and awareness of the people of Yathrib through the news of the Jewish people from the resurrection of the Prophet were among the reasons for inviting the people of Yathrib to the Messenger of God. The present study is based on library resources and descriptive-analytical method.

The involvement of influential people in the court played an important role in the fall of Mossadegh's government. The most active and influential of them were the Shah's mother and his sister Ashraf Pahlavi. Ashraf in particular, which formed a vast network of influential people known as Ashraf's "gang." From the beginning of Mossadegh's rule, these two women actively fought against him. Mossadegh and other leaders of the national movement repeatedly tried to mediate their political activities through intermediaries, but failed. Despite Mossadegh's harsh actions against the court and forcing Ashraf to leave Iran, the woman did not give up her conspiracy and was betraying the Iranian oil movement in Paris. He came to Tehran and delivered the "CIA message" to his brotherThe main question of the article: Was Mohammad Mossadegh's confrontation with the lawlessness of the court in order to return to the constitution a strategic mistake in political calculations and decisions? This research lacks hypotheses due to its grounded theory and exploratory nature, and the present study will be question-based and theory-finding.Historical evidence shows that Mossadegh's opposition to the lawlessness of the court was in line with the continuation of the constitutionalist system in Iran. The Shah and the courtiers' disregard for the constitution and the dissolution of the legislature by Mossadegh and his inflexibility were two scales that, at the same time, undermined the foundations of the democratic system in Iran and allowed foreigners to influence major decisions. provided a decisive factor for the Iranians.

The Achaemenids were among those who used chaparrs in this field to facilitate the movement of news and communication with other different areas and to be aware of reports and timely delivery of news. It was the Achaemenids. Chaparrs delivered news, reports, and letters to the center and from the center to the farthest corners of the empire. Of course, this method of informing was specific to government officials. Other methods were used to inform the public, including the Sangi newspaper, by placing the newspaper on the side of the road, while important news in three Elamite languages. The Persians and Babylonians had a role to play in informing the passengers who were crossing this road. The Achaemenid kings paid special attention to the maritime trade of the Persian Gulf, and this led to the growth and prosperity of its cities and coastal settlements. In this research, an attempt has been made to draw and retrieve the road network of the Achaemenid period using first-hand information and descriptive-analytical methods, and to express how to maintain them. In the end, we have come to the conclusion that the Achaemenids are the first real empire in the world. There was only one commander who ruled over a large number of different nations. They established satrapies, printing presses, and even light transmitters, signaling devices were built on top of mountains, and they could be used to quickly send a message from one end of the empire to the other

Kashan region and the role of Ravandi men during the Seljuk period are among the researches that have received less attention. In this research, the author tries to study and analyze the role and actions of Ravandi men in Kashan region. It is worth mentioning that among the famous men of Ravandi family, we can mention Qutbuddin Ravandi, Seyyed Abolreza Ravandi and his children, as well as Seyyed Fazlullah Ravandi The mentioned prominent personalities in Kashan region provided the cultural, social and civil development needs of Kashan with various actions and activities. The efficient actions and activities of Ravandi rijals caused the Ravand region to grow and prosper during the Seljuk period. This research has studied and explored the actions and activities of Ravandi men in the Seljuk era with the same purpose and descriptive-analytical method. Among his worthy and important actions in the field of culture, we can mention the narration of hadith heritage, explanation and correction of the narration heritage of the Imams (as), the spread of Imami beliefs and literature. Ravandi men also played an important role in the field of civil and social activities. One of his most important social activities is the construction of religious schools in the Kashan region. Schools with the names of Safavid school, Khan school, Ali ibn Fazlullah school, Majdieh school and Ali ibn Fazlullah school are among the buildings that Ravandi men played an important role in building and creating.

One of the shortcomings of hadith studies is the lack of sufficient information about the historical course of hadiths. Knowing the historical evidence of hadiths helps to evaluate the authenticity of hadiths. Mystics have their own principles in dealing with hadith. The difference of their basis with the scholars of hadith has caused mystics to be sometimes attributed to forgery and distortion of hadiths. It seems that the analysis of the historical course of the hadiths by the mystics with precise scientific methods paves the way for understanding their principles and rules in the face of the hadiths. This study examines the historical course of the hadith "Konto Kenzan Makhfiia" in 110 mystical sources. An attempt has been made to analyze the history of use and frequency of this hadith quantitatively and qualitatively using modern scientific methods. The research findings show that in different historical periods, this hadith has been considered by mystics. This information can be helpful in examining the validity of the Keynesian hadith document.