نشریه معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک
سال نهم شماره 14 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Near the city of Ardakan, inside the gardens of the village of Turkabad and Dilom, there is a ruined Zoroastrian crypt. This crypt is like a cylinder and has a long round wall. Its spatial arrangement is such that a circular courtyard is located in the center of the building and rooms are built around it. These rooms were mass graves to hold the bones of the dead. The circular plan and cylindrical volume of the building can be identified now. But too much erosion has turned it into a ruin. After archeological excavations, the spaces of the western part are clearer. This monument is important from the point of view that it belongs to the middle century AH and is older than other crypts in Yazd. The target of this research is to identify the crypt monument by understanding the architecture and studying the details of the building. The question is, what are the executive details and construction engineering of the building and what effect did it have on the architectural design, function and durability of the building? The research method is descriptive-analytical. A library study was performed and other data were provided by studying the building and the site. Detailed plans were drawn with observation and accuracy in the building, which includes: the layout of the building, the shape of the walls and its types, construction of structural elements, execution of the arch, lightening of the roof, flooring and other items. The special engineering used in this building, which was planned by placing a layer of sand under the building, was to create base insulation. This building was built to preserve the bodies and remains of the dead, but it is like a building for living people. The architect designed the building with an old architectural and engineering design. The construction technology of the building is under the culture of earthen architecture of Yazd region, but it can show the diversity of this type of architecture. Historical reports probably prove the history of this crypt before the eighth century AH.

Around cities such as Qom, Kashan, Isfahan and Yazd in the hot and dry climate of Iran has been the formation of countless historic farmsteads. This study has selected seven farmsteads named Surabad, Bala abbasabad, Gawart, Terazabad, Dulatabad, Nusratabad and Ghazi Bala for more detailed study. They have outstanding physical and functional characteristics and have been studied to identify different types of historic farmsteads. The main problem of the research is the lack of knowledge about different types of historical farmsteads in this climate. Misunderstanding about this can have a detrimental effect on protecting them. Now, a number of farmsteads in the provinces of Yazd, Qom, Isfahan and around Kashan and Niasar have been registered in the list of national monuments of Iran with other names and they are often being restored without full knowledge. This research raises two questions: 1. What effect do the physical and functional characteristics of farmsteads have on their Typology? 2. Historical Farmsteads in hot and dry climates can be divided into how many type? The aim of this research is to introduce the types of historical farmsteads in the central climate of Iran and field studies and document research in the context of historical documents and historical geography are the main forms of research along with the interpretive approach and historical interpretive strategy.This study, by examining the physical and functional characteristics of selected farmsteads, has used them as criteria for achieving classification in farmsteads. Features such as 1. Location and access system 2. Historical periodization 3. Establishment of physical elements 4. Structure, materials and decorations 5. Type of ownership 6. Approximate area 7. Type of crops and livestock products 8. Social and cultural characteristics have been proposed as classification criteria and according to these criteria, species such as 1. Goleie (Systemic( and Yaleie (Without order) 2. Qajar and Pahlavi 3. Agricultural castles and Agricultural Complexes 4. Luxurious and simple 5. Feudal& rural 6. Extensive and small 7. Winter and summer 8. Resident and uninhabited can be identified in farmsteads of hot and dry climate of Iran. This study shows that historic farmsteads can be categorized and sorted based on the type of characteristics that exist in them. Each characteristic, both physically and functionally, leads to the introduction of a species.

Although environmental psychology has resulted in a better understanding of the human-environment transactions for architects, this understanding have been limited to materialistic and physical effects based on reductionist views of the materialistic science. This level of reductionism affects our understanding of human-environment transactions, and can also result in neglecting the non-physical effects that are not explainable in pure physical terms. Therefore, it can be argued that familiarity with behavioral models that go beyond the materialistic limitations including the models which parapsychology suggests can offer a better understanding of the transcendental relationships of human and environment, and in particular with architectural space. Based on this observation the main questions of this study are as follows: 1) which are the key factors in human-environment transactions based on a parapsychological view? 2) How a parapsychological view of human-environment transaction can complement the classical view of environmental psychology? In this paper, we present a theoretical framework that can enable a deeper understanding of human-environment transactions based on the facts and theories of parapsychology. This research is based on logical argumentation, and because of its fundamental nature the focus of research has been more on the literature and theoretical arguments. The results show that the key shared concepts between architecture and parapsychology which can help us to better understand human-environment transactions include the field concepts of place memory, place energy, form and proactive consciousness, and the mechanism of resonance is the mechanism of choice for field communications, including correlations that are independent of time and physical distance. Based on these concepts, we present two conceptual models of this complementary view to compensate for the effects that are neglected in classical environmental psychology, and to reach a holistic view of the relationship between humans and architectural space. The results of this study can be useful for both architects and psychologists who are interested in holistic studies of environmental effects.

Iranian Architecture and its ornamentations have enjoyed a steady and dynamic existence, with its evolution continuing to the Islamic Period. Ornamental designs in constructions, formed in association of the parts with the whole,generally are not merely pleasing to the eye and the mind, but are deep concepts originating in the spirit of the age. Some of these ornaments include botanical motifs which date in extensive historical range, from 5th millennium BC to the later ages. Having their roots in mythology and various social beliefs, From pre-Achaemenid to Sassanid period, these motifs were often used realistically and symbolically. However, it appears that the motifs underwent a literal, metaphorical and conceptual changes after the spread of Islam. The goal of this research is to uncover why and in what manner the Islamic thought has influenced the evolution of botanical motifs. So in this descriptive, analytic and comparative research, facilitated through logical conclusions and comparison of samples, concluded that the botanical motifs, after the dawn of Islam, In the early years, were used without change compared to previous period, then appeared with a prohibition on the use of animate motifs, After that, under the influence of factors such as theological topics, plant motifs appear abstractly in the form of Islamic motifs, it adorns various buildings, whose purpose is not only decorative but also these human motifs is guided to the world of imagination and example, which was the source of the art of the mystic artist and the sign of the divine possibilities and the place of mystical meetings.

Sufism and Khanqah buildings are an integral part of Iranian architecture history that was considered a center for promoting Islam and its expansion in different regions for centuries. Many consider Khanqah as one of the charity buildings; because these buildings often provided the required welfare amenities for the settlement of sufis, travelers, and people of that region, such as a chamber for resting and settling, a kitchen for preparing daily meals, a mosque, school, caravanserai, cistern, etc., Having these services all together was beneficial for a Sufi, whose job was praying and mysticism, a traveler, who intended to settle in his way, and poor people. Khanqah systems were formed in various ways from an architectural perspective over their lifetime due to their status, manner, and in the period of different governments. Studying and recognizing its various aspects reveals the latent dimensions of these buildings built in any land once upon a time. Timurid era was the last period of the history of Iranian architecture in which the khanqah system, as an essential pillar in terms of the history culture and architecture, played a determining role study of which seems necessary. The nature of khanqah must be considered disregarding a place for mysticism and praying because khanqahs were often associated with the society and linked to significant urban facilities, such as mosques, schools, caravanserai, baths, etc. In recent years, few studies have been done on the aspects of the formation and architecture of the khanqah. The lack of sufficient study in this regard raises questions about its architecture. The current study aims to analyze the cultural context of Sufism and identify the patterns of khanqah system formed in the Timurid era in central Asia, Southern Asia, and a part of contemporary Iran. This research was a descriptive-analytical study. It was attempted to identify the aspects of the cultural history of khanqah by examining library sources, such as books, papers, historical and architectural evidence, recognize khanqah spaces and draw patterns of khanqah in the Timurid era by analyzing technical architectural and research documents. Research findings show that khanqahs of the Timurid era consisted of a central core, such as a main dome house or courtyard that other spaces were formed around them as a result of which the khanqahs of this period were built based on two patterns: single-buildings and complex-Arsen.

Conservation of architectural monuments and buildings has become very important to the world today because these monuments are cultural wealth and represent the antiquity, identity, history and civilization of each land and on the other hand the prosperity of the tourism industry in each country. One of these architectural buildings, which is also known as Earth Architecture, is clay and mud structures that are very common in Iran, especially in desert cities with hot and dry climates. Numerous factors cause the destruction of these clay and mud structures, one of the main causes of the destruction of this type of structures is moisture that mainly the accumulation of rainwater runoff at the foot of the clay and mud walls is the main source of it. One solution to conserve this structure from rain runoff is to use moisture-absorbing procedures that, in addition to being permeable, have also the ability to absorb sound and reduce noise pollution and evaporate to cool the air. This study was performed to evaluate the performance of porous asphalt in traditional texture passages in order to prevent runoff and moisture from infiltrating to mud-brick buildings and thus its protection, as well as to investigate the property of reducing noise pollution to provide peace of mind of traditional textures, create an evaporation process to provide thermal comfort to traditional textures and the degree of resistance of porous asphalt and its comparison with current (impermeable) asphalt by making laboratory samples. Furthermore, because in the traditional-tourism texture passages, visual beauty is also of special importance, by running a piece of porous asphalt in one of the local passages, the speed of changing the color of porous asphalt from black to gray over time with the help of image processing with coding MATLAB was reviewed and compared with conventional asphalt. According to the results, the permeability and evaporation of porous asphalt are 0.00178 m/s and 13.6 gr/day, respectively, whereas these values are zero for conventional asphalt. The results also show that the amount of noise pollution produced by porous asphalt traffic and its Marshall resistance are 8% and 23% less than that of conventional asphalt pavement, respectively, and that the speed of color change in porous asphalt to reduce color opacity is much faster than that of conventional asphalt pavement.

Factors influencing the arrangement and design of architectural spaces in historic houses, including residential buildings, while many researchers believe that: Climatic conditions such as light have played a fundamental role in the placement of spaces by masters of traditional architecture. This research seeks to answer the question: What are the factors affecting used in the layout of Isfahan's historic houses in the plan? Extensive studies have been conducted in the field of historic houses in Iran, but the affecting the arrangement of spaces have been ignored in these studies. However, the factors influencing the arrangement of spaces, including the shape of the earth, longitudinal and transverse axes located on the ground and climatic features, have been neglected in these studies. For the first time, this research seeks to identify the physical factors in the placement of spaces around the courtyards of historic houses in Isfahan. The tools used include: data collection by documentary, library and field study. The present research is fundamental in terms of purpose and the research method is qualitative and the data analysis method is descriptive-analytical. To achieve this, first a field survey of historic houses has been done, then the formal classification of the main spaces has been extracted and by comparing the shape characteristics and the placement of the spaces based on daylight, the shape of the earth and the stretch of the yard in different directions, type the performance of the space and the creativity of the masters of traditional architecture have been analyzed. The results of the studies confirm that several factors affecting such as the shape of the ground, the longitudinal direction of the yard axis and climatic factors such as the amount of light have been effective in locating and arranging the main spaces in the plan, respectively. Also, by changing the direction of the courtyard from north-south to east-west, the arrangement of spaces in the plan has changed.

Housing is one of the most important factors in human life, in which more than half of human life is spent, always its main concept is to provide conditions of peace and comfort for family members Has provided well. What sets the architecture of houses of religious communities apart from other residential architecture in the world Respect for man and space in defining a specific concept of home for Expressing the concept of housing. Concepts derived from the ritual and religious principles of the residents who use these houses. According to researchers, lifestyle has a great impact on the introduction of behavioral patterns, mental tendencies and lifestyles of people in a society. In other words, the concept of lifestyle specifically represents the quality of life of individuals in a society and also affects architecture. Not much has been done about the architecture of Iranian Zoroastrian dwellings and its relationship with lifestyle. With regard to this subject, the present study seeks to explain the principles governing the architecture of Zoroastrian houses in Yazd, for this purpose by examining the religious and ritual sources of Zoroastrians and concepts related to lifestyle and house architecture and examining selected case studies from Zoroastrian houses According to the principles derived from their religious and ritual concepts, 5 general principles related to the way of life in Zoroastrian houses were obtained. Which are: 1- The principle of worship at home 2- The principle of purity in the house 3- The principle of livelihood in the house 4- The principle of collective life and social relations in the house 5- The principle of light and illumination in the house.

The quality of contemporary urban squares based on indigenous lessons is one of the topics considered by the designers and the concerns of the present study. Assuming that the pattern language of historical squares in Yazd region can be recognized, this study aims to apply the pattern language theory to design these squares not only for morphological description, but also for exploring the application in the design of squares as well as redesigning of historical squares. Therefore, using theoretical perspectives and practical experiences on pattern language theory, this article aims to develop a method for recognizing design patterns and use it in extracting design patterns as well as the relationship between patterns to form a network of a pattern language. The basis for recognizing patterns is the historical squares of Yazd region (seven squares including Amirchakhmaq square, Shah square, Khan square, Vaqt al-Sa'eh square, Qala square, Lord Fahadan square and Shah Nematullah Vali Taft square) which are completely Iranian squares. These seven squares have been selected in different scales and functions and from different historical periods, including the Timurid, Safavid and Qajar periods. Six squares are located in the historical context of Yazd and one square is located in the historical context of Taft. The present research is applied-development and has been done by qualitative and historical-comparative method. In the process of reviewing the applied model, including four steps for extracting and recognizing design patterns have been developed. The first step is to experimentally observe and extract field similarities in different contexts. In the second step, the words of the pattern language or design patterns are extracted and the components and levels of the patterns as well as the functional and structural patterns of each are described. The third step is to formulate the relationships between the patterns or the rules of the pattern language, and the fourth step is to formulate general rules for designing urban squares. The most important output patterns include empty courtyard pattern, one-level and two-level color system, enclosed space, rectangular geometry, stepped composition, repetitive element of five- and seven-week arches, orientation, hierarchy, balance and contrast, entrance enclosures are spatial coherence and functional convergence. The result of this research is the development of thirteen rules for designing squares that include unity, hierarchy, proportions, ecology, spatial orientation, balance, spatial contrast, continuity, diversity, identity, universality, populism and simplicity.

Due to the shortage of drinking water and also the increase in demand for water resources due to population growth, many cities in Iran face difficulties in the water supply. Water conservation strategies that include water accumulation, Water regeneration, water management, and water storage for drinking and non-drinking purposes are practical ways to reduce the growing water supply crisis for citizens. Therefore, the construction model of housing and density must be such that it is also optimal in terms of water protection. In this article, samples were selected based on the proposed housing construction models of Yazd master plan with low rainfall climate and then two samples in Sari and Gorgan cities as rainfall areas and quantitatively, the amount of rainwater storage And gray water reduction was calculated. The results of the evaluations show that in a city like Yazd, the demand for water decreases by about 57% and in rainy cities by about 70%. . In cities with adequate rainfall due to the cost of water reclamation, the water conservation approach can be reached by emphasizing the rainwater collection strategy (for example, in Gorgan 13.12% and in Sari 15.61% of the annual water needs of residents from rainfall can be provided Is ). However, in Yazd, where the volume of rainwater is not significant (Less than one percent consumption), the water reclamation strategy is more effective, so the water protection approach is to reduce the costs of rehabilitation, increase the number of people per hectare and create more building density. An appropriate model for housing construction Creating water storage use in housing design (changing the composition of housing spaces), creating right-angled houses to create more density, integrated and centralized housing plans, and reforming the policies of comprehensive urban plans in Yazd that reduce The density increased from 127 people per hectare in 1335 to 32.8 people per hectare in 2016. A suitable model for housing construction and density in the cities of Gorgan and Sari, unlike the city of Yazd, is the design of decentralized settlements and the reduction of the relative density of population and people per hectare, and the increase of land per capita.

Rural housing, especially in the past, has been a symbol of identity. It reflects the social, cultural, economic, and climatic structures of this country. However, extensive changes have been created in the architecture of rural housing so that most new rural houses are not adapted to the rural lifestyle and climatic and biological conditions. In this regard, the architecture of the old rural housing has valuable characteristics that can be identified and analyzed, and used in the new housing. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the physical-functional characteristics of rural housing. The present study is applied in terms of aim and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For this purpose, first, after reviewing the library resources in the area of rural housing, the factors affecting the formation of rural housing were identified. Then, by using field studies, Garman village of Shahrood was studied as a research case. Then, five samples of Garman village housing indicators were introduced. Then, the physical-functional characteristics in the micro spaces and architectural components of these samples were analyzed. The research results show that socio-cultural, economic, livelihood, and environmental-climatic factors are influential in the formation of rural housing. In the Garman village, socio-cultural factors were influential in the cultural beliefs of the people and their tendency towards simple living and have caused the general form and view of the houses to be simple. Also, due to the people's belief in privacy, public, semi-public and private hierarchies have been created through the definition of entrance corridors or the separate definition of exterior and interior parts. Economic and livelihood factors are influential in the area and number of micro-spaces of the courtyard and entrance, and in the livelihood area, Ghaf Khane (spinning wheel room) has been one of the special micro-spaces of Garman village housing. Also, environmental-climatic factors have been influential in selecting eco-friendly materials, building orientation, and the level of openings. Finally, by analyzing the samples of the Garman village housing index, the design recommendations were explained in the form of a physical-functional framework that is consistent with the rural climate and the social and economic system of the villagers and can be the basis for contemporary housing design in Garman village. Also, this method of analysis on the physical-spatial characteristics of rural housing can be used in new constructions of other villages by explaining the design recommendations.

abstractToday more than a third of the world's population lives in earthen buildings. The use of building materials and bricks in the construction of buildings has been common in Iran for centuries. Cracks and failures of this type of buildings during earthquakes and their lack of reinforcement is one of the problems that is necessary by carefully studying the behavior of brick structures and analyzing the regulations of different countries in this area to find appropriate solutions. Found. Reinforcement of brick structures by using different reinforcements is one of the suitable solutions in brick structures. In modern times existing regulations in modern times existing regulations in Iran have restricted the use of clay, despite its many capabilities.Many developed countries in the world, in recent decades, have sought to regulate and register regulations and standards for construction on earth materials. Germany, Australia, the United States, Peru, Morocco, Turkey and some other countries have taken the lead in this issue and have strengthened them according to certain rules and standards. This article is among the regulations of different countries; the regulations have selected New Zealand, Morocco, Peru and the United States (New Mexico) to study and analyze the types of reinforcements to reinforce brick buildings against earthquakes. This research, based on the content analysis method, tries to achieve reinforcing elements in the reinforcement of brick programs based on clay regulations in the studied countries, and emphasizes the role of local and flexible materials in the reinforcement of buildings against earthquakes.

Raw clay was one of the first elements that human beings achieved and made with their own hands and in the architecture of their residential, prayer, functional and protective buildings such as houses, mosques, Hosseiniyahs, towers, fortifications, castles, refrigerators and even the upper part. Reservoir to use.
 These materials are still used in the construction of houses and walls in some parts of Iran, especially in the arid and desert areas of Iran. One of the healthiest brick buildings in the world, the winding and multi-storey castle of Narin is the castle of Meybod, which has survived centuries of history and wind and rain. Another famous brick building in the world was Bam Citadel, which unfortunately lost a large part of the castle and its citadel in a severe earthquake in 1392.
  This bibliography is a good guide to accessing books and articles written on raw clay; It is compiled in two parts: book (either independent or part) and article.