نشریه آمایش سیاسی فضا
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، تابستان 1401)

Division of territorial and demographic area of country into electoral districts is the first step to facilitate elections and provide a suitable background for a fair proportion between the number of lawmakers and the population of the country. Drawing electoral districts must be in such a way that guarantees the justice and equality among citizens and leads to the formation of democratic parliament that represents different groups of the people. The present study has assessed trend of approval of the bill to reform the table of electoral districts of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the number of lawmakers in 2000. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive in terms of nature and general method. The findings show that demographic indicators, adaption to administrative divisions, extent, place competition, deprivation, locating in border areas, and finally economical and industrial situation were the most important effective indicators in increasing lawmakers and reforming electoral districts in 20 cases. Lack of definition of indicators for criteria of Article 64 of the Constitution (human, political, geographical and alike) and failure to calculate their weight and share in redistricting due to the lack of a redistricting part in ministry of interior have led to spatial injustice in increasing the number of lawmakers, separating and annexation some electoral districts in government bill.

Political organization of space is an organized human space based on political considerations and it is one of the most important factors of territoriality in different scales for political roles, to control and effective management of land and in all countries of the world it is one of the pillars of development. The civil divisions of the country are one of the dimensions of the political organization of the space used by governments. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is matrix. The purpose of this study is the pathology of the political organization of space in Iran from the perspective of the structure- agent approach. The results show that the structural factor with components such as constitution, type of government, national security, laws of division of the country, development programs, security laws, emergency controls, strategic ideas, high oversight, the prevailing political discourse and the central development model have the greatest impacts. Among the components of the Agent, the components of president and members of parliament have a high weight in the political organization of space in Iran but other agent components are not effective and in general, the influence of the structure factor in political organization of space is greater than the agent in Iran.

During the last century, the idea of material progress and domination of nature, despite its undeniable achievements on various levels of life, has posed several dangers and environmental damages to human life. According to the evidence and research conducted on the destructive environmental issues in Iran, our country is not safe from what can be called the risk of progress trap. In the present study, the research question addresses the effects of changing and destroying the natural and ancient texture of land on the health of life sphere. In response to this question, a hypothesis has been tested indicating that conscious and unconscious interventions and manipulations in the natural context of the ecosystem and climate can expose the ever- diverse and balanced nature of Iran to erosion and inevitable bad frequencies. The present article method is descriptive-analytic and critical approach is used as a theoretical framework. The theoretical foundations of “climate” in political geography and “life-world” in phenomenological philosophy are used as tools for analysis.

The benefiting of the residents of the border areas from the appropriate facilities will lead to sustainable security and the lack of suitable conditions for the border residents will face the residents of the interior areas of the country with security threats. One of the most important border points in eastern Iran is the Mirjaveh border. The present study tries to evaluate the border security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this area through field and documentary studies. Using the theory of the Copenhagen School, this article tries to answer this question: "what are the problems of border control policies at the Mirjavah border point with Pakistan and how it can lead to lasting security in the eastern regions, especially in the city of Mirjavah?". The findings of this article show that border control policies in Iran have mainly had hardware effects. The findings also show that the economic, social and cultural situation at this border point is lower than the national average, and this policy- making approach does not solve problems and even in some cases exacerbates insecurity in the region.

The issue of territorial claims of countries in cyberspace, which is done with the aim of extending territorial sovereignty from real geography to cyberspace, can have different dimensions from a legal point of view. Because a diverse range of national, non-national, private actors, public institutions and citizens are present in cyberspace, each of which pursues its own interests in this space, and the efforts of each to exercise sovereignty in this space can lead to the reaction of other actors and legally complicates the issue of governance and governance of cyberspace. For the author of this article, this issue became a research issue worthy of attention and provided the ground for him to study the various dimensions of this issue with the help of the literature in the knowledge of international law. To achieve this goal in this study, in the first step, an attempt will be made to use the concept of customary international trade law to assess the issue of legal interaction across national borders and territorial sovereignty of countries and then will try to investigate this issue that which factors do affect the exercise of sovereignty in cyberspace by different countries?. In the following, by examining these factors, the legal consequences of countries territorial claims in cyberspace will be examined, and this issue will also be discussed that what consequences will ultimately have the territorial claims which cause the conflict of interests in cyberspace from the perspective of international law?

Smart city is the use of ICT-based governance and is now a widespread trend around the world. Using smart cities is expected to be more effective in managing complex, diverse urban problems resulting from rapid urbanization. However, in its implementation, many fundamental problems significantly affect the success of the implementation of smart cities, including the lack of adequate human resources, technology policies, etc. have not been effective. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the formation of smart city in the city of Tabriz. The method of the present research is descriptive- analytic. The sample size is 384 residents of Tabriz. Structural equations with SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to analyze information and data. The findings showed that studied indices have a significant relationship with the smart city at the level of 95% confidence that among the studied components, the most influential one on the smart city is the smart citizen index (SC), smart government (SG), smart life (SL) with extracted coefficients, respectively with 0.899, 0.825 and 0.799, based on the structural model of the research. The goodness of fit index is higher than 0.50 equal to 0.78, which indicates the optimal fit of the research. As a result, 6 indicators including smart economy, smart people, smart government, smart mobility, smart life and smart environment have been effective in the formation of smart city, and the realization of these factors will lead to the success of Tabriz smart city.

Elections are the most effective and practical tool and means for exercising the thoughts and beliefs of the people and recognizing social options and priorities in democratic societies, during which the voting and participation of the elected candidates and the voters play an essential role. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, a favorable circumstance and profitable condition has been provided for public freedom and a widespread and great political participation of citizens, groups and parties in order to determine the political destiny and fate through elections. Elections are mentioned a fundamental mechanism for gathering and recognizing social choices and preferences, hence its rule and legitimacy is determined by the people. The method which used in this research is a descriptive- analytic according to the nature and aims of the subject and also in accordance with the testing of hypotheses and data collection. The statistical population is the households living in Islamabad and Dalahou districts with a population above 176864 people and 51177 households. The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between the sense of socio-economic status and the use of candidates' advertising techniques; In other words, the more suitable the socio- economic situation of the candidates, the higher the techniques will be in terms of quantity and quality