فصلنامه طب توانبخشی
سال دهم شماره 6 (بهمن و اسفند 1400)

 Hypermobility is considered a tissue adaptation of the neuromusculoskeletal system encountering injuries. The current study investigated the relationship between joint hypermobility and sports injuries.

In the current review study, advanced search using PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out via electronic search engines over the past two decades (2000-2020). The following keywords were used: “Hypermobility Joints,” “Hypermobility,” “Joint’s instability,” “Injury,” “Sport,” and “Sports,” along with related synonyms. The Iranian journal data banks were utilized to search Persian articles. 

 Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the present study, 19 articles (18 English and 1 Persia) were selected. These studies have studied the rate of joint hypermobility among different athletes. Its rate has been divided into three categories: low, medium, and high, based on Beaton-Horan criteria. Low hypermobility is reported to be 75.3% on average among all sports, and this rate is reported to be 24.7% for moderate and high hypermobility. A score of (1.6 to 8) in this criterion is not harmful and is necessary for young female athletes and the lumbar joint. And a cross-sectional analytical study and a prospective study have examined the harms of joint hypermobility in exercise. In these studies, hypermobility of the knee, shoulder, and ankle joints showed the highest significant relationship with injuries, respectively.

 Joint hypermobility is not an independent risk factor for all sports. To determine the severity of joint hypermobility in athletes, the degree of hypermobility, sex, age, joint, type of exercise, and training periods should be considered. Joint hypermobility at an optimal level below 5 on the Beaton-Horan scale can not be harmed for athletes of different sports at a young age, provided that the joint is not associated with weakness and lack of muscle strength. Be fertile. Higher joint hypermobility (scores 5 to 9) can be a risk factor for injury if it is associated with muscle weakness and frequent, long periods of exercise.

 The most essential and common sports injury in the lower limb in many sports fields is the injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Knowledge in this field and appropriate exercise programs can help prevent this injury for all athletes and coaches. The present research aims to investigate the prevalence of this injury in different sports fields and the results of various training programs in reducing the risk of injury to ACL.

 The current review was conducted using international information resources, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, ProQuest, Emerald Insight, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of knowledge, and internal information resources including Magiran, Civilica, SID, and Iran Medex were applied. The research date range was defined between 2000 to 2020. In international articles, keywords such as Single-leg Landing, Landing, Injury, Knee injury, Drop-landing, Training, Exercise, ACL, and in domestic papers, keywords such as ACL, Knee Injury, Single-leg Landing, Jump, Land, and Training program were considered. According to the exclusion criteria, only 42 articles were selected and examined out of 220.

Women with this injury are more affected at all skill levels, so at the professional skill level, women were affected up to 5 times more than men, and at the amateur level, the infection rate is about 3 to 4 times higher. The highest incidence is related to women professional basketball players with a speed of 5.5 per 1000 athletes training, and the lowest is among amateur male athletes with a rate of 0.02 with the same criteria. Of the articles reviewed in the appropriate injury prevention training program, 32% examined the effect of neuromuscular training, 18% combined training, 26% strength training, and 24% central core stability training. With 80% effectiveness, core stability training seems to be the most effective injury prevention program.

 Considering the rate of this injury and the impact of this injury on treatment costs, the duration of returning to exercise, and creating the ground for other injuries, a comprehensive review of exercises effective in preventing this injury for athletes and coaches it’s important. This is especially important for professional female basketball players due to the incidence rate. The central core stability training program had the most practical effect among the training programs. The combined training program had the least impact according to different criteria for assessing and preventing injury.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases and one of the significant public health concerns in the world. The vestibular defect is a common pathology in DM. It causes ischemia of the vestibular structures and changes in the metabolism of the inner ear fluids. The purpose of this study was to review the studies that have evaluated the vestibular system by clinical tests, including Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP), Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV), video Head Impulse Test (vHIT), and caloric tests in DM patients.

 This review investigates the results of related papers in Google Scholar, PubMed (Medline), Science Direct, and Persian databases, including SID and Magiran, from 2000 to January 2021. According to inclusion criteria, eighteen studies were selected.

More studies have been performed on the effect of DM on the otolith organs in humans. Most of them have used cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (cVEMP). They have been performed in people with and without vestibular symptoms and diabetic neuropathy. In some of the Cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (c/oVEMP) evaluations, increased wave latency and decreased amplitude were reported in the DM group compared to the control group. The predominant finding of the SVV test is an increase in the amplitude of the dynamic deviation in DM patients. The vHIT test was performed in asymptomatic vestibular DM. Some have reported the decrease of the VOR gain average in different semicircular canals without mentioning the observation of catch-up saccades. A caloric test is often performed in DM patients who all or some of them have vestibular symptoms. Unilateral weakness in some of them was the predominant result. Noteworthy is the discrepancy among the results of these vestibular tests in DM. 

 The vestibular system’s function can be affected by DM complications with or without symptoms (subclinical). The influence of the results of clinical tests on this disease, characteristics, and measurement parameters are also highly dependent on individual factors. A single outcome cannot be found for how the vestibular system works in these patients.

 Stroke is a major cause of neurologic disability worldwide. Most cases of stroke have a sedentary lifestyle and diminished aerobic capacity. The present study aimed to systematically investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training on motor function improvement of patients following stroke.

This research is a systematic review. Keyword studies of aerobics, exercise, mobility, rehabilitation, stroke, walking, and treadmill were conducted in the Embase, Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases from 2000 to 2019. Studies in two categories of aerobic exercise and motor ability, including adults with a history of stroke more than six months with the ability to move independently, have exercise intervention and assessment of motor abilities. Of 87 articles in the initial search, 31 were included in this study.

Among 31 studies reviewed, 10 studies focused on the effect of continuous passive exercise and 12 studies on the effect of aerobic exercise on the motor abilities of stroke patients. Meanwhile, although six studies showed a positive impact of using the treadmill on functional capacity, five studies did not show an improvement in the balance of these patients under the treadmill.

A review of the research findings showed that the specific type, intensity, and duration of various types of motor interventions could improve parts of the physical fitness of stroke patients during the rehabilitation programs;  therefore, the risk of re-stroke and cardiovascular disorders is reduced.

 Approximately 463 million people worldwide were diagnosed with diabetes in 2019, most of whom had type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age; on average, 27.8% of the elderly (≥65 years of age) have this disease. Since diabetes and its complications such as peripheral diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy can cause balance impairments and also falling is a relatively common problem in the elderly that often causes fear of falling and reduces the elderly’s quality of life; considering the effect of type 2 diabetes on the balance system performance, falling and fear of falling in the elderly who themselves are prone to fall, is very important that we will discuss in this review study.

Literature was searched for the studies investigating the impact of type 2 diabetes on balance disorders and fear of falling in the elderly in PubMed, Research Gate, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases from among the papers published between 1986-2020 using the keywords including “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus”, “Fear of Falling”, “Fall”, “Balance,” and “aging”.

of 54 papers, 41 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria. Among those articles, 25 were explicitly related to the research subject and thus were further examined. The results reported in most studies indicated that the prevalence of fear of falling and balance disorders in the elderly with type 2 diabetes is significantly higher than in the elderly without diabetes.

Many factors associated with type 2 diabetes play a role in increasing the prevalence of balance disorders and fear of falling in the diabetic elderly, including peripheral diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, obesity, hyperglycemia, and inactivity. Although many pieces of evidence and studies confirm the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on increasing balance disorders and fear of falling, the mechanism and extent of this effect are not yet fully understood. Therefore, further studies in this area are needed to determine how type 2 diabetes mellitus affects balance system performance and fear of falling not only in the elderly but also in younger adults.

Genu valgus malalignment is associated with altered lower limb muscular activities during running. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of using a brace in three different knee flexion angles on the frequency of muscular activity during running in people with genu varus.

The statistical sample of this study consisted of 30 soccer students. Fifteen persons with genu varus and 15 healthy persons were selected to participate in this study. The electrical activity of the muscles, including medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus, were recorded by electromyography system during running with four brace conditions (without a brace, knee brace at 15˚, 30˚, and 60˚ knee flexion).

The results showed that the main effect of “brace” on the frequency spectrum of the biceps femoris during the loading phase was increased statistically. During the loading phase, the most significant median frequency of the biceps femoris was running with a brace with 30˚ knee flexion. The main effect of “brace” on the frequency spectrum of semitendinosus during the push-off phase was statistically significant. The lowest value of semitendinosus muscle was during running with a brace with 15˚ knee flexion.

The most significant effect of a knee flexor brace is on the frequency content of biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles with a mount at 30˚ knee flexion. This may be due to the passive support role of the brace and possibly could prevent biceps femoris and semitendinosus injuries.

 The study aimed to evaluate the effects of motion control shoes on knee joint co-contraction in overweight individuals with flat feet.

15 overweight females with a navicular drop greater than 10 mm were selected with available sampling. Demographic characteristics of participants include Mean±SD age: 26.8±2.5 years, height: 1.7±0.1 m, weight: 82.5±3.2 kg, and Body Mass Index: 28.2±1.1 kg/m2. This study was done during running with both control (Supernova control, Adidas) and motion control (Supernovacushion, Adidas) shoes. An electromyography system recorded selected muscles’ electrical activity and then computed co-contraction values. Paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis.

 Finding demonstrated that during the loading phase, the directed co-contraction of vastus medialis/lateral while using motion control shoes was greater than control shoes (P=0.035). Also, mediolateral-directed knee joint co-contraction while running with a motion control shoe was greater than the control shoe during the push-off phase (P=0.020). 

Motion control shoes improved directed co-contraction in overweight individuals with flat feet, especially in the frontal plane that could modify imposed knee joint loads.

 Speech sound disorders (SSD) are a type of communication disorder where normal speech acquisition is disrupted. Children with SSD make speech sound errors that may impact speech intelligibility for others. Factors and variables associated with this disorder have been the matter of investigation in some studies: However, for the present study, the relationship among neuropsychological skills (Memory skill and visuospatial skill), parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive), and mother’s depression with SSD has been investigated in a single model.

 This study is analytical and descriptive, and the correlation method of structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to examine the data. A total of 117 preschool children (aged 4-6 years) with SSD were recruited using purposive sampling from speech and language therapy clinics and through the kindergarten screening method using Ahmadi et al.’s test. Conners neuropsychological rating scale, Baumrind’s parenting styles, and Beck depression inventory are applied to each subject and then completed by mothers. The AMOS software analyzed the data using correlation, regression, path analysis, and structural equation methods.

 The statistical analysis showed that the correlation and effect of memory skills on SSD are significant (P=0.023 <0.05). However, it is not significant with the mediating role of parenting styles (authoritarian style: P=0.715, authoritative style: P=0.306, and permissive style: P=0.689) and mother depression (P=0.531 >0.05). On the other hand, despite being a strong and remarkable variable, the correlation and effect of visual-spatial skill on SSD are not significant (P=0.054 >0.05). There is also no significant correlation and effect of visual-spatial skill on SSD with the mediating role of parenting styles (authoritarian style: P=0.497, authoritative style: P=0.268, and permissive style: P=0.949) and mother depression (P=0.414 >0.05).

 The results revealed that memory and visual-spatial skills have a significant direct correlation and effect on SSD. The more memory and visual-spatial problems, the more errors in sounds (phonemes) there will be. The correlation and effect of memory and visual-spatial skills on SSD with the mediating role of parenting styles and maternal depression are not considerable.

One of the critical variables affecting sports success is mental toughness, which is the ability to return from failure and imposed pressure. It seems that it is necessary to conduct interventional research on different sports communities and observe the effect of this intervention on different personality dimensions of athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a mindfulness-based yoga intervention on mental toughness in athletes with varying skill levels. 

 In the present study, 72 student-athletes who were members of sports teams (Mean±SD age: 20.67±1.44 years, Mean±SD sports: history 5.88±3.26 years) were selected based on inclusion criteria, and They were divided into three intervention groups (skilled, semi-skilled and less experienced) and three control groups (skilled, semi-skilled and less experienced). Also, the Persian version of the sports mental toughness questionnaire (SMTQ), Golby and Shird), and the demographic questionnaire was used. First, all pretest participants completed a sports mental toughness questionnaire; then, the intervention group participated in 12 90-minute mindfulness-based yoga training sessions. At the end of the course, all subjects were retested. Athletes’ participation was voluntary, and all subjects signed a consent form to participate in the study.

 The two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) (skill level×intervention) showed that the main effect of the intervention in the post-test was significant for the stubbornness variable and subscales of stability and control, but the effect of skill level and their interactive effect was not significant. Also, comparing the pretest and post-test pairs for each group, it was observed that the mental toughness of the inexperienced and semi-skilled in the post-test groups significantly improved over the pretest.

 The effect of a mindfulness-based yoga intervention on athletes’ mental toughness and subscales of stability and control was positive. Considering the importance of the athlete’s mental toughness in achieving high levels of competition, it is suggested that coaches use mindfulness-based yoga intervention in athletes with different skill levels to promote this psychological factor. 

 Acquisition of cycling skills in autistic and healthy people has different results depending on the training conditions and type of educational intervention. Most people with autism do not learn this skill. The present study aimed to compare the effect of seven sessions of a special training program with the frequency of massed and distributed practice on the acquisition of cycling skills in autistic and healthy boys living in Tehran City. 

 24 autistic boys (Mean±SD age:11.92±2.55 years) and 12 healthy boys (Mean±SD age: 9.33±2.38 years) living in Tehran City were available and, based on inclusion criteria, selected and after performing a pretest of cycling skills proficiency randomly into two homogeneous subgroups with different training frequencies including massed practice (7 consecutive one-hour sessions) and distributed practice (course every other day) was divided. The exercise was performed individually on a regular bicycle without support equipment. After 7 training sessions, repeat the proficiency test as at least 30 meters of independent driving, the ability to brake, start, and turn was done. Data were analyzed using percentage calculation, dependent t-test, and analysis of covariance at the significance level of 0.05.

 The results of the dependent t-test showed that the acquisition of cycling skills with massed practice in autism (0.01) and healthy (0.01) groups and distributed practice in autism (0.02) and healthy (0.00) groups, after the intervention, the educational program had a significant increase compared to the pretest. Also, the results of the analysis of covariance showed that between the effects of the group (0.106) frequency (0.063) and interaction group & frequency (0.269), there is no significant difference in skill acquisition.

 Findings indicate that regardless of the lack of effect of exercise frequency and individual differences in autistic and healthy groups, the training program presented in this study led to the acquisition of cycling skills. Therefore, educators and families can be suggested to use the current program as a method with the lowest cost and highest efficiency to acquire cycling skills in autistic and healthy people.

 One of the treatment methods for Pediatric Flexible Flat Foot (PFFF) is to use medical insoles. The current study aimed to investigate the Short-term effects of arch supporting insoles on balance and symptoms of flexible flat foot in children.

 Twenty children aged 6-11 years with a flexible flatfoot complication were purposefully selected after applying Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to two intervention (n=10) and control groups (n=10). The intervention group used insoles supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot in their shoes for 12 weeks, but the control group did not use them. To measure the balance and symptoms of flexible flat foot in children, a sensory organization test of dynamic posturography apparatus, medial longitudinal arch height, and footprint were used in the pre-posttest. The intervention group used insoles supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot in their shoes for 12 weeks, but the control group did not. Data analysis was performed in two descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (covariance analysis) sections using SPSS software v. 25 at a significance level of α<0.05.

 The results showed that short-term use of medical insoles led to improved balance in conditions of normal vision and fixed support (P=0.047), absent vision and fixed support (P=0.1010), sway referenced vision and fixed support (P=0.004), normal vision and fixed support (P=0.004), absent vision and sway referenced support (P=0.001) and sway referenced vision and sway referenced support (P=0.001). The results also showed that medical insoles improved the medial longitudinal arch of the foot (P=0.001) and footprint (P=0.001).

 According to the results of the present study, educators and parents of children with flexible flat foot are advised to use supportive medical insoles to improve children’s motor function, balance, and symptoms of flexible flat foot.

Todays, many factors and variables are considered in the design of resistance training that may affect physiological adaptations. Despite the positive effect of resistance training on antioxidant behavior and oxidative stress, the influents of these factors to intensity sequence of resistance training is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training intensity sequence of resistance training on antioxidants and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in over weight men.

In present semi experimental study, 30 over weight young males voluntarily participated in the study and randomly assigned to pyramid resistance training (PRT; n=10), reverse pyramid resistance training (RPRT; n=10), and control (n=10). Resistance training was done in 3 nonconsecutive days for eight weeks, where the PRT was done resistance training by gradually increasing the intensity and decreasing the number of repetitions to reach maximum strength, while the RPRT they did the exact opposite. Blood samples were collected before and 48 after exercise training, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and total Antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by McCord & Fridovich, Buege& Aust, Paglia & valentine and FARP methods, respectively. In order to analyze the data, analysis of variance was used with repeated measurements.

It was observed that SOD in the PRT (p=0.024) and the RPRT (p=0.029) increased significantly. The GPX in the PRT (p=0.008) and RPRT (p=007) than to control were also significantly increased. Also, the TAC increased significantly only in the PRT (p=0.047). The MDA in the PRT (p=0.019) and the RPRT (p=0.041) were significantly decrease, no significant difference was observed between PRT and RPRT in any of the mentioned variables (p˃0.05).

Based on the results of the study, it seems that pyramid and reverse pyramid resistance training can improve the antioxidant status in overweight men, however, they have not any advantages than to each other.

The intelligibility context scale (ICS) is the first screening tool for the intelligibility of speech. The ICS assesses parents’ perceptions of their child’s speech clarity in real situations when talking with different people and has been adapted into more than 60 languages. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ICS-Persian in preschool Persian-speaking children.

 This is a validation and instrumentation research study. The parents of 118 children aged 4 to 6 years with and without speech sound disorders (SSD) from 10 kindergartens in Isfahan were recruited to the study through a clustered randomized sampling method. A speech therapist evaluated all children to confirm their overall health. Their parents completed the ICS-Persian, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was completed for each child to determine the convergent validity of the ICS. In the test-retest study, 54 parents re-filled the ICS-Persian after 3 weeks. Statistical methods included Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, Pearson correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and paired t-test.

Internal consistency and test-retest values were good and calculated as 0.89 and 0.82, respectively. The mean scores of children with and without SSD were statistically significant (P

 The COVID-19 virus is a large group of viruses identified as a public health crisis and has challenged people worldwide. The epidemic of respiratory infectious disease and quarantine, limitations, stress, and other effects of this disease have affected the health, mental well-being, and emotional adjustment of all age groups. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sport on the health and emotional adjustment of students of universities in Qazvin province during the COVID-19 virus pandemic.

This research method was applied, presented, and described in this area. The statistical population included students of Qazvin province who, according to Cochran’s formula, 382 students participated in this study by cluster sampling. The research tools included demographic questions and the Bell Adjustment Inventory questionnaire, which used two dimensions of Emotional and Health Adjustment with acceptable reliability. Data were analyzed in descriptive and inferential statistics sections, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test, two independent samples, and Leuven test were used.

 The t-test of two independent samples and Leuven showed that sport significantly affected students’ health adjustment (P≤0.05). Regarding the variable of emotional adjustment, it was found that sports activities significantly affect the emotional adjustment of the statistical population (P≤0.05). The means of both health and emotional adjustment variables for the two groups (with and without sports history) were significantly different, and this difference was statistically significant (P≤0.05).

 The results showed that sport improved the emotional and health adjustment of the students studied in this research. In other words, people with a history of sport could use more adaptive methods to deal with the problems caused by the CPVID-19 pandemic because sport contributes to physical and mental health. Thus, universities can use the benefits of promoting sport and physical activities to improve the adjustment of their students at different times as well as very new, unknown, and even exhausting crises or situations.

The current paper aimed at “Designing a model of social health psycho-physical health and body image evaluation with the mediating role of spiritual health the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly by a structural modeling approach.”

 This is an applied retrospective, fundamental, descriptive paper emphasizing structural equations. The statistical population consists of one million elderly people aged 60 to 70 years living in Tehran out of eight million two hundred and thirty-one elderly people living in Iran. The statistical sample included 270 elderly people in Tehran selected in two stages, clustering for selecting parks in 22 districts of Tehran and purposive convenient sampling method (Fidel Tabaking formula). The research tools included the Ware & Sherbourne physical-mental health questionnaire, Ghodosi body image evaluation questionnaire, Keyes social well-being scale, paloutzian and ellison spiritual well being scale (SWBS), and WHO QoL in the elderly questionnaire. Statistical methods Amos and SPSS v. 22 software were used for descriptive statistics and structural modeling with path analysis technique and confirmatory factor analysis

 The findings showed that The study showed that there was a strong significant positive relationship between the variables QoL and physical-mental health  (β=0.084, P<0.01), spiritual well-being (β=0.0847, P<0.01), There was significant positive relationship between the variables spiritual well-being with social well-being (β=0.103, P<0.01), body image valuation (β=0.074, P<0.01), and physical-mental health. Moreover, there was a solid significant P<0.01 positive relationship between the predictor variables (physical-mental well-being, body image valuation, and social well-being) (0.694 to 0.764). 

 Physical-mental well-being, physical image evaluation, social well-being, and spiritual well-being variables increase, and improve the QoL of the elderly.

 Nowadays, imbalance is one of the most prevalent problems of the elderly that causes injury, disability, and reduction of independence among the elderly. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of resistance training methods on dynamic balance, fall risk, and range of motion of ankle in active elderly women.

 In the current quasi-experimental study, participants were 30 active elderly women (64.79±3.33) in Tehran who were randomly divided into two groups Theraband and weight training. The Y balance test evaluated dynamic balance, fall risk was assessed by the Timed up and Go test (TUG), and a goniometer evaluated ankle range of motion. Statistical analysis of data was conducted using independent and dependent t-tests (in significant level P=0.05) 

 Results showed that Theraband training and weight training had a significant effect on fall risk and ankle range of motion Theraband training group was significantly superior to the weight training group in dynamic balance (P=0.001), fall risk (P=0.001), ankle range of motion (left: P=0.004 and right: P=0.001). Also, Theraband training significantly impacted dynamic balance (P=0.012).

According to the results, Theraband and weight training significantly improve the risk of falls and ankle range of motion in active elderly women. In addition, Theraband training influences dynamic balance positively. In conclusion, Theraband training affects all three research variables more than weight training.

 The risk of falling in people increases with aging. Aquatic exercises create a secure environment for people, and they can reduce the risk of falling among elderly people. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aquatic exercises on postural control and balance recovery strategies.

 Thirty elderly people from Kerman province were selected to participate in the research, and they were randomly divided into control (Mean±SD age 63.67±2.58 years, height 169.27±4.74 cm, and weight 71.00±6.95 kg) and intervention groups (Mean±SD age 65.00±3.07 years, height 169.50±27.34 cm, and weight 71.200±4.31 kg). The postural control and balance recovery strategies during sudden movement by treadmill were evaluated using the Biodex and motion analysis system. The intervention group participated in aquatic exercises for 8 weeks (3 times with 45 minutes per week) to challenge the physical and proprioceptive acuity, while the control group lived without any interventions. Data were analyzed using the ANCOVA and Pearson correlation tests (P<0.05).

 The results showed a significant improvement in the scores of postural control and balance recovery strategies (P<0.05). Balance strategies in elderly people moved from the hip toward the ankle (P<0.05). The onset time of muscle activity and the electrical activation of muscles in elders showed significant improvement after participating in this study (P<0.05).

 The results approved that water training has significantly affected the ability to control posture and balance recovery strategies in the elderly and that changing the pattern of muscle activation has increased postural stability and improved balance. It recommends using these exercises in training programs for the elderly to decrease the risk of falls and improve balance.

 The application of principles of motor learning in children with deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is essential. This study investigated the effect of constant and variable practice on learning soccer pass skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal children.

 For this purpose, two groups of 34 ADHD and 34 typically developing children with a mean age of (8.36±0.51) were selected by purposive sampling. Each group was randomly divided into experimental (variable practice) and control (constant practice) subgroups. At first, the Pretest of the soccer pass was performed based on the Mor-Christian General Soccer Ability Skill Test Battery. Then the training program was conducted for 8 weeks consisting of two sessions per week (20 trials per session) for 45 minutes. After the last session, Post-test, and after one week, the retention and transfer tests were performed on two consecutive days. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. 

The results showed a significant within-group difference in all training groups from Pretest to Post-test (P=0.001). Comparison of Post-test, retention, and transfer tests in the training groups showed no significant difference between the training groups, but comparing the means indicates that in both groups of typically developing children and children with ADHD, variable training resulted in better retention and transfer than constant training.

In general, the results of this study showed that in children with ADHD, as in typically developing children, variable practice is probably more effective in the learning of soccer pass skills than constant practice.

Today, after a long period of school closures and sporting events, we will face the post-corona era and the reopening of schools. Because gait imbalance and general weakness are symptoms of corona disease, for people who have recovered, re-exercise, and basic skills such as walking, balance, and accuracy, especially after fatigue, compared to healthy individuals, can be a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on kinematic characteristics during gait, balance, and accuracy of football shots in high school boys of Kahnooj nomads with a history of corona virus.

 The present study, in terms of implementation, is in the category of quasi-experimental research, in terms of purpose is in the category of practical, and in terms of time is in the category of future research. A statistical sample was selected from the students of nomadic schools in Kahnooj City, of which 15 were in the healthy group, and 15 were in the group with coronary heart disease. First, the selected kinematic gait parameters, balance, and shot accuracy were measured by an iPhone cellphone camera. Then, the chosen parameters were immediately re-measured by applying fatigue by the non-functional fatigue protocol of the step. To calculate the balance and gait parameters, the rise and fall test, and the shot’s accuracy, the Moore-Christine test was used, and the Kinova program measured the data. Independent t-test, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney t-test were used to analyze the research data at a significant level (α=0.05) in SPSS v. 22 software.

 The results of the present study showed that fatigue had no significant effect on stride length, dynamic balance, and shooting accuracy of healthy students (P>0.05) and caused a decrease in maximal knee flexion in both groups (P=0.005), but fatigue has been able to significantly reduce, step length (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001) and football shot accuracy (P=0.001)  in students with coronavirus compared to healthy students (P<0.05).

 According to the results of the present study, fatigue after corona disease and its recovery can cause pronounced reduction changes in the length of step, dynamic balance, and especially the accuracy of football shots compared to healthy students and people who were recovering from corona disease when they return to training and competitions must take these changes into account.