پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 102 (بهار 1401)

According to official statistics published by the Customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the amount of exports of industrial sectors in the first 4 months of 1399 compared to the same period in 1398, decreased by an average of 28%. In this article, using the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) in 2016, assuming the continuation of this trend throughout the year, the effects and consequences of shock reduction of non-oil exports following the outbreak of Corona virus on economic sectors production and income distribution are analyzed. These results then serve as the basis for identifying the five important origin and destination segments for applying the structural path analysis approach to impact chains. Also, important paths of impact of export reduction on 5 economic sub-sectors are identified using structural path analysis approach. The findings of the study show that, firstly, the total output decreases by 6.49 percent. Second, the functional distribution of income, changes to the detriment of operating surplus and compensation for employee services, so that they experience a decrease of 5.63 and 3.84 percent, respectively; While mixed income decreases only 2.79 percent. Third, with a 3.23 percent decline in urban household income and a 2.98 percent decline in rural household income, the institutional distribution of income also changes to the detriment of urban households. Fourth, the explanations of the major paths of impact identified using the structural path analysis approach range from 45percent to more than 99 percent.

The purpose of this study is to explain the macroeconomic effects of gender discrimination against women in the Iranian labor market using the DSGE approach. By taking a set of characteristics into account, we extended the new Keynesian standard model that consists of three sections namely households, firms and a monetary authority, and  then parameterized it for the period of 2008-2019. The results show that in the steady state, gender discrimination causes women work more inefficiently in unpaid household work and less in the paid labor market than men. This inefficient working time allocation between women and men leads to a discrimination-induced gender wage gap, lower wage for women and men, lower consumption, output and welfare in comparison with non- discriminatory environment. The analysis of the impulse response function of model variables regarding the expansionary monetary policy shock shows that in the gender discriminatory environment, the increase in wages of women and men, consumption, output and inflation is less than the non-discriminatory environment. Moreover, due to the positive shock of technology, the increase of wages of women and men, consumption and output is less in comparison with the non-discriminatory environment.

for decades, brain drain from developing countries to developed countries is these countries. One of the most important and fundamental issues. Today, this issue has become even more important, with a knowledge-based economy that increasingly focuses on science and technology development. In other words, proffesional and motivated workforce are effective factors in economic growth and development, filling the technology gap and shifting resource-based economy and capital-based economy to knowledge-based economy. Therefore, the migration of educatored and professional workforce from developing countries to developed countries leads the country to underdevelopment and widens its gap with developed countries. One of the issues that can affect the brain drain from developing countries is entrepreneurship beacause with the increase in entrepreneurship, the demand for educated and professional workforce increases and that prevents the elite from leaving the country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship on the brain drain from the selected countries of the MENA region to the United States during the years 2009-2016 using the panel data approach. The findings of the study indicate a positive and significant impact of entrepreneurship on brain drain in the selected countries of the MENA region. The results also show that there is a positive and significant effect of globalization index and welfare gap index on brain drain in the studied countries. Also the political stability and lack of violence has a negative and significant effect on brian drain.

One of the important subjects in social media marketing is the User-Generated Content (UGC) on social networks. The question arisen in this respect is that what are the factors affecting the creation of UGCs by customers on social networks for businesses. The present research has considered the businesses in the service sector as the case study, in order to answer this question. A total of 50 cafes and coffee shops were observed as the final sample, and 6230 different comments were analyzed that were obtained from Foursquare. Data mining and machine learning methods were applied to analyze the users’ texts and comments. This research has attempted to identify the factors affecting the creation of UGCs based on the content generated and has made an effort to assess the users’ views based on the data collected. According to the results obtained by data mining, eight major factors including quality of drinks and food, price, coziness, interior design, staff behavior, visual and auditory elements, menu variety, and location were explained as being effective on UGCs on social networks in the context studied. Regarding these results, many businesses in the service sector can assess the behavior of pattern of their customers based on which they can design and perform their future marketing strategies.

Blockchain-based smart sales contract, is an electronic and irreversible agreement between buyer and seller, which is concluded on a blockchain basis accourding to certain conditions with the elimination of intermediaries based on trust, security and transparency and is implemented automatically. Using the systematic review approach, the background is studied. In the present study, in order to identify the factors affecting the smart sales contract, 40 related articles in the period 2018 to 2021 in Persian and English were reviewed. The text of the articles were coded and analyzed using grounded theory approach in Max Kioda software 20. According to the research results, some of the most important causal factors influencing blockchain-based smart contracting are: electronic trust, intelligent digital support, blockchain, process robotics automation, knowledge smartening, digital process automation, intelligent communication, service level agreement, IoT, value network and value creation, website quality, advanced information analysis and finally the cloud computing strategy.

In the competitive world of the recent century, companies are required to invest commensurately innovation in order to succeed and consolidate their position. Also, in order to stay competitive, companies must consider innovation as an important component of strategy formulation. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between focus on major customers and innovation in listed companies. The statistical sample of this research using the systematic elimination method includes 142 listed companies in the period 2009-2019, The statistical method used, is the regression method to panel and composite data. Findings show that focus on major customers only affected executive innovation, among different dimensions of innovation, including research and development activities, technical innovation, individual innovation, executive innovation, ancillary innovation and management accounting innovation. Accordingly, the minor role of major customers in influencing the company's strategic policies regarding innovation activities is observed.

Certainly, the Commerce Act deems guarantee contract as principal and suretyship as exception. In this respect, although every suretyship is a responsibility but every responsibility is not a suretyship. Suretyship is divided into definite and proportional and principally between debtor and sureties also among sureties suretyship is horizontal. Whether suretyship is vertical or horizontal, surety’s debt would not due with principle debt becoming due with debtor's death or bankruptcy, but, he gains right to compel creditor to take his debt or withdraw from it. The Commerce Act in a courageous endeavor has set before the pledge suretyship and has put that’s regulations as same as the debt suretyship's regulations. The arrangement contract in Commerce Act and the undertaking's guarantee in Civil Act seem as pledge suretyship's clear statutory samples. Despite in normal guarantee, in suretyship debt's or pledge's mortgages would not return with debt’s payment or pledge’s accomplishment. It remains with surety to relying on receive his paid amount or accomplished pledge's equivalent. This is not mortgage's mortgage but mortgage's transfer and in which transfer takes place automatically. So, debtor is required to cooperate for the purpose. In fact, at regulating suretyship, Commerce Act has inserted the pledger’s plurality rules.

Nowadays, independent directors are one of the most important institutions of good corporate governance, have progressed from doctrinal stage into a dominated concept in corporate law. Therefore, corporate governance laws in the United States have proposed the use of independent directors in the composition of the board of directors, based on the protection of the rights of the dispersed shareholders against the extravagance of management and the strength of internal supervision in the company. In terms of business and family relationships, these directors are independent of the company and its management, and while avoiding conflicts of interest, they act more fairly in their decisions and in their supervision over the management of the company. On the one hand, this institution has grown rapidly and has become a global standard On the other hand, through the corporate governance guidelines of the stock exchange and securities organization and the bill for protection of mnority shareholders, it is also penetrating the Iranian Companies Law. Therefore, the present study has tried to analyze the various aspects of the emergence of independent directors for the first time by considering the American law in Iranian law using the analytical-descriptive method. In this way, while analyzing the legal documents, the basis for the acceptance and functioning of the independent directors of the existing shortcomings, along with the proposed amendments, is reminded